基于IR-UWB穿墙成像系统的性能研究
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摘要
穿墙成像可以对被障碍物遮挡的目标进行主动、非入侵式地探测识别,在军事、救援等领域具有广泛的应用前景,是当前研究的热点之一。作为穿墙成像的探测信号,IR-UWB信号具有穿透能力强、分辨率高、目标识别能力强、多径分辨能力强、抗干扰能力强、探测盲区小等众多优点,近年来得到了广泛的关注。基于IR-UWB信号的穿墙成像系统主要由探测和成像两部分组成,不同的探测环境、探测方式和穿墙成像算法使系统具有不同的性能。实际应用中,系统设计的目标是使系统的性能满足应用的需求,这使得对IR-UWB穿墙成像系统性能的研究成为了系统设计实现的关键问题。与传统探空成像系统相比,基于IR-UWB的穿墙成像系统往往具有墙体阻挡、超宽带、实孔径和近场工作等特点,在系统性能的研究中必须充分考虑这些特点的影响。然而,已有的成像系统性能的研究成果对这些特点的考虑有限,还无法对IR-UWB穿墙成像系统性能进行有效预测和分析,更不能准确地指导相应的系统设计。因此,深入研究IR-UWB穿墙成像系统的性能,对实际系统的设计和应用具有重要意义。
本文在分析国内外相关文献的基础上,结合IR-UWB穿墙成像系统的上述特点,根据目标的散射点模型,以二维平面内的墙后理想点目标成像为背景,在假设目标可以被检测到的前提下,对IR-UWB穿墙成像系统的主要性能指标进行了深入研究,同时以性能指标分析为主线研究了IR-UWB穿墙成像系统中主要系统参数及穿墙成像算法设计的一些关键问题,为实际穿墙成像系统的设计和应用提供了理论指导。论文的研究内容主要包括以下几个方面:
第一,IR-UWB穿墙成像系统及性能评价指标。本文在明确IR-UWB穿墙成像基本原理的基础上,介绍了穿墙探测环境、目标模型和探测方式,基于IR-UWB信号和实孔径天线阵,给出了一种二维穿墙成像探测系统的基本结构。同时,为了判定穿墙成像系统工作在远场还是近场,推导了IR-UWB天线阵的远近场分界。在此基础上,介绍了对回波信号进行直达波抑制的方法,同时重点研究了墙体参数已知的一种常用穿墙成像算法——后向投影穿墙成像(BP-TWI)算法,并针对天线与墙体之间存在一定距离时,BP-TWI算法中信号穿墙传播时延计算复杂的问题,提出了利用等效二层介质模型计算信号穿墙传播时延的方法。最后分析了IR-UWB穿墙成像系统的主要性能指标。
第二,墙体参数未知的IR-UWB穿墙成像中定位误差修正的研究。定位误差是IR-UWB穿墙成像系统的一个重要性能指标。对于墙体参数未知的应用情况,它的一个主要来源是墙体参数的估计误差。本文首先基于BP-TWI算法,明晰了墙体参数估计误差对IR-UWB穿墙成像中定位误差的影响。在此基础上,通过对BP-TWI算法中的聚焦时延差进行补偿间接地实现了墙体参数估计误差的补偿。同时以图像对比度作为衡量指标,提出了一种对IR-UWB穿墙成像中定位误差进行自动修正的穿墙成像算法,自动对焦BP-TWI算法。然后为了降低BP-TWI算法的计算复杂度,使其具有实用性,通过对实际聚焦时延差进行近似补偿,提出了等时延-速度补偿自动对焦BP-TWI(ITD-VCAF-BP-TWI)算法。数值仿真结果表明,该算法很好地修正了墙体参数未知时穿墙成像中的定位误差,所得成像结果与墙体参数已知时BP-TWI算法的成像结果相当,并且解决了已有算法代价高和通用性差的问题。
第三,IR-UWB穿墙成像分辨率的研究。当对墙后目标轮廓或多目标进行成像时,成像分辨率是IR-UWB穿墙成像系统需要重点关注的另一个性能指标。鉴于本文给出的IR-UWB穿墙成像系统具有超宽带、近场、实孔径天线阵以及墙体阻挡的特点,已有分辨率计算方法不再适用,无法对IR-UWB穿墙成像分辨率进行有效预测。故本文针对IR-UWB穿墙成像系统的上述特点,首先在不考虑墙体影响的条件下,提出了一种自由空间下近场成像分辨率的计算方法。然后进一步结合墙体影响,基于墙体参数已知的BP-TWI算法,提出了一种IR-UWB穿墙成像分辨率的近似计算方法。同时通过数值仿真验证了所提出的分辨率计算方法的有效性。并为指导穿墙成像系统的参数设计,明确了IR-UWB穿墙成像分辨率的空间分布以及分辨率与系统参数的关系。
第四,IR-UWB穿墙成像中虚假像抑制的研究。定位误差、分辨率对于检测到的真实目标才有意义,然而虚假像的存在会增加真实目标的检测难度等,是影响系统性能的重要因素之一。本文首先对IR-UWB穿墙成像中虚假像的成因进行了分析,明确了虚假像的一个主要来源是IR-UWB天线阵近场时域波束形成的旁瓣。在此基础上,通过对IR-UWB近场时域波束形成原理进行深入研究,明确了影响波束形成性能的系统参数。并给出了均匀线阵对应的近场峰值旁瓣比的计算公式,同时为了降低旁瓣水平以抑制虚假像,明确了均匀线阵近场峰值旁瓣水平与系统参数的关系,还通过数值仿真比较了均匀线阵与随机阵列的近场旁瓣性能,为IR-UWB穿墙成像系统中天线阵的设计提供了理论指导。最后,为节省实现低旁瓣所需的系统资源,探索性地提出了一种利用MIMO阵列对IR-UWB穿墙成像系统中天线阵进行稀疏化处理的方法。
Through wall imaging (TWI) can realize an active non-invasive detection and recognization of the object behind the building wall or fraise, with a wide range of applications in military, rescue and other fields, and it has become one focus of current research. IR-UWB is one of the most widely used detecting signal in through wall imaging for its advantages such as its penetration capability, high resolution, target identification capability, resolving multipath capability, anti-interference and small blind region. The TWI system based on IR-UWB consists