异构部署网络的无线资源管理与系统性能评估
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摘要
伴随着移动用户数的迅猛增长,以及无线通信技术在网络带宽、硬件配置、软件应用上的不断发展,各种多媒体方式的数据业务需求呈现出爆炸式的增长,移动用户对随时随地的泛在自由通信需求以及对更高服务质量的需求使得系统性能出现了新的缺口。今年初,全球移动通信用户数已超越60亿,国际电信联盟也正式通过了将LTE-Advanced和802.16m技术规范确立为IMT-Advanced国际标准的议题。蜂窝移动通信系统的商用之路已经走到了后3G时代,并逐步向4G时代跨越。
     在4G的范畴内,传统蜂窝网络架构面临着发展与演进的巨大挑战。数据业务呈现出指数级的增长,并且具有较强的集聚性;高频段通信使得传输距离不断缩短;与骨干网光纤相比,空口接入网的容量受限制约了系统整体容量的提升;信息产业能耗的持续增加,产业对高密度、低功耗节点的需求不断增加;物理层如协作传输等诸多新技术对网络架构的演进也存在着多种需求。在这种背景下,异构部署网络逐渐走进人们的视野,并在4G组网中扮演了重要角色。异构部署网络,是在传统蜂窝宏基站覆盖的基础上,通过增加新的网络节点来保证覆盖、提高系统性能的网络。
     论文针对蜂窝网络架构的发展与演进的需求,选取了异构部署中具有代表性的分布式天线与热点覆盖组网两部分内容进行研究。这两种组网方式较为接近,又各具特点。在充分调研国内外研究的基础上,结合两者各自的系统特征,论文针对分布式天线与热点覆盖开展了一系列的无线资源管理策略研究,对其进行了理论分析与系统性能评估。
     在分布式天线系统中,各天线端口可以实现预编码联合传输。针对该问题,首先选取若干种主流线性预编码策略,对其在分布式天线系统中的可行性及算法效果进行了评估。接着,鉴于块对角化算法在分布式天线系统下的良好表现,针对回传链路不充分与异步干扰等非理想因素,分别提出了半联合块对角化算法与异步时延下增强块对角化算法,能够有效抵抗非理想因素,实现更好的系统性能。
     在分布式天线结合正交频分复用多址技术的系统中,联合资源分配的维度增加。针对该内容,论文首先建立了最大化系统频谱利用率的联合资源分配问题,并通过拉格朗日对偶分解对其进行求解。其中,对偶问题求解使用了空间解析几何法。接着,论文对系统功率效率进行了建模和分析,提出了比例功率分配法。将比例功率分配法应用到联合资源分配中,可以以较小的频谱效率开销,换来可观的功率效率提升。
     由于热点覆盖组网涉及到诸多细节,论文对其主要内容进行了性能评估与优化研究,包括不同的频分方案、不同的小区范围扩展、不同的拓扑场景、不同热点基站天线类型等。在评估中也获得了系统优化的准则。
     在热点基站的选址问题上,论文首先论证了直观选址存在的缺陷。接着,提出了一种联合考虑热点基站功率、用户密度、干扰环境、用户服务质量要求等因素的选址策略,为热点基站的选址范围提出约束。通过能够联合考虑多种因素,有效的均衡负载,提高小区边缘性能。
     在热点覆盖的小区选择方面,针对传统小区范围扩展在各个热点基站上叠加固定偏移量的不合理性,为每个小区设计了独特的接入偏移量。其计算与小区所处位置的干扰环境以及小区当前的用户密度有关。所提偏移量能够以更小的平均频谱效率损失换来更好的负载均衡。论文对其在实际部署中的可行性也做出了讨论。
     最后,论文对两种组网方式进行了比较分析。在现有评估异构部署方法的基础上建立了一套新的评估办法,针对分布式天线与单层热点覆盖的理论容量进行了分析讨论,设计了实际可行方案。结果显示,在一个干扰受限的部署环境与评估模型中,分布式天线系统得益于在一个区域内的协作,性能优于热点覆盖网络。
     分布式天线系统与热点覆盖组网是异构部署网络中的重要内容,代表了现有蜂窝网络架构发展与演进的趋势,契合了下一代蜂窝移动通信系统的需求目标。论文依据二者各自的系统特征,从理论分析与性能评估两方面展开了研究。论文所提出的分布式天线系统的联合预编码与联合资源分配策略,以及热点覆盖组网的系统优化准则与站址选择、小区选择策略,可以为其实际部署提供借鉴,以期二者在下一代移动通信系统中得到更加广泛的应用。
With the rapid growth of the number of mobile users, and the continuous development of the wireless communication technologies in network bandwidth, hardware configurations and software applications, the need for massive multi-media data services is facing an explosion. The future demands from mobile users for ubiquitous communication and higher quality of service can not be satisfied by current system performance. In the beginning of2012, the number of global mobile user has exceeded six billion. Meanwhile, the International Telecommunication Union has formally adopted the LTE-Advanced and802.16m technical specifications as the international standards of IMT-Advanced. Commercial road in the cellular mobile communication system has come to the beyond-3rd Generation era, and gradually move towards the4th Generation era.
