住宅的伦理功能研究
摘要
我国随着住房制度改革的深入，大批量的、各种档次的商品住宅涌出市面。一方面满足了人民群众对住宅的需求，提高了生活的水准。另一方面，由于商业利益的驱使和开发商自身文化水平的限制，许多住宅楼成了建筑垃圾，出现了令有识之士口诛笔伐的城市败笔。同时还存在着在大量的商品房空置与一些人没有房住的矛盾。第一章提出了现阶段住宅的问题之所在。
这些问题的解决，不能仅靠几张调查表，找出老百姓想要什么房子，我们就顺应潮流造什么住宅。这些“安居困境”，并不能仅仅依靠人均多几平方米的建筑就能解决的。需要用哲学的方法去分析、思考。
建筑学一直以来就与哲学紧密相关，哲学上的每一次重大事件都直接而深入地影响着建筑学的发展动向。尤其是住宅建筑，由于其与每个人直接相关，更容易受到社会价值取向的左右。因此，对住宅的伦理功能的探讨(这里是指住宅帮助形成当地社会某种共同的精神气质的功能)，也就是为住宅的未来寻找方向。住宅建筑应该告诉我们在当前世界中应如何生活。
住宅的伦理功能是一种精神意义、一种公共功能、一种价值取向。现代人类对空间的无所归依感和对时间的恐惧是定居的困难之所在，这就需要住宅让他们定居，给予他们家园，以此来抵御空间和时间在他们心灵上的困扰。这便是住宅的伦理功能，它能帮助我们找到现在生活的价值和方向；它具有空间和时间上的唯一性价值；这样的住宅才是能够安居的住宅。它因此而表达出我们现在社会共同的精神气质。
第二章到第六章的内容就是围绕住宅建筑与时间、空间及情感的关系，通过展开海德格尔的一些观点，阐明了住宅同定居的本质和需求间的联系，提炼出住宅的伦理功能，指出人文、生态和传统因素是适宜居住的不可或却的要素。
我们的定居总是向前发展的，因此对住宅伦理功能的思考也就是对住宅未来的思考。最后一章从世界观的研究回到方法论，结合实际调查与设计，展望了我国房地产市场的未来走向。
Align with the deep going of the housing system reforms, commercial dwellings of different standards emerged onto the market in a big quantity. On one hand, it fulfills the housing demands and elevates the living standards of common people. On the other hand, due to the driving of commercial profiting and the limited intellectual level of developers, a considerable amount of dwelling buildings have turned out to be architectural trash and become faults of urban development, which have been seriously criticized by aware intellectuals. Meanwhile, the conflict between unoccupied commercial dwellings in large quantities and people without a single room does exist. Chapter 1 points out where the problems of housing in current period lies.
The solution does not only reply on several investigation sheets, on finding out the exact housing style demanded by the inhabitants and building dwellings following that style. These "settling troubles" can not be solved only by extra building square meters per person. Philosophical methodologies are need in analyzing and thinking.
Architecture has always been tightly related to philosophy. Every big event in philosophy would have direct and deep influence on the orientation of architecture. Dwelling architecture is especially the case, more influenced by the social value, since it is directly related to individuals. Thus, research on the Ethical Functions (which mean that dwellings help to form up some common ethos) of dwellings, which are to direct the future of dwellings. Our dwellings should be able to tell us how to live in the current world.
Ethical Functions of dwellings are a spiritual significance, a public function and a value orientation. To modern human beings, senses of non-belonging of space and fears of time are the difficulties of settling. Thus dwellings are needed to settle them, to grant them homes, in order to withstand the harassment by space and time on their hearts. These are Ethical Functions of Dwellings.They help us to find values and orientation of present life and they have the sole value of space and time. Only this kind of dwellings is dwellings for settling. Thus it embodies the common ethos of our present society.
Content in Chapter 2 to Chapter 6, based on relationships between dwelling buildings and time, space and emotion, by evolving some viewpoints of Heidergger, illustrates the relationship between dwellings and the nature and demand of settling, and extracts the ethical functions of dwellings.
