跑台运动训练和停训对去卵巢大鼠血清性激素、骨密度和骨微结构的影响
|
摘要
实验目的:绝经后骨质疏松症是女性绝经后常见的一种疾病。本研究采用去卵巢大鼠模型模拟女性绝经后骨质疏松状况,探讨中等强度跑台运动减缓去卵巢大鼠骨量丢失的作用机制。
实验方法:将60只3月龄雌性SD大鼠按体重随机分为假手术、去卵巢静止和去卵巢运动三个组。手术后第2周,去卵巢运动组大鼠先在小动物跑台上开始适应训练1周,然后每周进行4次/45min、速度18m/min、坡度5°的跑台训练。正式运动训练15周后,将每组大鼠按体重又随机分为两个亚组,分别在去卵巢16和32周,称量各组大鼠体重,腹主动脉取血后处死,收集腹腔内脂肪、子宫、股骨下脂肪以及骨组织并称重。用双能X射线骨密度仪检测离体股骨、胫骨、第5腰椎骨密度和骨矿物含量;用放射免疫方法检测血清FSH、LH、T和E_2水平;用Micro-CT观察L4、股骨远端和胫骨近端微结构变化后用椎体压缩方法检测L4骨生物力学性能指标的变化。
实验结果:去卵巢16周后:(1)去卵巢静止组大鼠体重、腹腔内脂肪重量及股骨下脂肪重量显著高于其他两组;子宫重量显著低于假手术组,与去卵巢运动组比较差异无显著性。(2)与去卵巢静止组比较,去卵巢运动组血清E_2水平显著升高,血清T水平显著下降,FSH和LH水平均无统计学差异。(3)去卵巢静止组大鼠L5、股骨远端、胫骨近端、远端BMD及BMC、L4最大载荷、破坏载荷、弹性模量、最大应力、破坏应力、破坏应变均显著低于假手术组;与去卵巢静止组相比,L5、股骨远端、胫骨近端、远端BMD及BMC、最大载荷、破坏载荷、弹性模量、最大应力、破坏应力显著升高。(4)去卵巢静止组大鼠骨小梁排列较其它两组稀疏、骨小梁间隙较大、骨小梁数目较少。
去卵巢32周后,与去卵巢静止组相比:(1)去卵巢运动组大鼠体重、腹腔内脂肪重量、股骨下脂肪重量显著增加,骨小梁排列较致密,数目较多;(2)椎骨L4的破坏载荷、弹性模量、破坏应力显著降低,骨小梁间隙较小;(3)其他指标均无显著变化。
实验结论:中等强度跑台运动能:(1)抑制去卵巢大鼠腹腔内脂肪和外周脂肪的增加;增加去卵巢大鼠血清E_2水平,降低FSH/LH比值;减缓去卵巢大鼠松质骨骨量的丢失;改善骨组织结构;改善腰椎骨生物力学性能。
(2)运动停训16周后,除L5骨密度、弹性模量、破坏应力没有变化以外,运动对其它指标的影响均消失。
Objective:
Postmenopausal osteoporosis is a commen disease occurred in postmenopausal women. Using ovariectomized-induced osteoporosis model, this paper explored the prevention mechanism of treadmill exercise on the bone loss of ovariectomized rats.
Methods:
Sixty female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into following three groups: sham-operation (Sham), ovariectomized (OVX), ovariectomized exercised (EX). After one week of adapatation exercise, the EX rat were regular trained for 45 min at a speed of 18 m.min-1 with 5°slope five times a week. At the end of the exercise training all the three groups were also divided into two subgroups according to the body weight. At week16 or week32, the rats were necrosy by abdimibnal blooding. The abdominal fat, uterus, subcutaneous fat, and bone tissues were isolated and weighted. Then the bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) in isolated femur, tibiae, and the fifth lumbar vertebrae were detected by dual-energy X-ray. The serum level of FSH, LH, E2, and T were measured by immuno RIA. After the BMD measurement, the fourth lumbar vertebrae, the distal femur and the proximal tibiae were scanned with Micro-CT. Then the biomechanical properties of femur and lumbar vertebrae were detected by compression tests or three-bending test.
