小盾壳霉（Coniothyrium minitans）的生物学特性及其对油菜菌核病（Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum）生物防治的研究
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摘要
不同碳源和氮源对小盾壳霉生长和产孢的影响很大。然而导致生物量干重增加的碳源和氮源并不总是也产生最大量的孢子。相反，有许多的碳源和氮源在生物量干重和产孢之间呈现负相关性。尽管总体上看产孢是以单糖最好，不同单糖在影响小盾壳霉的产孢上还是呈现出很大的差异。
同样，小盾壳霉的生长和产孢还受到培养基C：N的影响。这种影响的程度则要取决于所选用的碳源和氮源。总体而言，产孢随C：N的增高有上升趋势，而生物量干重则具有下降的趋势或不受影响。这取决于碳源和氮源的组合。
小盾壳霉可以在10℃～30℃的范围内生长，生长和产孢的适温一致均是20℃。光照的有无对其生长量和产孢量的影响不大，但光照可以促进孢子的萌发。小盾壳霉在pH3～pH10的范围内都能生长，但最适的pH值是PH=6．而产孢的pH值范围较窄，必须在pH4～pH9的范围内。致死温度范围为40℃-45℃10min。孢子的萌发必须要大于95％的相对湿度、pH4～pH6。随着温度增高，小盾壳霉的生长和产孢有上升趋势。
在油菜花期地上部分喷施盾壳霉孢子悬液无法控制其初侵染和再侵染，尽管高浓度的孢子悬液能显著地减轻病斑的扩展。小盾壳霉分生孢子在油菜花瓣上的萌发是受抑制的，推测与油菜花瓣表面的真菌和细菌有关，尤其是后者的影响可能更大。随着时间的推移，小盾壳霉在油菜花瓣上的存活率呈下降趋势。
The sporulation and biomass dry weight of Coniothyrium minitans were greatly affected by C sources and N sources. However, the C sources and N sources which obtained an increase of biomass dry weight were not always the same ones as what got the greatest amount of conidia.On the contray,there were many C sources and N sources whose conidial production was negatively correlated with biomass dry weight.Although monosaccharide was usually the best C source nutrient,in which there was great difference.Also,the ratio of C to N affected biomass dry weigh and sporulation of Coniothyrium minitans,.the effects depended on what C source and N source were used.In general, sporulation increased with C:Nand biomass dry weight decreased or had no significant change withC:N.The effects were dependent on the conbination of C source and N source.
Hyphal extension occurred over a temperature range between 10℃ and 30℃,with the optimal at 20℃ for sporulation and hyphal growth.Light had no effect on conidial production and hyphal growth,but it could improve the germination rate of Coniothyrium minitans.Hyphal extension occurred over a ph range between ph3-ph 10,while the ph range for sporulation was between ph4-ph9,with the optimal for both at ph6.The lethal temperature was 40℃-45℃10min.Relative humidity above 94% was necessary for hyphal growth. conidial germination.and sporulation.Conidial germination occurred over a small ph range,between ph4-ph6.As relative humidity was raised, conidial germination and sporulation also increased.
Whether spraying conidial suspension of C. minitans on the petals of oilseed rape at early bloom or at full bloom,no disease control of oilseed rape stem rot caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum was obtained, high concentration of conidia suspension could inhibit the spread of lesion on the stem and leaf to some extent.Conidial germination of C. minitans on the petals of oilseed rape was inhibited by microorganisms colonizing on the petals. As time went on,the survival rate of C. minitans on the petals of oilseed rape was on the decrease.According to the relationship between the time and the survival number of conidia of C. minitans on the petals of oilseed rape,there was a regression expression(y=6.858-0.0701x).
同样，小盾壳霉的生长和产孢还受到培养基C：N的影响。这种影响的程度则要取决于所选用的碳源和氮源。总体而言，产孢随C：N的增高有上升趋势，而生物量干重则具有下降的趋势或不受影响。这取决于碳源和氮源的组合。
小盾壳霉可以在10℃～30℃的范围内生长，生长和产孢的适温一致均是20℃。光照的有无对其生长量和产孢量的影响不大，但光照可以促进孢子的萌发。小盾壳霉在pH3～pH10的范围内都能生长，但最适的pH值是PH=6．而产孢的pH值范围较窄，必须在pH4～pH9的范围内。致死温度范围为40℃-45℃10min。孢子的萌发必须要大于95％的相对湿度、pH4～pH6。随着温度增高，小盾壳霉的生长和产孢有上升趋势。
在油菜花期地上部分喷施盾壳霉孢子悬液无法控制其初侵染和再侵染，尽管高浓度的孢子悬液能显著地减轻病斑的扩展。小盾壳霉分生孢子在油菜花瓣上的萌发是受抑制的，推测与油菜花瓣表面的真菌和细菌有关，尤其是后者的影响可能更大。随着时间的推移，小盾壳霉在油菜花瓣上的存活率呈下降趋势。
The sporulation and biomass dry weight of Coniothyrium minitans were greatly affected by C sources and N sources. However, the C sources and N sources which obtained an increase of biomass dry weight were not always the same ones as what got the greatest amount of conidia.On the contray,there were many C sources and N sources whose conidial production was negatively correlated with biomass dry weight.Although monosaccharide was usually the best C source nutrient,in which there was great difference.Also,the ratio of C to N affected biomass dry weigh and sporulation of Coniothyrium minitans,.the effects depended on what C source and N source were used.In general, sporulation increased with C:Nand biomass dry weight decreased or had no significant change withC:N.The effects were dependent on the conbination of C source and N source.
