基层党政干部的自律品质研究
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摘要
自律品质是指个体在对社会行为准则和道德规范的认同基础上,主动将这些道德准则和规范内化为指导自己行为的内部要求,并自觉按这些要求监督、约束和调控自己的心理和行为朝向有利于社会和个人积极方向发展的意志品质。基层党政干部是干部队伍的主体,担负着直接联系群众、宣传群众,把党的路线、方针、政策落实到基层的重要责任。党的十八大报告指出,“党的基层组织是团结带领群众贯彻党的理论和路线方针政策、落实党的任务的战斗堡垒。创新基层党建工作,夯实党执政的组织基础。要以增强党性、提高素质为重点,加强和改进党员队伍教育管理,推动广大党员发挥先锋模范作用。”因此,基层党政干部的素质如何,直接影响到党群和干群关系,影响到人民群众对党的信任以及党的方针、政策的实施和贯彻,而自律则是反映基层党政干部素质水平的重要指针。对此,本研究通过对已有相关文献的梳理和分析,结合中国文化的背景特征总结出了自律品质的核心内涵。并通过对调查和访谈方法收集到的自律品质相关内容信息的分析,提炼出了基层党政干部自律品质的维度结构。在此基础上,编制了体现中国文化特征的自律品质问卷,作为基层党政干部自律品质的测量工具。通过使用自律品质问卷以及相关测量工具的结合对不同省份县级或县级区以下基层党政部门处级以下领导干部的调查,分别探讨了基层党政干部自律品质的人口学特征差异、影响自律品质的个体和环境因素作用特点、自律品质对工作和生活相关重要后效变量的影响机制,以及自律品质的内隐效应、内隐自律与外显自律的关系和两者的后效作用。
根据以上研究思路,本研究设计了五个主要研究,研究一是基层党政干部自律品质内容结构的探索及测量工具的开发；研究二是基层党政干部自律品质的人口统计学特征差异；研究三是基层党政干部自律品质的影响因素作用特点；研究四是自律品质对工作和生活相关重要后效变量的作用机制；研究五是自律品质的内隐效应及其与外显自律的关系和后效作用。各部分研究所得结果如下：
(1)探索性因素分析发现,中国文化背景下,基层党政干部的自律品质包含四个维度,分别是：慎情、慎欲、慎思和慎微。四个维度分别对应了基层党政干部廉洁自律作风建设的四个重要方面。验证性因素分析的结果表明,基层党政干部的四因素结构与数据的拟合程度较好,并且对比其他可能存在的因素结构有着更好的模型数据拟合指标。基于四因素结构开发的基层党政干部自律品质问卷共包含19个题项,对该问卷的信度和效度分析结果显示,基层党政干部自律品质问卷的信效度较好,符合心理测量学的要求,表明该问卷能够作为测量基层党政干部自律品质的有效工具。
(2)对不同人口学特征基层党政干部自律品质的差异比较结果显示,性别的差异表现为女性基层党政干部在自律品质各维度得分均高于男性基层党政干部；年龄的主要差异表现为45岁以上年龄段的基层党政干部在自律品质各维度的得分水平总体上显著高于45岁以下年龄段的基层党政干部；职级的差异表现为,在自律品质的慎情、慎欲和慎微三个维度,不同职级基层党政干部的得分均没有发现显著的差异,而在慎思维度,发现副处级及以上干部在该维度的得分要显著高于副处级以下干部的得分；学历的差异表现为,在自律品质的慎思维度本科及以上学历干部的得分显著高于专科及以下学历的干部,而在慎微维度却发现本科及以下干部的得分要显著高于硕士及以上学历干部的得分；年收入的差异表现为,在慎情和慎思两个维度,不同收入基层党政干部的得分无显著差异,而在慎欲维度发现5万元以上年收入的基层党政干部的慎欲得分总体上要显著高于3万元及以下年收入的基层党政干部,在慎微维度发现5万元以上年收入的基层党政干部的慎微得分要显著高于5万元以下年收入的基层党政干部。
(3)通过对个体特征和环境特征与基层党政干部自律品质的关系检验结果显示,个体特征中人格特质的责任心维度和情绪稳定性维度分别与自律品质有着显著的正相关关系和负相关关系,而其他人格维度与自律品质的关系则没有达到统计学的显著水平；而个体特征的人性观方面发现愤世嫉俗维度与自律品质有显著的负相关关系,信任维度与自律品质则有显著的正相关关系。环境特征方面家庭气氛与基层党政干部的自律品质有显著的负相关关系；组织伦理气氛的自利导向维度与自律品质有显著的负相关关系,而关怀导向维度与自律品质有着显著的正相关关系。
(4)自律品质与基层党政干部的任务绩效、关系绩效、生活满意度和情感体验均有显著的正相关关系,与基层党政干部的越轨行为有显著的负相关关系。工作投入对自律品质与任务绩效和关系绩效的关系,以及对自律品质与生活满意度和情感体验的关系均能够起到部分中介作用；工作压力对自律品质与关系绩效和任务绩效的关系,以及对自律品质与生活满意度和情感体验的关系均有显著的调节作用,但对自律品质与越轨行为的关系没有显著的调节作用。
(5)通过对自律相关信念和自律相关行为的内隐联想测验结果显示自律有其对应的内隐成分,对内隐自律与外显自律的关系模型分析结果表明,内隐自律与外显自律是互有联系却又相对独立的关系。进一步采用赌博行为实验和冒险倾向量表相结合的方式对冒险行为进行了测查,并考查了内隐自律和外显自律与冒险行为的关系,结果显示内隐自律和外显自律与个体的冒险行为均有显著的负相关关系。