Result:
After 16 weeks of OVX, (1) the body weight, wet weight of abdominal fat and the wet weight of subcutaneous femur fat in OVX were significantly higher than the other two groups. The uterus wet weight was significantly lower than that of in Sham group while no difference was seen compared with the OVX group. (2) Compared with OVX group, the level of serum E2 in EX group was significantly higher while the serum level of T was significantly lower. No difference was seen in serum level of FSH and LH between EX group and OVX group. (3) The BMD in fifth lumbar vertebrae, the proximal and distal femur, and the proximal tibiae as well as maximum load, failure load, elastic modulus, maximum stress, failure stress, failure strain in the fourth lumbar vertebrae were significantly lower than that of sham group. All these changes could be reversed by EX treatment. (4) Compared with the other two groups, the number of trabecular bone in ovariectomized rats was fewer than the other two groups and the trabecular sparse was great.
After 32 weeks of OVX, Compared with OVX group:(1)the body weight ,wet weight of abdominal fat and the wet weight of subcutaneous femur fat in EX group were significantly higher, the number of trabecular bone in EX group rats was more,(2)The failure load, elastic modulus, failure stress in the fourth lumbar vertebrae in EX group were significantly lower than the OVX group,the trabecular sparse was smaller. (3) There were no significant changes in other indicators.
Conclusions:
(1)Treadmill exercise with moderate intensity could inhibit the increase of body fat, increase serum E_2 levels, improve the bone histology and biomechanical properties of lumbar vertebra in OVX rats.
(2) Apart from the effect of exercise training on BMD, elastic modulus, and failure stress, all the effects produced by exercise training in OVX rats had disappeared after detraining.
实验方法:将60只3月龄雌性SD大鼠按体重随机分为假手术、去卵巢静止和去卵巢运动三个组。手术后第2周,去卵巢运动组大鼠先在小动物跑台上开始适应训练1周,然后每周进行4次/45min、速度18m/min、坡度5°的跑台训练。正式运动训练15周后,将每组大鼠按体重又随机分为两个亚组,分别在去卵巢16和32周,称量各组大鼠体重,腹主动脉取血后处死,收集腹腔内脂肪、子宫、股骨下脂肪以及骨组织并称重。用双能X射线骨密度仪检测离体股骨、胫骨、第5腰椎骨密度和骨矿物含量;用放射免疫方法检测血清FSH、LH、T和E_2水平;用Micro-CT观察L4、股骨远端和胫骨近端微结构变化后用椎体压缩方法检测L4骨生物力学性能指标的变化。
实验结果:去卵巢16周后:(1)去卵巢静止组大鼠体重、腹腔内脂肪重量及股骨下脂肪重量显著高于其他两组;子宫重量显著低于假手术组,与去卵巢运动组比较差异无显著性。(2)与去卵巢静止组比较,去卵巢运动组血清E_2水平显著升高,血清T水平显著下降,FSH和LH水平均无统计学差异。(3)去卵巢静止组大鼠L5、股骨远端、胫骨近端、远端BMD及BMC、L4最大载荷、破坏载荷、弹性模量、最大应力、破坏应力、破坏应变均显著低于假手术组;与去卵巢静止组相比,L5、股骨远端、胫骨近端、远端BMD及BMC、最大载荷、破坏载荷、弹性模量、最大应力、破坏应力显著升高。(4)去卵巢静止组大鼠骨小梁排列较其它两组稀疏、骨小梁间隙较大、骨小梁数目较少。
去卵巢32周后,与去卵巢静止组相比:(1)去卵巢运动组大鼠体重、腹腔内脂肪重量、股骨下脂肪重量显著增加,骨小梁排列较致密,数目较多;(2)椎骨L4的破坏载荷、弹性模量、破坏应力显著降低,骨小梁间隙较小;(3)其他指标均无显著变化。
实验结论:中等强度跑台运动能:(1)抑制去卵巢大鼠腹腔内脂肪和外周脂肪的增加;增加去卵巢大鼠血清E_2水平,降低FSH/LH比值;减缓去卵巢大鼠松质骨骨量的丢失;改善骨组织结构;改善腰椎骨生物力学性能。
(2)运动停训16周后,除L5骨密度、弹性模量、破坏应力没有变化以外,运动对其它指标的影响均消失。
Objective:
Postmenopausal osteoporosis is a commen disease occurred in postmenopausal women. Using ovariectomized-induced osteoporosis model, this paper explored the prevention mechanism of treadmill exercise on the bone loss of ovariectomized rats.
