钻头分流降低井底压力机理的研究
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摘要
深井、超深井钻进过程中,机械钻速随井深增加明显下降。重要原因之一是由于井底压差的增大,岩屑不能及时清除,造成钻头的重复破碎,致使机械钻速迅速下降。从井底压差影响钻速的基本原理看,通过钻头分流降低井底压差,能起到减小“压持效应”,提高机械钻速的作用。
通过理论分析,应用数值模拟方法,改变分流喷嘴、钻头体流道等结构参数和水力参数,分析井底围压、钻头体流道结构、喷嘴与喉管直径、分流流量比、分流喷嘴距井底的位置、钻头与井壁的间隙等各因素对钻头分流降低井底压力的影响规律,无因次压降最大可达到0.26。应用附壁式双稳射流元件进行协调式脉动分流,无因次压降可达0.5,降压效果优于连续性分流。根据数值模拟所用的钻头及井筒模型设计实验工具进行实验,分析围压、分流流量比、分流喷嘴距井底的位置、钻头与井壁的间隙等各因素对分流降压效果的影响,无因次压降最大可达到0.35,实验结论与数值模拟结果相一致。最后,应用PDC钻头设计软件,结合数值模拟和室内实验的结论,进行分流钻头结构和水力参数设计,为新型高效钻头的进一步研发奠定了基础。
Penetration rate decreased obviously with the depth increased while drilling deep well and ultra deep well. Bottom hole pressure is one of the main factors affecting the drilling speed, cuttings can’t be cleared in time, causing duplication of broken rock, caused the rapid decline in ROP.In view of the basic principles of influence on ROP , reducing the bottom hole pressure by fluid shunt on bit can significantly reduce the“chip hold down effect”and increase drilling speed.
Based on theoretical analysis, chang the structural parameters and hydraulic parameters of nozzle and bit flow structure to simulate the bottom flow field .Analyse of bottom hole confining pressure, flow structure of the bit , nozzle and pipe diameter, shunt flow ratio, the nozzle position, the gap of bit and hole ,and other factors on the effect of reducing the bottom hole pressure by fluid shunt, dimensionless pressure drop can reach 0.26 greatly. Attached to the wall bistable jet element is applicated to coordinate pulse jet, dimensionless pressure drop can reach 0.5,the effect of pressure drop is better than continuous shunt. Based on the simulation of the drill bit and wellbore model experimenta tools to experiment, and analyse confining pressure, shunt flow ratio, the position of nozzle , the gap of bit and hole, and other factors on the effect of reducing bottom hole pressure by fluid shunt, dimensionless pressure drop can reach 0.35.The conclusion is consistent with the numerical results. Finally, using PDC bit design software, combined with numerical simulations and laboratory conclusion to design the bit and hydraulic structure, and lay the foundation for the development of the new and high efficiency drill bit.
通过理论分析,应用数值模拟方法,改变分流喷嘴、钻头体流道等结构参数和水力参数,分析井底围压、钻头体流道结构、喷嘴与喉管直径、分流流量比、分流喷嘴距井底的位置、钻头与井壁的间隙等各因素对钻头分流降低井底压力的影响规律,无因次压降最大可达到0.26。应用附壁式双稳射流元件进行协调式脉动分流,无因次压降可达0.5,降压效果优于连续性分流。根据数值模拟所用的钻头及井筒模型设计实验工具进行实验,分析围压、分流流量比、分流喷嘴距井底的位置、钻头与井壁的间隙等各因素对分流降压效果的影响,无因次压降最大可达到0.35,实验结论与数值模拟结果相一致。最后,应用PDC钻头设计软件,结合数值模拟和室内实验的结论,进行分流钻头结构和水力参数设计,为新型高效钻头的进一步研发奠定了基础。
Penetration rate decreased obviously with the depth increased while drilling deep well and ultra deep well. Bottom hole pressure is one of the main factors affecting the drilling speed, cuttings can’t be cleared in time, causing duplication of broken rock, caused the rapid decline in ROP.In view of the basic principles of influence on ROP , reducing the bottom hole pressure by fluid shunt on bit can significantly reduce the“chip hold down effect”and increase drilling speed.