Self-discipline is such a character based on the individual's agreement of social and moral regulations. It also refers to that individual would internalize these regulations into their own requirements which would be used as guidance for behaviors. Moreover, one would obey the requirements to supervise, restrain and adjust his or her psychology and behaviors towards a direction both benefit society and their own. Local government executives are the main parts of cadres and have important responsibilities of connecting the common people, publishing the political course, principles and policies of the party to the public. The report of18th Party Congress says,"The party's primary-level organization is the fortress for unifying and leading the common people to put the party's theory and policies as well as missions into effect. We should be creative during the work of Party building in the primary-level organization, tamping the foundations of the Party's executions. Also, emphasis should be laid on strengthening Party spirit, improving personal qualities, to enhance and improve the administration of education among Party members who are encouraged to set as models." Therefore, the qualities of local government executives are closely related to the relationships between them, party and the common people. And it would influence people's trust to the Party and the implements of the Party's policies. Meanwhile, self-discipline indicates greatly the quality of local government executives. Hence, this analysis concludes the core definition of self-discipline character through collecting and analyzing related documents and combines the features of Chinese culture. Through the analysis of information which is collected by research and interview, the dimension structures of local government executives' self-discipline is extracted. On the basis of that, a questionnaire about self-discipline character is developed as a tool to test local government executives. This questionnaire also shows some Chinese culture features. The author uses the questionnaire and other measurement to survey the executives below the division-level in counties or places below county-level of different provinces. According to the survey, following points are discussed:the demographic differences of self-discipline of local government executives, the distinctions of individual and environmental factors on influencing self-discipline, the influence self-discipline character does to relatively important aftereffect alternating quantity such as individual work and life, the implicit effect of self-discipline character and the relationships as well as aftereffects between implicit and explicit self-discipline.