Methods:
Sixty female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into following three groups: sham-operation (Sham), ovariectomized (OVX), ovariectomized exercised (EX). After one week of adapatation exercise, the EX rat were regular trained for 45 min at a speed of 18 m.min-1 with 5°slope five times a week. At the end of the exercise training all the three groups were also divided into two subgroups according to the body weight. At week16 or week32, the rats were necrosy by abdimibnal blooding. The abdominal fat, uterus, subcutaneous fat, and bone tissues were isolated and weighted. Then the bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) in isolated femur, tibiae, and the fifth lumbar vertebrae were detected by dual-energy X-ray. The serum level of FSH, LH, E2, and T were measured by immuno RIA. After the BMD measurement, the fourth lumbar vertebrae, the distal femur and the proximal tibiae were scanned with Micro-CT. Then the biomechanical properties of femur and lumbar vertebrae were detected by compression tests or three-bending test.
Result:
After 16 weeks of OVX, (1) the body weight, wet weight of abdominal fat and the wet weight of subcutaneous femur fat in OVX were significantly higher than the other two groups. The uterus wet weight was significantly lower than that of in Sham group while no difference was seen compared with the OVX group. (2) Compared with OVX group, the level of serum E2 in EX group was significantly higher while the serum level of T was significantly lower. No difference was seen in serum level of FSH and LH between EX group and OVX group. (3) The BMD in fifth lumbar vertebrae, the proximal and distal femur, and the proximal tibiae as well as maximum load, failure load, elastic modulus, maximum stress, failure stress, failure strain in the fourth lumbar vertebrae were significantly lower than that of sham group. All these changes could be reversed by EX treatment. (4) Compared with the other two groups, the number of trabecular bone in ovariectomized rats was fewer than the other two groups and the trabecular sparse was great.
After 32 weeks of OVX, Compared with OVX group:(1)the body weight ,wet weight of abdominal fat and the wet weight of subcutaneous femur fat in EX group were significantly higher, the number of trabecular bone in EX group rats was more,(2)The failure load, elastic modulus, failure stress in the fourth lumbar vertebrae in EX group were significantly lower than the OVX group,the trabecular sparse was smaller. (3) There were no significant changes in other indicators.
Conclusions:
(1)Treadmill exercise with moderate intensity could inhibit the increase of body fat, increase serum E_2 levels, improve the bone histology and biomechanical properties of lumbar vertebra in OVX rats.
(2) Apart from the effect of exercise training on BMD, elastic modulus, and failure stress, all the effects produced by exercise training in OVX rats had disappeared after detraining.
引文
[1]许碧连,崔燎,吴铁,等.去卵巢大鼠股骨和腰椎骨生物力学特性及骨矿物含量的变化[J].中国老年学杂志, 2005, (12): 1526-1528.
[2] Rubin M P. [Outpatient x-ray dual-energy osteodensitometry in diagnosis of early disorders of mineral bone density and monitoring of postmenopausal osteoporosis treatment][J]. Ter Arkh, 2009, 81(1): 29-36.
[3] Liu S, Li J, Sheng Z, et al. Relationship between body composition and age, menopause and its effects on bone mineral density at segmental regions in Central Southern Chinese postmenopausal elderly women with and without osteoporosis[J]. Arch Gerontol Geriatr, 2010.
[4] Inada M, Miyaura C. [Cytokines in bone diseases. Cytokine and postmenopausal osteoporosis][J]. Clin Calcium, 2010, 20(10): 1467-1472.
[5] de Villiers T J. Bone health and osteoporosis in postmenopausal women[J]. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol, 2009, 23(1): 73-85.