Based on theoretical analysis, chang the structural parameters and hydraulic parameters of nozzle and bit flow structure to simulate the bottom flow field .Analyse of bottom hole confining pressure, flow structure of the bit , nozzle and pipe diameter, shunt flow ratio, the nozzle position, the gap of bit and hole ,and other factors on the effect of reducing the bottom hole pressure by fluid shunt, dimensionless pressure drop can reach 0.26 greatly. Attached to the wall bistable jet element is applicated to coordinate pulse jet, dimensionless pressure drop can reach 0.5,the effect of pressure drop is better than continuous shunt. Based on the simulation of the drill bit and wellbore model experimenta tools to experiment, and analyse confining pressure, shunt flow ratio, the position of nozzle , the gap of bit and hole, and other factors on the effect of reducing bottom hole pressure by fluid shunt, dimensionless pressure drop can reach 0.35.The conclusion is consistent with the numerical results. Finally, using PDC bit design software, combined with numerical simulations and laboratory conclusion to design the bit and hydraulic structure, and lay the foundation for the development of the new and high efficiency drill bit.
引文
[1]杨永印,吴志坚,沈忠厚.低压脉冲射流的调制机理及调制器振动模拟[J].石油大学学报(自然科学版),2003,27(3):40-42
[2]杨永印,沈忠厚,王瑞和.低压脉冲射流井底欠平衡钻井提高钻速机理分析[J].石油钻探技术,2002,30(5):15-16
[3] S.D.Veenhuizen,T.J.Butler ,D.P.Kelly.Jet-Assisted Mechanical Drilling of Oil and Gas Wells[c]. Proceedings of the 7th American Waterjet Conference, Seattle,1993:45-56
[4] B.V.Voitsekhovshy, E.B.Solovkin, O.I.Grebennik, et al. On Destruction of Rocks and Metals by high pressure Jets of water[J]. International Symposium on Water Jet Cutting Technology, Coventry, UK, 1972,G8:93-112.
[5]郑锋辉,于水杰,李根生.射流式水力降压实验研究[J].石油机械,2008,36(7):4-6
[6]马清明,王瑞和.井底反向射流辅助破岩机理分析[J].钻采工艺,2008,31(1):44-45
[7]徐华义,聂翠平,吴华.井底降压差短节显著提高机械钻速[J].石油钻探技采,1998,26(1):41-42,45
[8]王智峰.负压脉冲钻井技术及方法[J].石油钻采工艺,2005,27(6):13-15
[9] Jack Kolle,Mark Marvin.Hydropulses Increase Drilling Penetration Rates[J].Oil&Gas Journal,1999:Mar.29
[10] Sutko A A. Drilling Hydraulics--a Study of Chip Removal Force Under a Full-size Jet Bit[J]. SPEJ, 1973: 276-282
[11] Bizanti M S, Blick E F. Fluid Dynamics of Wellbore Bottomhole Cleaning[J] . SPE 15010