     In the context of4G, the development and evolution of traditional cellular network architecture is facing great challenges. Data services are showing exponential growth and clustered distribution; high frequency band communication shortens the transmission distance; compared to the backbone fiber network, the capacity of radio access network is limited; the energy consumption of the information industry continues to grow, calling for high-density and low-power nodes; physical layer and many other new technologies require the network architecture to be changed. In this context, heterogeneous network is playing a more and more important role in the4G network. By adding new nodes to traditional cellular network, it can improve the system coverage and performance.
     This thesis focuses on the requirements of development and evolution of cellular network architectures and selects two representative heterogeneous deployments as the main study items, which are Distributed Antenna and Picocell Systems. They are similar but also with key different characteristics. Based on the investigation of the domestic and international research, and considering the main features of the two systems, a series of radio resource management strategies for Distributed Antenna and Picocell Systems are proposed and related system evaluations are made.
     In Distributed Antenna Systems, precoding based joint transmission can be used by distributed antenna ports. For this topic, firstly the feasibility and performance of a number of linear precoding strategies are evaluated. Since the block diagonalization algorithm shows the good performance, the semi-joint block diagonalization method is proposed for backhaul constraints. We also propose its enhanced algorithm when there is asynchronous interference to interfere with non-ideal factors, to achieve better system performance.
     When combining the Distributed Antenna Systems with Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Acces, the joint resource allocation becomes an important issue. For this part, firstly the problem is formulated to maximize the system spectral efficienc and solved by the Lagrange dual decomposition. In the dual domain, the problem is solved by analytical geometry. Then, the power efficiency is modeled and analyzed. A Proportional Power Allocation method is proposed. When applying this method to the joint problem, it is shown that a considerable part of power can be saved, only with a small loss in spectral efficiency.
     For a better understanding of Picocell Systems, performance evaluation is studied, including different frequency division, cell range expansion, network topologies, and antenna patterns. From the evaluation, the rules can be obtained for system optimization.
     A Pico eNB deployment algorithm for the coverage of outdoor hotzone users was presented, to improve the cell edge spectrum efficiency in Picocell Systems. The proposed algorithm joint considers the Pico eNB transmit power, interference, user densities and users' quality of services. Results show that applying the rules can efficiently balance the load between the hotzone and macro region, and improve the cell edge performance.
     As for the cell selection in Picocell Systems, traditional cell range expansion only set a fixed offset for each Pico eNB, which is irrational. This thesis designs a specific offset value for each Pico eNB. Its calculation takes the environment into consideration and includes two parts:the interference condition and user densities.The proposed offset can achieve better load balancing with only small loss in average spectral efficiency. The feasibility of its practical deployment is also discussed.
     Finally, a comparative analysis of Distributed Antenna and Picocell Systems is made. Based on the existing evaluation methodology of heterogeneous networks, a set of assessment methods are proposed. Practical schemes are designed to approach the system capacity. The results show that in such an interference-limited model, the Distributed Antenna Systems has benefited from the cooperation of antenna ports within a region, thus its performance is superior to Picocell Systems.
     The Distributed Antenna and Picocell Systems is the important part in heterogeneous networks, representing the trend of the development and evolution of existing cellular network infrastructure, which also target on the the next-generation cellular mobile communication systems. This thesis carried out research from both theoretical analysis and performance evaluation on the characteristics of both systems. The proposed joint precoding and joint resource allocation strategies for Distributed Antenna Systems, and deployment algorithm and cell selection strategies for Picocell Systems will provide a reference for practical deployment, in order to make them more widely used in the next generation mobile communication system.
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