of detection part and imaging part. The system performance is closely dependent on detection environment, detection manner and imaging algorithm. The goal of through wall imaging system design is to make the system performance meet the performance requirements of applications. So, the study of IR-UWB TWI system performance is a key issue for the system design. Compared with traditional imaging systems, the IR-UWB through wall imaging system often has its own characteristics such as wall blocking, ultra wide band, real aperture and near field, which are needed to be fully considered in the system performance analysis. However, these characteristics have not been fully considered in the existing imaging system performance results, which can not be used to effectively predict and analyze the IR-UWB through wall imaging system performance, and can not be used to guide the corresponding system design appropriately too. Therefore, to study the IR-UWB TWI system performance in-depth is of great significance for system design in practical applications.
Based on the analysis of the research status quo at home and abroad, combined with the above characteristics for IR-UWB TWI system, according to the target scattering point model, taking the two-dimensional through-wall imaging for ideal point targets as the background, and with the assumption that the target can be detected, the main performance of IR-UWB TWI system is studied intensively, by the way, the key issues of system parameters design and through wall imaging algorithm design in IR-UWB TWI system is investigated, which can provide a theoretical guidance for the TWI system design and application. Principal contents of this dissertation are summarized as follows:
Firstly, the through wall imaging system and performance evaluation indicators are presented. The principles of TWI, detection environment, target scattering point model and detection manner are presented, based on which the basic structures of a two-dimension TWI system using IR-UWB and real aperture antenna array to detect is given. In order to determine the TWI system works in the near or far field, the boundary of near and far field of IR-UWB array is explored. After that, the methods to suppress the direct echoes in receiving echoes are presented, and the commonly used TWI algorithm under known wall parameters, back projection through wall imaging algorithm, i.e. BP-TWI algorithm, is investigated comprehensively, and the two-layer equivalent media model is used to reduce the computational complexity of traveling time delay of signal through wall, when there is a certain distance between wall and antenna. At last, the main performance evaluation indicators of IR-UWB TWI system are analyzed.