[12] Glowka D. Optimization Of Bit Hydraulic Configurations[J]. SPE 10240
[13] Knowlton R H, Huang H. Polycrystalline Diamond Compact Bit Hydraulics[J]. SPE 11063
[14] Crouse R, Chia R. Optimization of PDC Bit Hydraulics by Fluid Simulation[J]. SPE 14221
[15]韩占忠,王敬,兰小平.FLUENT流体工程仿真计算实例与应用介绍[M].北京:北京理工大学出版社,2004:1-365
[16]李文飞.低压脉冲射流提高钻速及调制的机理研究[D].东营:中国石油大学(华东)硕士学位论文,2005
[17]艾飞.旋转PDC钻头井底流场研究[D].东营:中国石油大学(华东)硕士学位论文,2007
[18]二代龙震工作室.Pro/ENGINEER Wildfire 2.0基础设计[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2004:1-220
[19]王瑞金,张凯,王刚.Fluent技术基础与应用实例[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2007:100-321
[20]沈忠厚.水射流理论与技术[M].东营:石油大学出版社,1998:1-7
[21]郭忠志.定向喷射钻头的研究和应用[J].湖北工学院学报,2004,19(4):49-50
[22]周维垣.高等岩石力学[M].北京:水利电力出版社,1993
[23]陈小榆,刘义军,宋晓健等.井底漫流场数值模拟研究[J].西南石油学院学报,2002,24(1):84-86
[24]谢翠丽,杨爱玲.旋转钻头射流方式对井底流场影响的数值剖析[J].石油钻采工艺,2002,24(3):1-4
[25]谢翠丽,杨爱玲.旋转钻头非自由多股淹没射流的计算分析[J].FLUID MACHINERY,2002,30(5):25-27
[26]周明来.非淹没高速水射流喷嘴内外流场的数值模拟[C].第五次全国喷射技术会议,2000:45-50
[27]汪志明,沈忠厚.圆形射流流场流动结构的数值模拟[J].石油大学学报(自然科学版),1995,19(6):34-36
[28]徐立.高速超高压水射流喷管内外湍流流场的数值模拟[J].石油大学学报(自然科学版),1997,21(4):18-22
[29]李兆敏,沈忠厚.轴对称紊流射流流场的数值模拟[J].石油大学学报(自然科学版),1995,19(2):48-51
[30]吴志明.超高压射流喷嘴出口流场的数值模拟[D].中国石油大学(华东)硕士学位论文,东营:2002
[31]原田正一(著),陆润林(译).射流工程学[M],北京:科学出版社,1977:5-9,26-32,125-128
[32]射流技术翻译组.射流元件入门[M].北京:科学出版社,1969:32-37
[33]杨永印,孙伟良,徐金超,等.附壁式双稳射流元件的设计[J].液压与气动.2010,(2):62-65
[34] Santi, P.S.Bell, D.A.Summers, D.Pixton, "WaterJet assisted polycrystalline diamond indentation drilling of rock"[A].14th International Conference of Jetting Technology, Brugge, 1998
[35]况雨春,曾恒,周学军,等.PDC钻头水力结构优化设计研究[J].天然气工业,2006,26(4):60-61.
[36]汪志明,姜新民.深井条件下超高压射流钻头水动力特性研究[J].石油大学学报(自然科学版),2002,26(4):33-35
[37]赵付国.超高压PDC钻头设计参数的确定及钻头设计[D].东营:石油大学(华东)硕士学位论文,2004
[38]陈庭根,管志川.钻井工程理论与技术[M].东营:石油大学出版社,2000:146-173
[39]袁恩熙.工程流体力学[M].石油工业出版社出版,1986:125-140
[2]杨永印,沈忠厚,王瑞和.低压脉冲射流井底欠平衡钻井提高钻速机理分析[J].石油钻探技术,2002,30(5):15-16
[3] S.D.Veenhuizen,T.J.Butler ,D.P.Kelly.Jet-Assisted Mechanical Drilling of Oil and Gas Wells[c]. Proceedings of the 7th American Waterjet Conference, Seattle,1993:45-56
[4] B.V.Voitsekhovshy, E.B.Solovkin, O.I.Grebennik, et al. On Destruction of Rocks and Metals by high pressure Jets of water[J]. International Symposium on Water Jet Cutting Technology, Coventry, UK, 1972,G8:93-112.