There are in total five major research directions designed according to the foregoing thinking:first, the exploration on not only the content and structure of local government executives'self-discipline but also the measurement tools; secondly, the demographic differences of those disciplines; thirdly, the features of the influences self-disciplines done on local government executives; fourthly, the functions of self-discipline for relatively important aftereffect alternating quantity such as work and living; fifthly, the relationships between the implicit effect and the explicit of self-discipline and the aftereffect. The results of each part are presented as follows:
(1) Through the exploratory factor analysis, the author found out that, under the Chinese culture background, there are four dimensions in the local government executives'self-discipline. They are:shenqing, shenyu, shensi, shenwei. Those four dimensions are separately correspondences to four important factors of the developments of integrity, self-discipline and correct work style. While the results of confirmatory factor analysis show that the structures of the four factors match well with statistics. And it is better matched with statistics than other potential factor structures. The questionnaire which is based on the four-factor structure includes19specific items. After analyzing the reliability and validity of the questionnaire, a positive result can be drawn. It fits the requirements of psychometrics. Which means the questionnaire can be an effective tool for testing the local government executives'self-discipline.
(2) The results based on demographic differences among the local government executives are listed below:
Based on sexual differences-the average grade of female executives are higher than the male's. Based on age-individual who is beyond45years old gain higher than those below45. According to rank-in the dimensions of shenqing, shenyu and shenwei, there are no significant differences among different levels. While in shensi, executives who are or beyond vice-office level get higher scores than those below vice-office level. According to education background-in shensi, bachelors and above behave apparently better than those have lower degree. Yet in shenwei, the result reversed that bachelors and below gain much higher scores than the rest. According to the annual income-in shenqing and shensi, no difference is found. In shenyu, executives who are paid more than fifty thousand Yuan per year get higher score than whose income are less than thirty thousand. In shenwei, those who are paid more than fifty thousand perform better than those who gain less than fifty thousand.
(3) After testing the relationships between local government executives' self-discipline and features of individual and environment, discoveries can be presented as follows: The consciousness and emotional stability of personality traits separately have positive and negative relationship with self-discipline. Whereas other personality dimensions do not reach the level about relationships with self-discipline what statistics required. From the view of humanity, the level of cynicism is negatively related to self-discipline while trusting level is opposite. The atmosphere in family is negatively related to self-discipline from environmental point of view. Self-discipline has a negative relationship with self-interest oriented level and a positive relationship with caring oriented level.
(4) Self-discipline has distinguished positive relationships with the executives' task performance, contextual performance, satisfaction in life and emotion experience. Naturally, it is negatively related to their disloyalty to spouse. How much they put themselves into work would partly play a mediating function on the relationships and working stress could adjust those relationships except the relationship between self-discipline and disloyalty.
(5) The result of IAT (implicit association test) shows that self-discipline has its own corresponding implicit factors. The IAT focuses on relative faith and relative behavior of self-discipline. And the analysis about relationship model of implicit and explicit self-discipline shows that they relate to each other while comparatively independent at the same time. The author then did survey on risk-taking behavior combining experiment of gambling behavior and risk-taking tendency scale, as well as the relationships between the implicit and explicit self-discipline and risk-taking behavior. The result shows a negative relationship between them.