Our settlement is always developing forwards, therefore thinking on ethical functions of dwellings is thinking on future of dwellings. The last chapter turns back from the study on world outlook to methodology, and prospects the future tendency of real estate market in China.
这些问题的解决，不能仅靠几张调查表，找出老百姓想要什么房子，我们就顺应潮流造什么住宅。这些“安居困境”，并不能仅仅依靠人均多几平方米的建筑就能解决的。需要用哲学的方法去分析、思考。
建筑学一直以来就与哲学紧密相关，哲学上的每一次重大事件都直接而深入地影响着建筑学的发展动向。尤其是住宅建筑，由于其与每个人直接相关，更容易受到社会价值取向的左右。因此，对住宅的伦理功能的探讨(这里是指住宅帮助形成当地社会某种共同的精神气质的功能)，也就是为住宅的未来寻找方向。住宅建筑应该告诉我们在当前世界中应如何生活。
住宅的伦理功能是一种精神意义、一种公共功能、一种价值取向。现代人类对空间的无所归依感和对时间的恐惧是定居的困难之所在，这就需要住宅让他们定居，给予他们家园，以此来抵御空间和时间在他们心灵上的困扰。这便是住宅的伦理功能，它能帮助我们找到现在生活的价值和方向；它具有空间和时间上的唯一性价值；这样的住宅才是能够安居的住宅。它因此而表达出我们现在社会共同的精神气质。
第二章到第六章的内容就是围绕住宅建筑与时间、空间及情感的关系，通过展开海德格尔的一些观点，阐明了住宅同定居的本质和需求间的联系，提炼出住宅的伦理功能，指出人文、生态和传统因素是适宜居住的不可或却的要素。
我们的定居总是向前发展的，因此对住宅伦理功能的思考也就是对住宅未来的思考。最后一章从世界观的研究回到方法论，结合实际调查与设计，展望了我国房地产市场的未来走向。
Align with the deep going of the housing system reforms, commercial dwellings of different standards emerged onto the market in a big quantity. On one hand, it fulfills the housing demands and elevates the living standards of common people. On the other hand, due to the driving of commercial profiting and the limited intellectual level of developers, a considerable amount of dwelling buildings have turned out to be architectural trash and become faults of urban development, which have been seriously criticized by aware intellectuals. Meanwhile, the conflict between unoccupied commercial dwellings in large quantities and people without a single room does exist. Chapter 1 points out where the problems of housing in current period lies.
The solution does not only reply on several investigation sheets, on finding out the exact housing style demanded by the inhabitants and building dwellings following that style. These "settling troubles" can not be solved only by extra building square meters per person. Philosophical methodologies are need in analyzing and thinking.
Architecture has always been tightly related to philosophy. Every big event in philosophy would have direct and deep influence on the orientation of architecture. Dwelling architecture is especially the case, more influenced by the social value, since it is directly related to individuals. Thus, research on the Ethical Functions (which mean that dwellings help to form up some common ethos) of dwellings, which are to direct the future of dwellings. Our dwellings should be able to tell us how to live in the current world.
Ethical Functions of dwellings are a spiritual significance, a public function and a value orientation. To modern human beings, senses of non-belonging of space and fears of time are the difficulties of settling. Thus dwellings are needed to settle them, to grant them homes, in order to withstand the harassment by space and time on their hearts. These are Ethical Functions of Dwellings.
Content in Chapter 2 to Chapter 6, based on relationships between dwelling buildings and time, space and emotion, by evolving some viewpoints of Heidergger, illustrates the relationship between dwellings and the nature and demand of settling, and extracts the ethical functions of dwellings.
Our settlement is always developing forwards, therefore thinking on ethical functions of dwellings is thinking on future of dwellings. The last chapter turns back from the study on world outlook to methodology, and prospects the future tendency of real estate market in China.