[5]郑锋辉,于水杰,李根生.射流式水力降压实验研究[J].石油机械,2008,36(7):4-6
[6]马清明,王瑞和.井底反向射流辅助破岩机理分析[J].钻采工艺,2008,31(1):44-45
[7]徐华义,聂翠平,吴华.井底降压差短节显著提高机械钻速[J].石油钻探技采,1998,26(1):41-42,45
[8]王智峰.负压脉冲钻井技术及方法[J].石油钻采工艺,2005,27(6):13-15
[9] Jack Kolle,Mark Marvin.Hydropulses Increase Drilling Penetration Rates[J].Oil&Gas Journal,1999:Mar.29
[10] Sutko A A. Drilling Hydraulics--a Study of Chip Removal Force Under a Full-size Jet Bit[J]. SPEJ, 1973: 276-282
[11] Bizanti M S, Blick E F. Fluid Dynamics of Wellbore Bottomhole Cleaning[J] . SPE 15010
[12] Glowka D. Optimization Of Bit Hydraulic Configurations[J]. SPE 10240
[13] Knowlton R H, Huang H. Polycrystalline Diamond Compact Bit Hydraulics[J]. SPE 11063
[14] Crouse R, Chia R. Optimization of PDC Bit Hydraulics by Fluid Simulation[J]. SPE 14221
[15]韩占忠,王敬,兰小平.FLUENT流体工程仿真计算实例与应用介绍[M].北京:北京理工大学出版社,2004:1-365
[16]李文飞.低压脉冲射流提高钻速及调制的机理研究[D].东营:中国石油大学(华东)硕士学位论文,2005
[17]艾飞.旋转PDC钻头井底流场研究[D].东营:中国石油大学(华东)硕士学位论文,2007
[18]二代龙震工作室.Pro/ENGINEER Wildfire 2.0基础设计[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2004:1-220
[19]王瑞金,张凯,王刚.Fluent技术基础与应用实例[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2007:100-321
[20]沈忠厚.水射流理论与技术[M].东营:石油大学出版社,1998:1-7
[21]郭忠志.定向喷射钻头的研究和应用[J].湖北工学院学报,2004,19(4):49-50
[22]周维垣.高等岩石力学[M].北京:水利电力出版社,1993
[23]陈小榆,刘义军,宋晓健等.井底漫流场数值模拟研究[J].西南石油学院学报,2002,24(1):84-86
[24]谢翠丽,杨爱玲.旋转钻头射流方式对井底流场影响的数值剖析[J].石油钻采工艺,2002,24(3):1-4
[25]谢翠丽,杨爱玲.旋转钻头非自由多股淹没射流的计算分析[J].FLUID MACHINERY,2002,30(5):25-27
[26]周明来.非淹没高速水射流喷嘴内外流场的数值模拟[C].第五次全国喷射技术会议,2000:45-50
[27]汪志明,沈忠厚.圆形射流流场流动结构的数值模拟[J].石油大学学报(自然科学版),1995,19(6):34-36
[28]徐立.高速超高压水射流喷管内外湍流流场的数值模拟[J].石油大学学报(自然科学版),1997,21(4):18-22
[29]李兆敏,沈忠厚.轴对称紊流射流流场的数值模拟[J].石油大学学报(自然科学版),1995,19(2):48-51
[30]吴志明.超高压射流喷嘴出口流场的数值模拟[D].中国石油大学(华东)硕士学位论文,东营:2002
[31]原田正一(著),陆润林(译).射流工程学[M],北京:科学出版社,1977:5-9,26-32,125-128
[32]射流技术翻译组.射流元件入门[M].北京:科学出版社,1969:32-37
[33]杨永印,孙伟良,徐金超,等.附壁式双稳射流元件的设计[J].液压与气动.2010,(2):62-65
[34] Santi, P.S.Bell, D.A.Summers, D.Pixton, "WaterJet assisted polycrystalline diamond indentation drilling of rock"[A].14th International Conference of Jetting Technology, Brugge, 1998
[35]况雨春,曾恒,周学军,等.PDC钻头水力结构优化设计研究[J].天然气工业,2006,26(4):60-61.
[36]汪志明,姜新民.深井条件下超高压射流钻头水动力特性研究[J].石油大学学报(自然科学版),2002,26(4):33-35
[37]赵付国.超高压PDC钻头设计参数的确定及钻头设计[D].东营:石油大学(华东)硕士学位论文,2004
[38]陈庭根,管志川.钻井工程理论与技术[M].东营:石油大学出版社,2000:146-173
[39]袁恩熙.工程流体力学[M].石油工业出版社出版,1986:125-140