Secondly, Researches on the correction of localization errors in IR-UWB TWI under wall ambiguities are carried out. Localization error is an important performance of IR-UWB TWI system. One of the main sources of the localization error in the case that the wall parameters are unknown in prior is the wall estimation errors in practical application. Based on BP-TWI algorithm, the effect of wall ambiguities on the localization errors of imaged targets is analyzed. Based on the result, the compensation of wall parameters estimation errors is achieved indirectly by compensating the focusing time delay errors in BP-TWI. At the same time, by taking image contrast as the focusing metrics, a TWI algorithm to automatically compensate the wall parameters errors, which is autofocusing BP-TWI algorithm, is proposed. And in order to reduce the computational complexity and make it practical, by compensating the focusing time delay with some approximation algorithms, an imaging algorithm, which is named as Identical Time Delay and Velocity Compensated Autofocusing BP-TWI (ITD-VCAF-BP-TWI) algorithm, is proposed. Numerical simulation results show that the errors of image targets under wall ambiguities are corrected well and the imaging results obtained by this algorithm is comparable to the imaging results by BP-TWI under known wall parameters. And the high cost and poor generality of existing algorithms has been solved.
Thirdly, Resolution of IR-UWB TWI system is studied. When the shape of target or multiple targets behind the wall is needed to be detected, imaging resolution is another performance, which must be focused, for IR-UWB through wall imaging system. The IR-UWB TWI system presented in this dissertation works with characteristics of ultra wideband, near field, real aperture and wall blocking. The existing resolution computation methods are no longer applicable and can not effectively predict the resolution of IR-UWB TWI system. So, based on the above characteristics of the IR-UWB TWI system, a computation method of imaging resolution in free space and near field is proposed firstly, without considering the characteristics of wall blocking. After that, by taking into account the effect of wall, an approximate computation method of the resolution of through- wall imaging system is proposed, based on BP-TWI algorithm under known wall parameters. At the same time, the computation methods are verified by numerical simulations, the space distribution of the IR-UWB TWI resolution and the effect of system parameters on the resolution are analyzed, in order to guide the design of system parameters of TWI.
Fourthly, Researches on suppressing the ghost image in IR-UWB TWI are carried out. The localization error and resolution is attached to the detected real target. However, the existence of ghost image will make the detection of real target difficult. In order to suppress the ghost image, the causes of ghost image in IR-UWB TWI is analyzed, and it can be seen that, a major source of the ghost image is the sidelobe of IR-UWB antenna array near field time domain beamforming. Based on this result, the principle of IR-UWB near field time domain beamforming is investigated comprehensively, and the parameters that affect the performance of beamforming are determined. The closed form of peak side lobe ratio for uniform linear array is derived, and in order to suppress the sidelobe level so as to suppress the ghost image, the effect of system parameters is analyzed, the side lobe performance of the uniform linear array and random array are compared by numerical simulations, and the results provide theoretical support for antenna array design in IR-UWB TWI system. At last, in order to reduce the cost of the system which is required for low sidelobe level in the premise of ensuring the system performance, the method to thin the antenna array by using Multiple Input and Multiple Output (MIMO) array in IR-UWB TWI system is explored.