[6]张月峰,韩景献.骨质疏松动物模型研究进展[J].动物医学进展, 2005, (3): 8-11.
[7] Lyritis G P, Georgoulas T, Zafeiris C P. Bone anabolic versus bone anticatabolic treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis[J]. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 2010, 1205: 277-283.
[8] Kemmler W, Engelke K, Weineck J, et al. The Erlangen Fitness Osteoporosis Prevention Study: a controlled exercise trial in early postmenopausal women with low bone density-first-year results[J]. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 2003, 84(5): 673-682.
[9] Parfitt A M. Bone remodeling and bone loss: understanding the pathophysiology of osteoporosis[J]. Clin Obstet Gynecol, 1987, 30(4): 789-811.
[10]金婧,阮祥燕.绝经妇女体成分与血脂相关关系的研究[J].中国骨质疏松杂志, 2007, 13(10): 720-722.
[11]梁秀兰,阮祥燕.绝经妇女体脂改变与相关的慢性疾病[J].中国组织工程研究与临床康复, 2009, 13(46): 9175-9178.
[12]邹秀兰,王新民,刘燕群,等.骨质疏松症及钙与维生素D在骨质疏松防治中的地位[J].实用医学进修杂志, 2005, 33(2): 72-76, 82.
[13]顾丽燕,张一民.有氧运动对老年人活体骨矿物质含量影响的研究[J].体育科学, 2000, (6): 55-59.
[14] Bemben D A. Exercise interventions for osteoporosis prevention in postmenopausal women[J]. J Okla State Med Assoc, 1999, 92(2): 66-70.
[15] Bonaiuti D, Shea B, Iovine R, et al. Exercise for preventing and treating osteoporosis in postmenopausal women[J]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2002, (3): D333.
[16]乔玉成. Cochrane评价:绝经后妇女骨质疏松运动干预效果的比较[J].中国体育科技, 2010, (6): 121-128.
[17] Brouwers J E, van Rietbergen B, Ito K, et al. Effects of vibration treatment on tibial bone of ovariectomized rats analyzed by in vivo micro-CT[J]. J Orthop Res, 2010, 28(1): 62-69.
[18] Macdonald H M, Nishiyama K K, Hanley D A, et al. Changes in trabecular and cortical bone microarchitecture at peripheral sites associated with 18 months of teriparatide therapy in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis[J]. Osteoporos Int, 2010.
[19] Gunendi Z, Ozyemisci-Taskiran O, Demirsoy N. The effect of 4-week aerobic exercise program on postural balance in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis[J]. Rheumatol Int, 2008, 28(12): 1217-1222.
[20] Silva C C, Goldberg T B, Teixeira A S, et al. The impact of different types of physical activity on total and regional bone mineral density in young Brazilian athletes[J]. Sports Sci, 2010: 1-8.
[21]章晓霜,李红,文质君.不同强度运动和雌激素联合作用对去卵巢大鼠骨骼影响的骨形态计量学研究[J].体育科学, 2006, (8).
[22]汲军.成年男性各年龄组第三腰椎骨小梁形态学参数的量化研究[D].吉林大学, 2010.
[23] Nordstrom A, Karlsson C, Nyquist F, et al. Bone loss and fracture risk after reduced physical activity[J]. J Bone Miner Res, 2005, 20(2): 202-207.
[24] Iwamoto J, Takeda T, Ichimura S. Effect of exercise training and detraining on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis[J]. J Orthop Sci, 2001, 6(2): 128-132.
[25]王宗帅,梁兴森,欧阳洁,等.中西药物干预对骨质疏松大鼠骨密度和生物力学性能影响的实验研究[J].中医正骨, 2009, (7).
[26] Hordon L D, Itoda M, Shore P A, et al. Preservation of thoracic spine microarchitecture by alendronate: comparison of histology and microCT[J]. Bone, 2006, 38(3): 444-449.
[27]沈志祥,刘翠鲜.运动对老年小鼠骨代谢及生物力学指标的影响[J].?中国体育科技,?2006, (5).
