无线传感器网络平台开发与组网实现
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摘要
随着信息技术的飞速发展，传统的传感器技术已经不能满足人们对信息获取的需求，网络化、智能化的传感技术成为新的发展方向。自组织的无线传感器网络正是适应这种需求而出现的，它综合了传感器、嵌入式计算、网络、无线通信及分布式信息处理等技术，可以应用于国家安全、环境监测、交通管理、现代物流、仓储管理、医疗监护、智能家居等非常广泛的领域，迅速得到了学术界和工业界以及各国政府的重视，成为信息技术的一个新的研究热点。
传感器节点和组网协议栈是无线传感器网络工程设计的重点。以此为主要内容，本文设计了一个无线传感器网络平台，实现了多节点自组织成网状结构的网络。
论文首先详细介绍了无线传感器网络。然后分析了传感器节点和组网协议栈，并提出了系统设计方案；对MAC协议、路由算法等关键的组网技术进行了分析，并提出了本文的方案。
接着详细介绍了节点电路设计、硬件制作和调试。
在此节点平台上，以IEEE802.15.4为底层基础，设计了网络协议栈。主要包括物理层驱动，应答、重传的CSMA／CA算法，一种基于定向扩散思想的路由维护算法，各层数据帧格式的设计和处理，以及协议栈各子层的服务接口等内容。
最后对节点和协议栈进行了简单的测试，结果表明在本文的实验环境下，节点可以稳定工作，网络通信协议可以实现基于网状结构的组网。
本文的工作为项目的开展提供了一个实际的无线传感器网络平台。
With the magic development of information technology, traditional sensor techniquesare unable to meet pepole's demand of information. Sensor techniques should becomenetworked and intelligent. Then, the self-organized wireless sensor network emerges.Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) are integration of sensor techniques, nested computationtechniques, network techniques, wireless communication techniques and distributedcomputation techniques. WSN can be usd in many applications, such as national security,environment, traffic, transportation, storage, medical treatment, intelligent house and so on.WSN becomes a new research area of information technology.
A WSN platform is designed in this paper, with the main aspects of sensor nodedesign and network protocol design. Then, mesh network is achieved on this platform.
Firstly, wireless sensor network is introduced in detail. Then, schemes are proposedbased on the analysis of sensor nodes and network protocols. The key techniques such asmedium access control and routing protocols of WSN are analysed, and suitable schemesare chose.
According to the scheme of sensor node, the details of the node design are introduced.
Then, on the hardware platform of node, a network protocol stack is designed with abase of IEEE802.15.4 Std. This protocol stack mainly contains the hardware drivers in thephysical layer, a CSMA/CA algorithm with ACK and retry mechanism, a routing algorithmwhich is similar to the directed diffusion protocol, the definition and processing of theframe format, and the service functions in each sublayer.
Finally, simple tests on the sensor nodes and the network protocol stack are carriedout. The results indicate that the sensor nodes and protocol stack can work steadily andestablish a mesh network in the experimental environment of this paper.
传感器节点和组网协议栈是无线传感器网络工程设计的重点。以此为主要内容，本文设计了一个无线传感器网络平台，实现了多节点自组织成网状结构的网络。
论文首先详细介绍了无线传感器网络。然后分析了传感器节点和组网协议栈，并提出了系统设计方案；对MAC协议、路由算法等关键的组网技术进行了分析，并提出了本文的方案。
接着详细介绍了节点电路设计、硬件制作和调试。
在此节点平台上，以IEEE802.15.4为底层基础，设计了网络协议栈。主要包括物理层驱动，应答、重传的CSMA／CA算法，一种基于定向扩散思想的路由维护算法，各层数据帧格式的设计和处理，以及协议栈各子层的服务接口等内容。
最后对节点和协议栈进行了简单的测试，结果表明在本文的实验环境下，节点可以稳定工作，网络通信协议可以实现基于网状结构的组网。
本文的工作为项目的开展提供了一个实际的无线传感器网络平台。
With the magic development of information technology, traditional sensor techniquesare unable to meet pepole's demand of information. Sensor techniques should becomenetworked and intelligent. Then, the self-organized wireless sensor network emerges.Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) are integration of sensor techniques, nested computationtechniques, network techniques, wireless communication techniques and distributedcomputation techniques. WSN can be usd in many applications, such as national security,environment, traffic, transportation, storage, medical treatment, intelligent house and so on.WSN becomes a new research area of information technology.