根据以上研究思路,本研究设计了五个主要研究,研究一是基层党政干部自律品质内容结构的探索及测量工具的开发；研究二是基层党政干部自律品质的人口统计学特征差异；研究三是基层党政干部自律品质的影响因素作用特点；研究四是自律品质对工作和生活相关重要后效变量的作用机制；研究五是自律品质的内隐效应及其与外显自律的关系和后效作用。各部分研究所得结果如下：
(1)探索性因素分析发现,中国文化背景下,基层党政干部的自律品质包含四个维度,分别是：慎情、慎欲、慎思和慎微。四个维度分别对应了基层党政干部廉洁自律作风建设的四个重要方面。验证性因素分析的结果表明,基层党政干部的四因素结构与数据的拟合程度较好,并且对比其他可能存在的因素结构有着更好的模型数据拟合指标。基于四因素结构开发的基层党政干部自律品质问卷共包含19个题项,对该问卷的信度和效度分析结果显示,基层党政干部自律品质问卷的信效度较好,符合心理测量学的要求,表明该问卷能够作为测量基层党政干部自律品质的有效工具。
(2)对不同人口学特征基层党政干部自律品质的差异比较结果显示,性别的差异表现为女性基层党政干部在自律品质各维度得分均高于男性基层党政干部；年龄的主要差异表现为45岁以上年龄段的基层党政干部在自律品质各维度的得分水平总体上显著高于45岁以下年龄段的基层党政干部；职级的差异表现为,在自律品质的慎情、慎欲和慎微三个维度,不同职级基层党政干部的得分均没有发现显著的差异,而在慎思维度,发现副处级及以上干部在该维度的得分要显著高于副处级以下干部的得分；学历的差异表现为,在自律品质的慎思维度本科及以上学历干部的得分显著高于专科及以下学历的干部,而在慎微维度却发现本科及以下干部的得分要显著高于硕士及以上学历干部的得分；年收入的差异表现为,在慎情和慎思两个维度,不同收入基层党政干部的得分无显著差异,而在慎欲维度发现5万元以上年收入的基层党政干部的慎欲得分总体上要显著高于3万元及以下年收入的基层党政干部,在慎微维度发现5万元以上年收入的基层党政干部的慎微得分要显著高于5万元以下年收入的基层党政干部。
(3)通过对个体特征和环境特征与基层党政干部自律品质的关系检验结果显示,个体特征中人格特质的责任心维度和情绪稳定性维度分别与自律品质有着显著的正相关关系和负相关关系,而其他人格维度与自律品质的关系则没有达到统计学的显著水平；而个体特征的人性观方面发现愤世嫉俗维度与自律品质有显著的负相关关系,信任维度与自律品质则有显著的正相关关系。环境特征方面家庭气氛与基层党政干部的自律品质有显著的负相关关系；组织伦理气氛的自利导向维度与自律品质有显著的负相关关系,而关怀导向维度与自律品质有着显著的正相关关系。
(4)自律品质与基层党政干部的任务绩效、关系绩效、生活满意度和情感体验均有显著的正相关关系,与基层党政干部的越轨行为有显著的负相关关系。工作投入对自律品质与任务绩效和关系绩效的关系,以及对自律品质与生活满意度和情感体验的关系均能够起到部分中介作用；工作压力对自律品质与关系绩效和任务绩效的关系,以及对自律品质与生活满意度和情感体验的关系均有显著的调节作用,但对自律品质与越轨行为的关系没有显著的调节作用。
(5)通过对自律相关信念和自律相关行为的内隐联想测验结果显示自律有其对应的内隐成分,对内隐自律与外显自律的关系模型分析结果表明,内隐自律与外显自律是互有联系却又相对独立的关系。进一步采用赌博行为实验和冒险倾向量表相结合的方式对冒险行为进行了测查,并考查了内隐自律和外显自律与冒险行为的关系,结果显示内隐自律和外显自律与个体的冒险行为均有显著的负相关关系。
Self-discipline is such a character based on the individual's agreement of social and moral regulations. It also refers to that individual would internalize these regulations into their own requirements which would be used as guidance for behaviors. Moreover, one would obey the requirements to supervise, restrain and adjust his or her psychology and behaviors towards a direction both benefit society and their own. Local government executives are the main parts of cadres and have important responsibilities of connecting the common people, publishing the political course, principles and policies of the party to the public. The report of18th Party Congress says,"The party's primary-level organization is the fortress for unifying and leading the common people to put the party's theory and policies as well as missions into effect. We should be creative during the work of Party building in the primary-level organization, tamping the foundations of the Party's executions. Also, emphasis should be laid on strengthening Party spirit, improving personal qualities, to enhance and improve the administration of education among Party members who are encouraged to set as models." Therefore, the qualities of local government executives are closely related to the relationships between them, party and the common people. And it would influence people's trust to the Party and the implements of the Party's policies. Meanwhile, self-discipline indicates greatly the quality of local government executives. Hence, this analysis concludes the core definition of self-discipline character through collecting and analyzing related documents and combines the features of Chinese culture. Through the analysis of information which is collected by research and interview, the dimension structures of local government executives' self-discipline is extracted. On the basis of that, a questionnaire about self-discipline character is developed as a tool to test local government executives. This questionnaire also shows some Chinese culture features. The author uses the questionnaire and other measurement to survey the executives below the division-level in counties or places below county-level of different provinces. According to the survey, following points are discussed:the demographic differences of self-discipline of local government executives, the distinctions of individual and environmental factors on influencing self-discipline, the influence self-discipline character does to relatively important aftereffect alternating quantity such as individual work and life, the implicit effect of self-discipline character and the relationships as well as aftereffects between implicit and explicit self-discipline.