[28]马涛.跳跃对生长期大鼠骨组织形态计量学和生物力学指标的影响[D].华东师范大学, 2007.
[29] Hertrampf T, Degen G H, Kaid A A, et al. Combined effects of physical activity, dietary isoflavones and 17beta-estradiol on movement drive, body weight and bone mineral density in ovariectomized female rats[J]. Planta Med, 2006, 72(6): 484-487.
[30] El H R, Moussa E, El H Z, et al. Influence of age and morphological characteristics on whole body, lumbar spine, femoral neck and 1/3 radius bone mineral apparent density in agroup of Lebanese adolescent boys[J]. J Bone Miner Metab, 2010.
[31]蒋晓燕,陈艳,许俐,等.腹部肥胖同骨密度、骨矿量的相关性研究[J].中国康复理论与实践, 2008, (9).
[32]赵莉莉.中老年男性体成分、瘦素、性激素与骨密度的关系[D].天津医科大学, 2005.
[33]夏亚一,赵慧,孙正义,等.绝经妇女身体软组织重量与骨密度的相关性[J].中国康复, 2003, 18(4): 220-222.
[34]李远能,陈湘定,雷署丰,等.绝经前的健康女性中瘦体重、体脂含量和骨密度的关系[J].湖南师范大学自然科学学报, 2007, 30(1): 107-109.
[35]海德桑,李凝旭,刘晓玲,等.内脏脂肪对发育期大鼠骨密度的影响及其机制探讨[J].武汉大学学报(医学版), 2009, (3): 311-313.
[36]江崇民,张一民,张彦峰,等.中国城镇居民身体脂肪分布及增龄变化规律的研究[J].体育科学, 2008, (8): 16-28.
[37]范枝芳,杨静.不同部位体质成分与其相应骨密度的相关分析[J].山西医科大学学报, 2010, (4): 347-348.
[38] Tomkinson A, Reeve J, Shaw R W, et al. The death of osteocytes via apoptosis accompanies estrogen withdrawal in human bone[J]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 1997, 82(9): 3128-3135.
[39]李靖,陈一冰,张颖.运动对去势雌性大鼠骨质疏松的保护作用[J].中华物理医学与康复杂志, 2003, 25(12): 705-707.
[40] Asli I N, Fallahian M, Seddigh H R, et al. Evaluation of bone mineral density in premature ovarian failure[J]. Hell J Nucl Med, 2010, 13(3): 261-263.
[41]章晓霜.不同强度运动对去卵巢大鼠血清雌二醇水平的影响[J].首都体育学院学报, 2006, (5): 35-37.
[42]张颢,卜淑敏,朱一力,等.跑台运动对去卵巢大鼠体重、腹腔内脂肪重量以及血清瘦素和脂联素含量的影响[J].中国运动医学杂志, 2009, (2): 175-178.
[43] Rotstein A, Harush M, Vaisman N. The effect of a water exercise program on bone density of postmenopausal women[J]. J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 2008, 48(3): 352-359.
[44]周勇.运动锻炼防治绝经女性腰椎L_(2-4)骨质疏松的作用[J].中国运动医学杂志, 2003, (1).
[45] Kujala U M. Born to be rich, physically active, fit and healthy[J]. Scand J Med Sci Sports, 2010, 20(3): 367.
[46] Krall E A, Dawson-Hughes B. Walking is related to bone density and rates of bone loss[J]. Am J Med, 1994, 96(1): 20-26.
[47]赵莉莉,樊继援,邱明才,等.中老年人体成分与骨密度的相关性研究[J].天津医药, 2007, 35(1).
[48] Whedon G D. Disuse osteoporosis: physiological aspects[J]. Calcif Tissue Int, 1984, 36 Suppl 1: S146-S150.
[49] Umemura Y, Nagasawa S, Sogo N, et al. Effects of jump training on bone are preserved after detraining, regardless of estrogen secretion state in rats[J]. J Appl Physiol, 2008, 104(4): 1116-1120.
[50]范慧洁,戴如春,盛志峰,等.去卵巢大鼠不同时期皮质骨与松质骨变化的显微CT观察[J].中华老年医学杂志, 2008, 27(1): 57-61.