本文在分析国内外相关文献的基础上,结合IR-UWB穿墙成像系统的上述特点,根据目标的散射点模型,以二维平面内的墙后理想点目标成像为背景,在假设目标可以被检测到的前提下,对IR-UWB穿墙成像系统的主要性能指标进行了深入研究,同时以性能指标分析为主线研究了IR-UWB穿墙成像系统中主要系统参数及穿墙成像算法设计的一些关键问题,为实际穿墙成像系统的设计和应用提供了理论指导。论文的研究内容主要包括以下几个方面:
第一,IR-UWB穿墙成像系统及性能评价指标。本文在明确IR-UWB穿墙成像基本原理的基础上,介绍了穿墙探测环境、目标模型和探测方式,基于IR-UWB信号和实孔径天线阵,给出了一种二维穿墙成像探测系统的基本结构。同时,为了判定穿墙成像系统工作在远场还是近场,推导了IR-UWB天线阵的远近场分界。在此基础上,介绍了对回波信号进行直达波抑制的方法,同时重点研究了墙体参数已知的一种常用穿墙成像算法——后向投影穿墙成像(BP-TWI)算法,并针对天线与墙体之间存在一定距离时,BP-TWI算法中信号穿墙传播时延计算复杂的问题,提出了利用等效二层介质模型计算信号穿墙传播时延的方法。最后分析了IR-UWB穿墙成像系统的主要性能指标。
第二,墙体参数未知的IR-UWB穿墙成像中定位误差修正的研究。定位误差是IR-UWB穿墙成像系统的一个重要性能指标。对于墙体参数未知的应用情况,它的一个主要来源是墙体参数的估计误差。本文首先基于BP-TWI算法,明晰了墙体参数估计误差对IR-UWB穿墙成像中定位误差的影响。在此基础上,通过对BP-TWI算法中的聚焦时延差进行补偿间接地实现了墙体参数估计误差的补偿。同时以图像对比度作为衡量指标,提出了一种对IR-UWB穿墙成像中定位误差进行自动修正的穿墙成像算法,自动对焦BP-TWI算法。然后为了降低BP-TWI算法的计算复杂度,使其具有实用性,通过对实际聚焦时延差进行近似补偿,提出了等时延-速度补偿自动对焦BP-TWI(ITD-VCAF-BP-TWI)算法。数值仿真结果表明,该算法很好地修正了墙体参数未知时穿墙成像中的定位误差,所得成像结果与墙体参数已知时BP-TWI算法的成像结果相当,并且解决了已有算法代价高和通用性差的问题。
第三,IR-UWB穿墙成像分辨率的研究。当对墙后目标轮廓或多目标进行成像时,成像分辨率是IR-UWB穿墙成像系统需要重点关注的另一个性能指标。鉴于本文给出的IR-UWB穿墙成像系统具有超宽带、近场、实孔径天线阵以及墙体阻挡的特点,已有分辨率计算方法不再适用,无法对IR-UWB穿墙成像分辨率进行有效预测。故本文针对IR-UWB穿墙成像系统的上述特点,首先在不考虑墙体影响的条件下,提出了一种自由空间下近场成像分辨率的计算方法。然后进一步结合墙体影响,基于墙体参数已知的BP-TWI算法,提出了一种IR-UWB穿墙成像分辨率的近似计算方法。同时通过数值仿真验证了所提出的分辨率计算方法的有效性。并为指导穿墙成像系统的参数设计,明确了IR-UWB穿墙成像分辨率的空间分布以及分辨率与系统参数的关系。
第四,IR-UWB穿墙成像中虚假像抑制的研究。定位误差、分辨率对于检测到的真实目标才有意义,然而虚假像的存在会增加真实目标的检测难度等,是影响系统性能的重要因素之一。本文首先对IR-UWB穿墙成像中虚假像的成因进行了分析,明确了虚假像的一个主要来源是IR-UWB天线阵近场时域波束形成的旁瓣。在此基础上,通过对IR-UWB近场时域波束形成原理进行深入研究,明确了影响波束形成性能的系统参数。并给出了均匀线阵对应的近场峰值旁瓣比的计算公式,同时为了降低旁瓣水平以抑制虚假像,明确了均匀线阵近场峰值旁瓣水平与系统参数的关系,还通过数值仿真比较了均匀线阵与随机阵列的近场旁瓣性能,为IR-UWB穿墙成像系统中天线阵的设计提供了理论指导。最后,为节省实现低旁瓣所需的系统资源,探索性地提出了一种利用MIMO阵列对IR-UWB穿墙成像系统中天线阵进行稀疏化处理的方法。
Through wall imaging (TWI) can realize an active non-invasive detection and recognization of the object behind the building wall or fraise, with a wide range of applications in military, rescue and other fields, and it has become one focus of current research. IR-UWB is one of the most widely used detecting signal in through wall imaging for its advantages such as its penetration capability, high resolution, target identification capability, resolving multipath capability, anti-interference and small blind region. The TWI system based on IR-UWB consists of detection part and imaging part. The system performance is closely dependent on detection environment, detection manner and imaging algorithm. The goal of through wall imaging system design is to make the system performance meet the performance requirements of applications. So, the study of IR-UWB TWI system performance is a key issue for the system design. Compared with traditional imaging systems, the IR-UWB through wall imaging system often has its own characteristics such as wall blocking, ultra wide band, real aperture and near field, which are needed to be fully considered in the system performance analysis. However, these characteristics have not been fully considered in the existing imaging system performance results, which can not be used to effectively predict and analyze the IR-UWB through wall imaging system performance, and can not be used to guide the corresponding system design appropriately too. Therefore, to study the IR-UWB TWI system performance in-depth is of great significance for system design in practical applications.
