长时连续作业对觉醒能力的损害及冰片的干预作用
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摘要
现代社会中,很多人需要长时间连续的工作,例如长途司机连续驾驶、连续军事作业等。众所周知,这些超昼夜周期的工作以及强制性无睡眠或少睡眠的工作势必会对操作人员的行为能力和认知功能造成严重影响,从而降低工作效率。如何提高长时连续作业人员的工作效率是当今医学研究亟待解决的重要课题。据文献报道,长时连续作业过程中,人体常常面临多种因素的影响,主要包括体力因素、脑力因素(包括精神心理应激因素)和睡眠剥夺因素等。而要想在同一种模型中模拟这些因素并不容易,因此国内外现阶段只是局限于研究一种或是两种干扰因素对机体的影响,如睡眠剥夺和运动因素等。
本实验首先通过建立大鼠长时连续作业模型,成功地模拟了连续作业过程中的多种影响因素;在此基础上,进一步观察了长时连续作业对大鼠觉醒能力的损害作用,并随后研究了冰片对长时连续作业大鼠觉醒能力损害的干预作用及其可能机制。结果如下:
1.大鼠长时连续作业模型的建立
以传统的小动物跑台装置为基础,采取48 h连续跑台作业模式建立长时连续作业的大鼠模型。该模型包含了各种干扰因素,如跑台运动因素、躲避电刺激的脑力活动因素(条件反射)、电刺激所致的应激和精神紧张因素、食物限制因素,以及睡眠剥夺因素等,从而较好地模拟了长时连续作业过程中多种复杂的环境。
2.长时连续作业对大鼠夜间觉醒行为的影响
本实验通过三项指标来评价动物夜间(19:00～07:00)的觉醒能力,即行为活动状态分布、觉醒时间以及直立次数。结果显示,大鼠通过48 h连续作业后行为活动降低(n=8,P<0.05),同时觉醒时间(n=8,P<0.01)和直立次数均减少(n=8,P<0.01)。从而揭示,长时连续作业可显著降低机体的觉醒行为水平。
3.长时连续作业对大鼠夜间认知功能的影响
长时连续作业后,将大鼠进行连续2天穿梭箱主动回避行为测试,测试均在21:00进行。结果表明,无论是在第一天,还是在第二天,作业组大鼠反应能力均明显弱
In the modern society, many people have to do long time continual work. For example the long-distance driver drives, the continual military operations continuously and so on. It is well known that these ultra dilirnal periods work as well as compulsory work without enough sleep can inevitably have the serious influence to operator's capacity and the cognitive function, which usually reduces the working efficiency. How improves the long-term continuous operation personnel's working efficiency is an important issue which should be urgently solved in the modern medical research field. It has been reported that operators in the long-term continous operations frequently face to many kinds of adverse factors, including physical exercises, intellectual activities, stress factor and sleep deprivation and so on. Nevertheless, it is difficult to simulate these factors above in one kind of model. Therefore, most of researches are limited in describing only one or two of the harmful factors, such as sleep deprivation, physical exercise and so on.
In the present study, we have successfully established a rat model of long-term continuous operations, which can reasonably simulate combined influences in the long-term continuous operations circumstance. Subsequently, we studied the deleterious effects of long-term continuous operations on rat awake activity. And then we tested the possible reversal effects of borneol, a chinese traditional medicine, on awake activity depression induced by long-term continuous operations.
1. Establishment of a rat model of long-term continuous operations Rat model was established by using a treadmill protocol. Rats were allowed to do continous exercise for 48 h in the conventional treadmill equipment used for small animal.