[51]姚晓琳,贠晓非,陈天华,等.卵巢切除及雌二醇对大鼠腰椎松质骨微结构的作用及其生物力学性能的分析[J].生物医学工程学杂志, 2008, (3): 626-631.
[52]孙兰,杨京,刘景生.小剂量雌激素对去卵巢骨质疏松大鼠骨小梁结构的影响[J].中国医学科学院学报, 2001, (3): 224-227.
[53]梁鸿,郑陆,阎守扶,等.运动对骨形态结构、骨密度和骨生物力学特征的影响[J].首都体育学院学报, 2009, (2): 202-204.
[54]陈柏龄,黎艺强,李佛保,等.运动与雌激素对去卵巢大鼠股骨骨密度及生物力学性能的影响[J].?中国运动医学杂志,?2009, (6).
[55]刘文和,雷光华,李康华,等.被动吸烟大鼠骨量与骨生物力学指标的相关性及淫羊藿黄酮的干预效应[J].中国组织工程研究与临床康复, 2008, (20).
[56]江大雷,刘建宇.不同剂量骨疏灵和不同强度运动联合应用对去势大鼠骨生物力学的影响[J].中国组织工程研究与临床康复, 2008, (2): 279-282.
[57]张祎,金邦荃,汤丹.不同月龄大鼠骨矿含量_骨生物力学改变及大豆苷元的干预作用[J].?中国老年学杂志,2008,18:1782-1785.
[58]马育林.去卵巢大鼠椎体骨细胞密度、微破裂、微结构及力学性能研究[D].中南大学, 2008.
[2] Rubin M P. [Outpatient x-ray dual-energy osteodensitometry in diagnosis of early disorders of mineral bone density and monitoring of postmenopausal osteoporosis treatment][J]. Ter Arkh, 2009, 81(1): 29-36.
[3] Liu S, Li J, Sheng Z, et al. Relationship between body composition and age, menopause and its effects on bone mineral density at segmental regions in Central Southern Chinese postmenopausal elderly women with and without osteoporosis[J]. Arch Gerontol Geriatr, 2010.
[4] Inada M, Miyaura C. [Cytokines in bone diseases. Cytokine and postmenopausal osteoporosis][J]. Clin Calcium, 2010, 20(10): 1467-1472.
[5] de Villiers T J. Bone health and osteoporosis in postmenopausal women[J]. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol, 2009, 23(1): 73-85.
[6]张月峰,韩景献.骨质疏松动物模型研究进展[J].动物医学进展, 2005, (3): 8-11.
[7] Lyritis G P, Georgoulas T, Zafeiris C P. Bone anabolic versus bone anticatabolic treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis[J]. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 2010, 1205: 277-283.
[8] Kemmler W, Engelke K, Weineck J, et al. The Erlangen Fitness Osteoporosis Prevention Study: a controlled exercise trial in early postmenopausal women with low bone density-first-year results[J]. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 2003, 84(5): 673-682.
[9] Parfitt A M. Bone remodeling and bone loss: understanding the pathophysiology of osteoporosis[J]. Clin Obstet Gynecol, 1987, 30(4): 789-811.
[10]金婧,阮祥燕.绝经妇女体成分与血脂相关关系的研究[J].中国骨质疏松杂志, 2007, 13(10): 720-722.
[11]梁秀兰,阮祥燕.绝经妇女体脂改变与相关的慢性疾病[J].中国组织工程研究与临床康复, 2009, 13(46): 9175-9178.
[12]邹秀兰,王新民,刘燕群,等.骨质疏松症及钙与维生素D在骨质疏松防治中的地位[J].实用医学进修杂志, 2005, 33(2): 72-76, 82.
[13]顾丽燕,张一民.有氧运动对老年人活体骨矿物质含量影响的研究[J].体育科学, 2000, (6): 55-59.
[14] Bemben D A. Exercise interventions for osteoporosis prevention in postmenopausal women[J]. J Okla State Med Assoc, 1999, 92(2): 66-70.