A WSN platform is designed in this paper, with the main aspects of sensor nodedesign and network protocol design. Then, mesh network is achieved on this platform.
Firstly, wireless sensor network is introduced in detail. Then, schemes are proposedbased on the analysis of sensor nodes and network protocols. The key techniques such asmedium access control and routing protocols of WSN are analysed, and suitable schemesare chose.
According to the scheme of sensor node, the details of the node design are introduced.
Then, on the hardware platform of node, a network protocol stack is designed with abase of IEEE802.15.4 Std. This protocol stack mainly contains the hardware drivers in thephysical layer, a CSMA/CA algorithm with ACK and retry mechanism, a routing algorithmwhich is similar to the directed diffusion protocol, the definition and processing of theframe format, and the service functions in each sublayer.
Finally, simple tests on the sensor nodes and the network protocol stack are carriedout. The results indicate that the sensor nodes and protocol stack can work steadily andestablish a mesh network in the experimental environment of this paper.
引文
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[2] M.Tubaishat, S.Madria. Sensor Networks:an Overview. IEEE Potentials, 2003, 22(2): 20-23
[3] B.Warneke, M.Last, B.Liebowitz, KSJ.Pister. Smart dust: Communicating with a Cubic-millimeter Computer. IEEE Computer Magazine, 2001, 34(1):44-51
[4] A.Mainwaring, J.Polastre, R.Szewczyk. Wireless Sensor Networks for Habitat Monitoring. In:Proc. of thelst ACM Int'l Workshop on Wireless Sensor Networks and Applications. Atlanta, ACM Press, 2002: 88-97
[5] IEEE Computer Society LAN MAN Standards Committee. IEEE Std 802.15.4 2003, Wireless Medium Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications for Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR-WPAN), 2003
[6] 孙利民，李建中，陈渝等．无线传感器网络．北京：清华大学出版社，2005．5
[7] Telos platform: http://www.moteiv.com/products-reva.Php
[8] http://www.wsn.org.cn
[9] http://www.zigbee.org
[10] ZigBee Alliance, ZigBee Specification, Version 1.0, 2004
[11] 郑少仁，王海涛，赵志峰 等．Ad Hoc网络技术．人民邮电出版社，2005．1
[12] IEEE Computer Society LAN MAN Standards Committee. IEEE Std 802.11-1999, Wireless LAN Medium Access Control(MAC) and Physical Layer(PHY) specification, 1999
[13] W.Ye, J.Heidemann, D.Estrin. An Energy-efficient MAC Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks. In: Proc. of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies (INFOCOM 2002), New York, USA, 2002, 3(6): 1567-1576
[14] W.Ye, J.Heidemarm, D.Estrin. Medium Access Control with Coordinated, Adaptive Sleeping for Wireless Sensor Networks. ACM/IEEE Transactions on Networking, June 2004, 12(3): 493-506
[15] Van Dam T, K.Langendoen. An Adaptive Energy-efficient MAC Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks. In: Proc. of the 1st Int'1 Conf. on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems. Los Angeles, USA, 2003, ACM Press: 171-180