We suggested that the treadmill protocol was an available way for simulating combined influences in long-term continuous operations circumstance, such as long-term physical exercise, intellectual activity caused by avoiding the electricity stimuli (conditional reflex), stress factors, food and water limitation and sleep deprivation and so on. Thus our model
本实验首先通过建立大鼠长时连续作业模型,成功地模拟了连续作业过程中的多种影响因素;在此基础上,进一步观察了长时连续作业对大鼠觉醒能力的损害作用,并随后研究了冰片对长时连续作业大鼠觉醒能力损害的干预作用及其可能机制。结果如下:
1.大鼠长时连续作业模型的建立
以传统的小动物跑台装置为基础,采取48 h连续跑台作业模式建立长时连续作业的大鼠模型。该模型包含了各种干扰因素,如跑台运动因素、躲避电刺激的脑力活动因素(条件反射)、电刺激所致的应激和精神紧张因素、食物限制因素,以及睡眠剥夺因素等,从而较好地模拟了长时连续作业过程中多种复杂的环境。
2.长时连续作业对大鼠夜间觉醒行为的影响
本实验通过三项指标来评价动物夜间(19:00～07:00)的觉醒能力,即行为活动状态分布、觉醒时间以及直立次数。结果显示,大鼠通过48 h连续作业后行为活动降低(n=8,P<0.05),同时觉醒时间(n=8,P<0.01)和直立次数均减少(n=8,P<0.01)。从而揭示,长时连续作业可显著降低机体的觉醒行为水平。
3.长时连续作业对大鼠夜间认知功能的影响
长时连续作业后,将大鼠进行连续2天穿梭箱主动回避行为测试,测试均在21:00进行。结果表明,无论是在第一天,还是在第二天,作业组大鼠反应能力均明显弱
In the modern society, many people have to do long time continual work. For example the long-distance driver drives, the continual military operations continuously and so on. It is well known that these ultra dilirnal periods work as well as compulsory work without enough sleep can inevitably have the serious influence to operator's capacity and the cognitive function, which usually reduces the working efficiency. How improves the long-term continuous operation personnel's working efficiency is an important issue which should be urgently solved in the modern medical research field. It has been reported that operators in the long-term continous operations frequently face to many kinds of adverse factors, including physical exercises, intellectual activities, stress factor and sleep deprivation and so on. Nevertheless, it is difficult to simulate these factors above in one kind of model. Therefore, most of researches are limited in describing only one or two of the harmful factors, such as sleep deprivation, physical exercise and so on.
In the present study, we have successfully established a rat model of long-term continuous operations, which can reasonably simulate combined influences in the long-term continuous operations circumstance. Subsequently, we studied the deleterious effects of long-term continuous operations on rat awake activity. And then we tested the possible reversal effects of borneol, a chinese traditional medicine, on awake activity depression induced by long-term continuous operations.
1. Establishment of a rat model of long-term continuous operations Rat model was established by using a treadmill protocol. Rats were allowed to do continous exercise for 48 h in the conventional treadmill equipment used for small animal.
We suggested that the treadmill protocol was an available way for simulating combined influences in long-term continuous operations circumstance, such as long-term physical exercise, intellectual activity caused by avoiding the electricity stimuli (conditional reflex), stress factors, food and water limitation and sleep deprivation and so on. Thus our model
引文
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1. Caldwell JA, Caldwell JL. Fatigue in military aviation: an overview of US military-approved pharmacological countermeasures. Aviat Space Environ Med, 2005, 76(7 Suppl): C39-51.Caldwell JA. The impact of fatigue in air medical and other types of operations: a review of fatigue facts and potential countermeasures. Air Med J, 2001, 20(1): 25-32.
3. 詹皓. 持续军事飞行任务时睡眠剥夺和疲劳对工作能力的影响及其综合对策. 中华航空航天医学杂志,2002,13(4): 263-266.
4. Ramsey CS, Mcglohn SE. Zolpidem as a fatigue countermeasure. Aviat Space Environ Med, 1997, 68(10): 926-931.Batejat DM, Lagarde DP. Naps and modafinil as countermeasures for the effects of sleep deprivation on cognitive performance Aviat Space Environ Med, 1999, 70(5): 493-498.
6. Koelega HS. Stimulant drugs and vigilance performance: a review. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1993, 111(1): 1-16.
7. DeMarchi R, Bansal V, Hung A, et al. Review of awakening agents. Can J Neurol Sci, 2005, 32(1): 4-17.
8. Akerstedt T, Ficca G. Alertness-enhancing drugs as a countermeasure to fatigue in irregular work hours. Chronobiol Int. 1997, 14(2): 145-158.Myrick H, Malcolm R, Taylor B, et al. Modafinil: preclinical, clinical, and post-marketing surveillance--a review of abuse liability issues. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2004,16(2): 101-109.
10. 李砚锋, 詹皓. 莫达芬尼的作用机制及其军事航空医学应用展望. 航空军医, 2003, 31(4): 180-182.
11. 高岩. 开窍药的临床应用. 中国冶金工业医学杂志, 2005, 22(3): 368.
12. 赵炫民. 中医药抗运动性疲劳的研究现状. 阜阳师范学院学报(自然科学版), 2004, 2(6): 49-51.
13. 周小雅. 中药冰片的药理研究. 中国现代应用药学. 1998, 3: 17-18.
14. 吴寿荣,程刚,冯岩. 冰片药理作用的研究进展. 中草药,2001,32(12): 1143-1145.
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