[15] Bonaiuti D, Shea B, Iovine R, et al. Exercise for preventing and treating osteoporosis in postmenopausal women[J]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2002, (3): D333.
[16]乔玉成. Cochrane评价:绝经后妇女骨质疏松运动干预效果的比较[J].中国体育科技, 2010, (6): 121-128.
[17] Brouwers J E, van Rietbergen B, Ito K, et al. Effects of vibration treatment on tibial bone of ovariectomized rats analyzed by in vivo micro-CT[J]. J Orthop Res, 2010, 28(1): 62-69.
[18] Macdonald H M, Nishiyama K K, Hanley D A, et al. Changes in trabecular and cortical bone microarchitecture at peripheral sites associated with 18 months of teriparatide therapy in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis[J]. Osteoporos Int, 2010.
[19] Gunendi Z, Ozyemisci-Taskiran O, Demirsoy N. The effect of 4-week aerobic exercise program on postural balance in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis[J]. Rheumatol Int, 2008, 28(12): 1217-1222.
[20] Silva C C, Goldberg T B, Teixeira A S, et al. The impact of different types of physical activity on total and regional bone mineral density in young Brazilian athletes[J]. Sports Sci, 2010: 1-8.
[21]章晓霜,李红,文质君.不同强度运动和雌激素联合作用对去卵巢大鼠骨骼影响的骨形态计量学研究[J].体育科学, 2006, (8).
[22]汲军.成年男性各年龄组第三腰椎骨小梁形态学参数的量化研究[D].吉林大学, 2010.
[23] Nordstrom A, Karlsson C, Nyquist F, et al. Bone loss and fracture risk after reduced physical activity[J]. J Bone Miner Res, 2005, 20(2): 202-207.
[24] Iwamoto J, Takeda T, Ichimura S. Effect of exercise training and detraining on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis[J]. J Orthop Sci, 2001, 6(2): 128-132.
[25]王宗帅,梁兴森,欧阳洁,等.中西药物干预对骨质疏松大鼠骨密度和生物力学性能影响的实验研究[J].中医正骨, 2009, (7).
[26] Hordon L D, Itoda M, Shore P A, et al. Preservation of thoracic spine microarchitecture by alendronate: comparison of histology and microCT[J]. Bone, 2006, 38(3): 444-449.
[27]沈志祥,刘翠鲜.运动对老年小鼠骨代谢及生物力学指标的影响[J].?中国体育科技,?2006, (5).
[28]马涛.跳跃对生长期大鼠骨组织形态计量学和生物力学指标的影响[D].华东师范大学, 2007.
[29] Hertrampf T, Degen G H, Kaid A A, et al. Combined effects of physical activity, dietary isoflavones and 17beta-estradiol on movement drive, body weight and bone mineral density in ovariectomized female rats[J]. Planta Med, 2006, 72(6): 484-487.
[30] El H R, Moussa E, El H Z, et al. Influence of age and morphological characteristics on whole body, lumbar spine, femoral neck and 1/3 radius bone mineral apparent density in agroup of Lebanese adolescent boys[J]. J Bone Miner Metab, 2010.
[31]蒋晓燕,陈艳,许俐,等.腹部肥胖同骨密度、骨矿量的相关性研究[J].中国康复理论与实践, 2008, (9).
[32]赵莉莉.中老年男性体成分、瘦素、性激素与骨密度的关系[D].天津医科大学, 2005.
[33]夏亚一,赵慧,孙正义,等.绝经妇女身体软组织重量与骨密度的相关性[J].中国康复, 2003, 18(4): 220-222.
[34]李远能,陈湘定,雷署丰,等.绝经前的健康女性中瘦体重、体脂含量和骨密度的关系[J].湖南师范大学自然科学学报, 2007, 30(1): 107-109.
[35]海德桑,李凝旭,刘晓玲,等.内脏脂肪对发育期大鼠骨密度的影响及其机制探讨[J].武汉大学学报(医学版), 2009, (3): 311-313.
[36]江崇民,张一民,张彦峰,等.中国城镇居民身体脂肪分布及增龄变化规律的研究[J].体育科学, 2008, (8): 16-28.