[16] S.Hedetniemi, A.Liestman. A Survey of Gossiping and Broadcasting in Communication Networks. Networks, 1988, 18(4): 319-349
[17] C.Intanagonwiwat, R.Govindan, D.Estrin. Directed diffusion:A scalable and Robust Communication Paradigm for Sensor Networks. ACM MobiCom'00, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 2000: ACM Press, 56-67
[18] Chalermek Intanagonwiwat, Ramesh Govindan, D.Estrin, J.Heidemann, and Fabio Silva. Directed Difusion for Wireless Sensor Networking. ACM/IEEE Transactions on Networking, February, 2002, 11 (1): 2-16
[19] Roberto Di Pietro, V.Luigi, Mancini, Yee Wei Law. LKHW: A Directed Diffusion-based Secure Multicast Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks. Proc. of the 2003 International Conf. on Parallel Processing Workshops (ICPPW'03). Kaohsiung, Taiwan, 2003: 362-369
[20] 马潮．高档8位单片机ATmega128原理与开发应用指南(上)．北京：北京航空航天大学出版社，2004．12
[21] Chipcon AS SmartRF. CC2420 Preliminary Datasheet (rev 1.2), 2004.6
[22] Chipcon AS. CC2420DBK Demonstration Board Kit User Manual (rev 1.3) 2004.11
[23] 金春林，邱慧芳，张皆喜 等．AVR序列单片机C语言编程与应用实例．北京：清华大学出版社，2003．11
[24] Freescale, Inc. 802.15.4 MAC PHY Software Reference Manual (revl.3), 2005.9
[25] Microchip Technology Inc. Microchip Stack for the ZigBee Protocol (rev1.0), 2006.4
[26] U.C.Berkely. TinyOS. http://www.tinyos.net/
[27] Jiawei Xie, Amitabha Das, Sukumar Nandi. An Improvement to the Reliability of IEEE 802.11 Broadcast Scheme for Multicasting in Mobile Ad hoc Networks. The First IEEE Int'l Conf. on Sensor and Ad hoc Communications and Networks, 2004.10
[28] Xiang-Yang Li, Peng-JunWan, Ophir Frieder. Coverage in Wireless Ad Hoc Sensor Networks. IEEE Transactions on Computers, 2003, 52(6): 753-763
[29] 任丰原，黄海宁，林闯．无线传感器网络．软件学报，2003，14(7)：1282-1291
[30] 于海斌，曾鹏等．智能无线传感器网络系统．科学出版社，2006．1
[31] 崔莉，鞠海玲，苗勇等．无线传感器网络研究进展．计算机研究与发展，2005，42(1)：163-174
[32] 马祖长，孙怡宁，梅涛．无线传感器网络综述．通信学报，2004，25(4)：115-124
[33] 曾鹏，于海斌，梁英等．分布式无线传感器网络体系结构及应用支撑技术研究．信息与控制，2004，33(3)：307-313
[34] 梁英，于海斌．无线传感器网络物理层协议的研究现状．仪器仪表学报，2004，25(4)：594-597
[35] 钟幼平，黄佩伟 等．无线传感器MAC层协议的研究．信息技术，2006，3：11-15
[36] 王磊，张瑞华，邢厚子．无线传感器网络MAC协议研究比较．计算机工程与设计，2006，27(19)：4043-4045
[37] 李琳，刘阿娜．无线传感器网MAC协议休眠机制研究．宽带网络与传输，2006，8：75-77
[38] 唐勇，周明天，张欣．无线传感器网络路由协议研究进展．软件学报，2006，17(3)：410-421
[39] 周贤伟，刘宾，覃伯平．无线传感器网络的路由算法研究．传感技术学报，2006，19(2)：463-467
[40] 屠燕春，郭爱煌．无线传感器网络的路由算法与仿真实现．计算机工程，2006，32(22)：124-126
[41] 沙超，董挺挺，王汝传．无线传感器网络硬件平台的研究与设计．电子工程师，2006，32(5)：52-55
[42] 卢崇，马建仓，王吉富．基ATmega128L与CC2420的无线传感器网络节点的研究与实现．电子技术应用，2006，12：130-133
[43] 于海斌，曾鹏，王忠锋等．分布式无线传感器网络通信协议研究．通信学报，2004，25(10)：102-110
[44] 郑霖，曾志民，万济萍等．基于IEEE 802.15.4标准的无线传感器网络．传感器技术，2005，24(7)：86-88
[45] 黄顺炎，杨震，胡海峰．基于功率控制的IEEE 802.15.4算法在无线传感器网络中的应用．南京邮电大学学报(自然科学版)，2006，26(5)：41-45
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