引文
[1] 杨贵庆编·《城市社会心理学》·第一版·上海:同济大学出版社,2000.8
[2] 茅巍、王小未著·《住的革命》·第一版·北京:海潮出版社,2000
[3] 建设部科学技术司编·《中国小康住宅示范工程集萃2》·第一版·北京:中国建筑工业出版社.1997
[4] (德)海德格尔著·陈嘉映、王庆节译·《存在与时间》·第一版· 北京：生活·读书·新知三联书店，1987
[5] 刘延枫,肖敦余编著·《低层居住群空间环境规划设计》·第一版·天津:天津大学出版社,2001.1
[6] 季富政著·《巴蜀城镇与民居》·第一版·成都:西南交通大学出版社.2000
[7] 李耀培等编·《中国居住实态与小康住宅设计》·第一版·南京:东南大学出版社.1999
[8] 郑光复著·《建筑的革命》·第一版·南京: 东南大学出版社.1999
[9] （美）威尔·杜兰特著·金发榮等译·《哲学的故事》·第一版·北京: 生活·读书·新知三联书店.1997
[10] (西班牙)阿森西奥编著·侯正华、宋晔皓译·《生态建筑》·第一版·南京：江苏科学技术出版社，2000.12
[11] 周燕珉、邵玉石著·《商品位宅厨卫空间设计》·第一版·北京:中国建筑工业出版社.2000
[12] 乐嘉龙主编·《新世纪住宅畅销房型设计图集》·第一版·北京:中国电力出版社.2001
[13] 姚胜等编·《城市小康住宅设计图集》·第一版·南京:东南大学出版社.1999
[14] (日)白滨谦一著·腾征本等译·《住宅Ⅰ》·第一版北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2001
[15] 王受之著·《世界现代建筑史》·第一版·北京:中国建筑工业出版社.1999
[16] 刘安等著·《建筑风格与楼盘特色》·第一版·广州:广东省地图出版社.2000
[17] 朱昌廉主编·《住宅建筑设计原理》·第二版·北京:中国建筑工业出版社.1999
[18] 潘石屹 张欣著·《茶满了》·第一版·天津:天津社会科学院出版社.2000
[19] 陈家刚等著·《被分享的家园》·第一版·天津:天津社会科学院出版社.2000
[20] 建设部科学技术司编·《中国小康住宅示范工程集萃1》·第一版·北京:中国建筑工业出版社.1997
[21] 董卫等编著·《可持续发展的城市与建筑设计》·第一版·南京:东南大学出版社,1999.8
[22] （日）中野孝次著·邵宇达译·《思想清贫》·第一版·北京: 生活·读书·新知三联书店.1997
[23] 杨永生编·《建筑百家言》·第一版·北京:中国建筑工业出版社.1998
[24] 罗哲文 杨永生编·《失去的建筑》·第一版·北京:中国建筑工业出版社.1999
[25] 陈志华编·《外国建筑史》·第一版·北京:中国建筑工业出版社.1979
[26] 维特鲁威著·高履泰译·《建筑十书》·第一版·北京:知识产权出版社.2001
[27]（巴西）何塞·卢岑贝格著·黄凤祝译·《自然不可改良》·第一版·北京: 生活·读书·新知三联书店.1999
[28] 《中国建筑史》编写组·《中国建筑史》·第一版·北京:中国建筑工业出版社.1982
[29]（美）吉·戈兰尼著·夏云译·《掩土建筑――历史·建筑与城镇设计》·第一版·北京: 中国建筑工业出版社.1987
中文期刊:
[30] 肖锋·住得像个人样·《新周刊2000年佳作》·2000年·400页
[31] 沈克宁·美国独立住宅设计的理论与实践·《世界建筑》·1997年·01期·12页
[32] 赵冠谦·澳洲的住宅政策与住宅设计·《世界建筑》·1997年·01期·23页
[33] 胡宝哲·东京多摩新城15住宅区的规划设计·《世界建筑》·1997年·01期·30页
[34] 万国强·美国住宅演变·《世界建筑导报》·1996年·02期·4页
[35] 薛求理·美国公共住宅·《世界建筑导报》·1996年·02期·14页
[36] 薛求理·美国私人住宅·《世界建筑导报》·1996年·02期·24页
外文书目:
[37] Ludwig Wittgenstein·trans.G.E.M.Anscombe·《Philosopical Investigations》· New York:Macmillian.1953，
[38] Karsten Harries ·《The Ethical Function of Architecture》· Cambridge, Mass.: MIT, 1997,( winner of the American Institute of Architects 8th Annual International Architecture Book Award for Criticism.)