Based on the analysis of the research status quo at home and abroad, combined with the above characteristics for IR-UWB TWI system, according to the target scattering point model, taking the two-dimensional through-wall imaging for ideal point targets as the background, and with the assumption that the target can be detected, the main performance of IR-UWB TWI system is studied intensively, by the way, the key issues of system parameters design and through wall imaging algorithm design in IR-UWB TWI system is investigated, which can provide a theoretical guidance for the TWI system design and application. Principal contents of this dissertation are summarized as follows:
Firstly, the through wall imaging system and performance evaluation indicators are presented. The principles of TWI, detection environment, target scattering point model and detection manner are presented, based on which the basic structures of a two-dimension TWI system using IR-UWB and real aperture antenna array to detect is given. In order to determine the TWI system works in the near or far field, the boundary of near and far field of IR-UWB array is explored. After that, the methods to suppress the direct echoes in receiving echoes are presented, and the commonly used TWI algorithm under known wall parameters, back projection through wall imaging algorithm, i.e. BP-TWI algorithm, is investigated comprehensively, and the two-layer equivalent media model is used to reduce the computational complexity of traveling time delay of signal through wall, when there is a certain distance between wall and antenna. At last, the main performance evaluation indicators of IR-UWB TWI system are analyzed.
Secondly, Researches on the correction of localization errors in IR-UWB TWI under wall ambiguities are carried out. Localization error is an important performance of IR-UWB TWI system. One of the main sources of the localization error in the case that the wall parameters are unknown in prior is the wall estimation errors in practical application. Based on BP-TWI algorithm, the effect of wall ambiguities on the localization errors of imaged targets is analyzed. Based on the result, the compensation of wall parameters estimation errors is achieved indirectly by compensating the focusing time delay errors in BP-TWI. At the same time, by taking image contrast as the focusing metrics, a TWI algorithm to automatically compensate the wall parameters errors, which is autofocusing BP-TWI algorithm, is proposed. And in order to reduce the computational complexity and make it practical, by compensating the focusing time delay with some approximation algorithms, an imaging algorithm, which is named as Identical Time Delay and Velocity Compensated Autofocusing BP-TWI (ITD-VCAF-BP-TWI) algorithm, is proposed. Numerical simulation results show that the errors of image targets under wall ambiguities are corrected well and the imaging results obtained by this algorithm is comparable to the imaging results by BP-TWI under known wall parameters. And the high cost and poor generality of existing algorithms has been solved.
Thirdly, Resolution of IR-UWB TWI system is studied. When the shape of target or multiple targets behind the wall is needed to be detected, imaging resolution is another performance, which must be focused, for IR-UWB through wall imaging system. The IR-UWB TWI system presented in this dissertation works with characteristics of ultra wideband, near field, real aperture and wall blocking. The existing resolution computation methods are no longer applicable and can not effectively predict the resolution of IR-UWB TWI system. So, based on the above characteristics of the IR-UWB TWI system, a computation method of imaging resolution in free space and near field is proposed firstly, without considering the characteristics of wall blocking. After that, by taking into account the effect of wall, an approximate computation method of the resolution of through- wall imaging system is proposed, based on BP-TWI algorithm under known wall parameters. At the same time, the computation methods are verified by numerical simulations, the space distribution of the IR-UWB TWI resolution and the effect of system parameters on the resolution are analyzed, in order to guide the design of system parameters of TWI.
Fourthly, Researches on suppressing the ghost image in IR-UWB TWI are carried out. The localization error and resolution is attached to the detected real target. However, the existence of ghost image will make the detection of real target difficult. In order to suppress the ghost image, the causes of ghost image in IR-UWB TWI is analyzed, and it can be seen that, a major source of the ghost image is the sidelobe of IR-UWB antenna array near field time domain beamforming. Based on this result, the principle of IR-UWB near field time domain beamforming is investigated comprehensively, and the parameters that affect the performance of beamforming are determined. The closed form of peak side lobe ratio for uniform linear array is derived, and in order to suppress the sidelobe level so as to suppress the ghost image, the effect of system parameters is analyzed, the side lobe performance of the uniform linear array and random array are compared by numerical simulations, and the results provide theoretical support for antenna array design in IR-UWB TWI system. At last, in order to reduce the cost of the system which is required for low sidelobe level in the premise of ensuring the system performance, the method to thin the antenna array by using Multiple Input and Multiple Output (MIMO) array in IR-UWB TWI system is explored.
引文
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