[37]范枝芳,杨静.不同部位体质成分与其相应骨密度的相关分析[J].山西医科大学学报, 2010, (4): 347-348.
[38] Tomkinson A, Reeve J, Shaw R W, et al. The death of osteocytes via apoptosis accompanies estrogen withdrawal in human bone[J]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 1997, 82(9): 3128-3135.
[39]李靖,陈一冰,张颖.运动对去势雌性大鼠骨质疏松的保护作用[J].中华物理医学与康复杂志, 2003, 25(12): 705-707.
[40] Asli I N, Fallahian M, Seddigh H R, et al. Evaluation of bone mineral density in premature ovarian failure[J]. Hell J Nucl Med, 2010, 13(3): 261-263.
[41]章晓霜.不同强度运动对去卵巢大鼠血清雌二醇水平的影响[J].首都体育学院学报, 2006, (5): 35-37.
[42]张颢,卜淑敏,朱一力,等.跑台运动对去卵巢大鼠体重、腹腔内脂肪重量以及血清瘦素和脂联素含量的影响[J].中国运动医学杂志, 2009, (2): 175-178.
[43] Rotstein A, Harush M, Vaisman N. The effect of a water exercise program on bone density of postmenopausal women[J]. J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 2008, 48(3): 352-359.
[44]周勇.运动锻炼防治绝经女性腰椎L_(2-4)骨质疏松的作用[J].中国运动医学杂志, 2003, (1).
[45] Kujala U M. Born to be rich, physically active, fit and healthy[J]. Scand J Med Sci Sports, 2010, 20(3): 367.
[46] Krall E A, Dawson-Hughes B. Walking is related to bone density and rates of bone loss[J]. Am J Med, 1994, 96(1): 20-26.
[47]赵莉莉,樊继援,邱明才,等.中老年人体成分与骨密度的相关性研究[J].天津医药, 2007, 35(1).
[48] Whedon G D. Disuse osteoporosis: physiological aspects[J]. Calcif Tissue Int, 1984, 36 Suppl 1: S146-S150.
[49] Umemura Y, Nagasawa S, Sogo N, et al. Effects of jump training on bone are preserved after detraining, regardless of estrogen secretion state in rats[J]. J Appl Physiol, 2008, 104(4): 1116-1120.
[50]范慧洁,戴如春,盛志峰,等.去卵巢大鼠不同时期皮质骨与松质骨变化的显微CT观察[J].中华老年医学杂志, 2008, 27(1): 57-61.
[51]姚晓琳,贠晓非,陈天华,等.卵巢切除及雌二醇对大鼠腰椎松质骨微结构的作用及其生物力学性能的分析[J].生物医学工程学杂志, 2008, (3): 626-631.
[52]孙兰,杨京,刘景生.小剂量雌激素对去卵巢骨质疏松大鼠骨小梁结构的影响[J].中国医学科学院学报, 2001, (3): 224-227.
[53]梁鸿,郑陆,阎守扶,等.运动对骨形态结构、骨密度和骨生物力学特征的影响[J].首都体育学院学报, 2009, (2): 202-204.
[54]陈柏龄,黎艺强,李佛保,等.运动与雌激素对去卵巢大鼠股骨骨密度及生物力学性能的影响[J].?中国运动医学杂志,?2009, (6).
[55]刘文和,雷光华,李康华,等.被动吸烟大鼠骨量与骨生物力学指标的相关性及淫羊藿黄酮的干预效应[J].中国组织工程研究与临床康复, 2008, (20).
[56]江大雷,刘建宇.不同剂量骨疏灵和不同强度运动联合应用对去势大鼠骨生物力学的影响[J].中国组织工程研究与临床康复, 2008, (2): 279-282.
[57]张祎,金邦荃,汤丹.不同月龄大鼠骨矿含量_骨生物力学改变及大豆苷元的干预作用[J].?中国老年学杂志,2008,18:1782-1785.
[58]马育林.去卵巢大鼠椎体骨细胞密度、微破裂、微结构及力学性能研究[D].中南大学, 2008.