[39] Charles Jencks·《THE LANGUAGE OF POST-MODERN ARCHITECTURE》·New York :RIZZOLI INTERNATIONAL PUBLICATIONS,INC. 1977
[40] Frank Lloyd Wright·《The Future of Architecture》·New York :Horizon press,Inc. 1970
[41] Christopher Alexander·《The Timeless Way of Building》·New York :OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS. 1979
[42] Robert Hughes·《THE SHOCK OF THE NEW 》·New York: Alfred A. K nopf,New York 1981
[43] Edited by Stephen Dobney·《THE MASTER ARCHITECT SERIESⅡ-ＮＢＢＪ Selected and Current Works》·Australia: The Images Publishing Group Pty Ltd. 1997
[44] Edited by Renee Otmar etc·《THE MASTER ARCHITECT SERIES Ⅴ-PERKINS AND WILL Selected and Current Works》·Australia: The Images Publishing Group Pty Ltd. 2000
[45] Edited by L.Elaine Miller etc·《THE MASTER ARCHITECT SERIES Ⅴ-ＨＫＳ Selected and Current Works》·Australia :The Images Publishing Group Pty Ltd. 2001
[46] Edited by Michael J·《ZIMMER GUNSUL FRASCA》· Crosbie etc. Rockport Publishers Inc.1995
[47] Edited by Kenneth Frampton and Joseph Rykwert·《Richard Meier,Architect.》Volume 3·Rizzoli International Publications,Inc.1999
[48] Christian Norberg Schulz·《Intentions in Architecture》·
Cambridge:MIT Press ，1965
[49] Martin Heidergger， trans.Albert Hofstadter·
《Poetry,language,Thought》·New York: Harper&Row Publishers，Inc.， 1971
[2] 茅巍、王小未著·《住的革命》·第一版·北京:海潮出版社,2000
[3] 建设部科学技术司编·《中国小康住宅示范工程集萃2》·第一版·北京:中国建筑工业出版社.1997
[4] (德)海德格尔著·陈嘉映、王庆节译·《存在与时间》·第一版· 北京：生活·读书·新知三联书店，1987
[5] 刘延枫,肖敦余编著·《低层居住群空间环境规划设计》·第一版·天津:天津大学出版社,2001.1
[6] 季富政著·《巴蜀城镇与民居》·第一版·成都:西南交通大学出版社.2000
[7] 李耀培等编·《中国居住实态与小康住宅设计》·第一版·南京:东南大学出版社.1999
[8] 郑光复著·《建筑的革命》·第一版·南京: 东南大学出版社.1999
[9] （美）威尔·杜兰特著·金发榮等译·《哲学的故事》·第一版·北京: 生活·读书·新知三联书店.1997
[10] (西班牙)阿森西奥编著·侯正华、宋晔皓译·《生态建筑》·第一版·南京：江苏科学技术出版社，2000.12
[11] 周燕珉、邵玉石著·《商品位宅厨卫空间设计》·第一版·北京:中国建筑工业出版社.2000
[12] 乐嘉龙主编·《新世纪住宅畅销房型设计图集》·第一版·北京:中国电力出版社.2001
[13] 姚胜等编·《城市小康住宅设计图集》·第一版·南京:东南大学出版社.1999
[14] (日)白滨谦一著·腾征本等译·《住宅Ⅰ》·第一版北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2001
[15] 王受之著·《世界现代建筑史》·第一版·北京:中国建筑工业出版社.1999
[16] 刘安等著·《建筑风格与楼盘特色》·第一版·广州:广东省地图出版社.2000
[18] 潘石屹 张欣著·《茶满了》·第一版·天津:天津社会科学院出版社.2000
[19] 陈家刚等著·《被分享的家园》·第一版·天津:天津社会科学院出版社.2000
[20] 建设部科学技术司编·《中国小康住宅示范工程集萃1》·第一版·北京:中国建筑工业出版社.1997
[21] 董卫等编著·《可持续发展的城市与建筑设计》·第一版·南京:东南大学出版社,1999.8