There are in total five major research directions designed according to the foregoing thinking:first, the exploration on not only the content and structure of local government executives'self-discipline but also the measurement tools; secondly, the demographic differences of those disciplines; thirdly, the features of the influences self-disciplines done on local government executives; fourthly, the functions of self-discipline for relatively important aftereffect alternating quantity such as work and living; fifthly, the relationships between the implicit effect and the explicit of self-discipline and the aftereffect. The results of each part are presented as follows:
(1) Through the exploratory factor analysis, the author found out that, under the Chinese culture background, there are four dimensions in the local government executives'self-discipline. They are:shenqing, shenyu, shensi, shenwei. Those four dimensions are separately correspondences to four important factors of the developments of integrity, self-discipline and correct work style. While the results of confirmatory factor analysis show that the structures of the four factors match well with statistics. And it is better matched with statistics than other potential factor structures. The questionnaire which is based on the four-factor structure includes19specific items. After analyzing the reliability and validity of the questionnaire, a positive result can be drawn. It fits the requirements of psychometrics. Which means the questionnaire can be an effective tool for testing the local government executives'self-discipline.
(2) The results based on demographic differences among the local government executives are listed below:
Based on sexual differences-the average grade of female executives are higher than the male's. Based on age-individual who is beyond45years old gain higher than those below45. According to rank-in the dimensions of shenqing, shenyu and shenwei, there are no significant differences among different levels. While in shensi, executives who are or beyond vice-office level get higher scores than those below vice-office level. According to education background-in shensi, bachelors and above behave apparently better than those have lower degree. Yet in shenwei, the result reversed that bachelors and below gain much higher scores than the rest. According to the annual income-in shenqing and shensi, no difference is found. In shenyu, executives who are paid more than fifty thousand Yuan per year get higher score than whose income are less than thirty thousand. In shenwei, those who are paid more than fifty thousand perform better than those who gain less than fifty thousand.
(3) After testing the relationships between local government executives' self-discipline and features of individual and environment, discoveries can be presented as follows: The consciousness and emotional stability of personality traits separately have positive and negative relationship with self-discipline. Whereas other personality dimensions do not reach the level about relationships with self-discipline what statistics required. From the view of humanity, the level of cynicism is negatively related to self-discipline while trusting level is opposite. The atmosphere in family is negatively related to self-discipline from environmental point of view. Self-discipline has a negative relationship with self-interest oriented level and a positive relationship with caring oriented level.
(4) Self-discipline has distinguished positive relationships with the executives' task performance, contextual performance, satisfaction in life and emotion experience. Naturally, it is negatively related to their disloyalty to spouse. How much they put themselves into work would partly play a mediating function on the relationships and working stress could adjust those relationships except the relationship between self-discipline and disloyalty.
(5) The result of IAT (implicit association test) shows that self-discipline has its own corresponding implicit factors. The IAT focuses on relative faith and relative behavior of self-discipline. And the analysis about relationship model of implicit and explicit self-discipline shows that they relate to each other while comparatively independent at the same time. The author then did survey on risk-taking behavior combining experiment of gambling behavior and risk-taking tendency scale, as well as the relationships between the implicit and explicit self-discipline and risk-taking behavior. The result shows a negative relationship between them.
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