[22] （日）中野孝次著·邵宇达译·《思想清贫》·第一版·北京: 生活·读书·新知三联书店.1997
[23] 杨永生编·《建筑百家言》·第一版·北京:中国建筑工业出版社.1998
[24] 罗哲文 杨永生编·《失去的建筑》·第一版·北京:中国建筑工业出版社.1999
[25] 陈志华编·《外国建筑史》·第一版·北京:中国建筑工业出版社.1979
[26] 维特鲁威著·高履泰译·《建筑十书》·第一版·北京:知识产权出版社.2001
[27]（巴西）何塞·卢岑贝格著·黄凤祝译·《自然不可改良》·第一版·北京: 生活·读书·新知三联书店.1999
[28] 《中国建筑史》编写组·《中国建筑史》·第一版·北京:中国建筑工业出版社.1982
[29]（美）吉·戈兰尼著·夏云译·《掩土建筑――历史·建筑与城镇设计》·第一版·北京: 中国建筑工业出版社.1987
中文期刊:
[30] 肖锋·住得像个人样·《新周刊2000年佳作》·2000年·400页
[31] 沈克宁·美国独立住宅设计的理论与实践·《世界建筑》·1997年·01期·12页
[32] 赵冠谦·澳洲的住宅政策与住宅设计·《世界建筑》·1997年·01期·23页
[33] 胡宝哲·东京多摩新城15住宅区的规划设计·《世界建筑》·1997年·01期·30页
[34] 万国强·美国住宅演变·《世界建筑导报》·1996年·02期·4页
[36] 薛求理·美国私人住宅·《世界建筑导报》·1996年·02期·24页
外文书目:
[37] Ludwig Wittgenstein·trans.G.E.M.Anscombe·《Philosopical Investigations》· New York:Macmillian.1953，
[38] Karsten Harries ·《The Ethical Function of Architecture》· Cambridge, Mass.: MIT, 1997,( winner of the American Institute of Architects 8th Annual International Architecture Book Award for Criticism.)
[39] Charles Jencks·《THE LANGUAGE OF POST-MODERN ARCHITECTURE》·New York :RIZZOLI INTERNATIONAL PUBLICATIONS,INC. 1977
[40] Frank Lloyd Wright·《The Future of Architecture》·New York :Horizon press,Inc. 1970
[41] Christopher Alexander·《The Timeless Way of Building》·New York :OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS. 1979
[42] Robert Hughes·《THE SHOCK OF THE NEW 》·New York: Alfred A. K nopf,New York 1981
[43] Edited by Stephen Dobney·《THE MASTER ARCHITECT SERIESⅡ-ＮＢＢＪ Selected and Current Works》·Australia: The Images Publishing Group Pty Ltd. 1997
[44] Edited by Renee Otmar etc·《THE MASTER ARCHITECT SERIES Ⅴ-PERKINS AND WILL Selected and Current Works》·Australia: The Images Publishing Group Pty Ltd. 2000
[45] Edited by L.Elaine Miller etc·《THE MASTER ARCHITECT SERIES Ⅴ-ＨＫＳ Selected and Current Works》·Australia :The Images Publishing Group Pty Ltd. 2001
[46] Edited by Michael J·《ZIMMER GUNSUL FRASCA》· Crosbie etc. Rockport Publishers Inc.1995
[47] Edited by Kenneth Frampton and Joseph Rykwert·《Richard Meier,Architect.》Volume 3·Rizzoli International Publications,Inc.1999
[48] Christian Norberg Schulz·《Intentions in Architecture》·
Cambridge:MIT Press ，1965
《Poetry,language,Thought》·New York: Harper&Row Publishers，Inc.， 1971