Hyphal extension occurred over a temperature range between 10℃ and 30℃,with the optimal at 20℃ for sporulation and hyphal growth.Light had no effect on conidial production and hyphal growth,but it could improve the germination rate of Coniothyrium minitans.Hyphal extension occurred over a ph range between ph3-ph 10,while the ph range for sporulation was between ph4-ph9,with the optimal for both at ph6.The lethal temperature was 40℃-45℃10min.Relative humidity above 94% was necessary for hyphal growth. conidial germination.and sporulation.Conidial germination occurred over a small ph range,between ph4-ph6.As relative humidity was raised, conidial germination and sporulation also increased.
Whether spraying conidial suspension of C. minitans on the petals of oilseed rape at early bloom or at full bloom,no disease control of oilseed rape stem rot caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum was obtained, high concentration of conidia suspension could inhibit the spread of lesion on the stem and leaf to some extent.Conidial germination of C. minitans on the petals of oilseed rape was inhibited by microorganisms colonizing on the petals. As time went on,the survival rate of C. minitans on the petals of oilseed rape was on the decrease.According to the relationship between the time and the survival number of conidia of C. minitans on the petals of oilseed rape,there was a regression expression(y=6.858-0.0701x).
引文
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[4] Boland-T, Han-R 1904 An idex on plana hoses Snslepa;611 to Sclerotinia. sclerotiorum Can.J.plant Pathol, 16:93-108
[5] Purdy. LH. 1979 Control of white mold with Coniothyrium minitans Phyotopathology, 69:875-880
[6] 刘惕芳等 1983 油菜作物病害及其防治 上海科技出版社
[7] Turkington. T.K 1987 Using petais of oilseed rape infected by Sclerotinia. sclerotiorum to forcast oilseed rape stem rot Can.J.plant Pathol 6:104-109
[8] Whipps.J.Mand Budge S.p 1979 Screeing for Sclerotina mycoparasites of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum myclolgilal.Res 15:213-217
[9] 周仪等 1998 油菜多抗性的研究 中国油菜 1：16-17
[10] Jurner, G.J and H.J 1975 Preliminary field plot trials on biological control of Sclerotinia sclertiorum by Coniothyrium minitans plant. Pathol.24:601-32
[11] Hvang. H.L 1970 Control of sclerotinal wilt of sunflowers by hyperparasites Can.J.of plant Pathol 7:26-32
[12] Admas. P.B and Ayerl. W.A 1975 Biological control of sclerotinia lettuce drop in the fiecd by Sporidesmium sclerotium phytopathology 6:72-75
[13] Wang-Land vinelli-P 1997 Coniothyrium minitans on apothecia of Sclerotinia trifoliorum plant Disease 6:81-84
[14] McQuilden-mp.Budge-sp. Whipps-JM 1997 Biological control of Sclortimia sclerotiorum by film coating Coniothyrium minitans on to sunflower seed and sclerotia plant pathol 46:912-929
[15] Haban-VS.Yakubova-Jv 1992 Evacuation of the effectivenese of the hyperparasites Coniothyrium minitans against the sunflower white rot Zakuist-Roslin 30:27-31
[16] budge-sp MCQuilken-MP Fenlon-Js and whipps-jm 1995 Use of Coniothyrium minitans and Gliocladium virens for biological control of Scleraotinia scleroticorum in glass-house lettuce biological control 5:513-517
[17] Lhaban-VS,et 1983 Coniothyrium minitans-a hyperasites on scleraotia of whetre linin sclrotium mikologira-I-Fito patologira 17:149-150
[18] Turman-P. et 1982 Biological control of Scleraotinia scleraotium on aerial parts of plants by Coniothyrium minitans Transactions-of-the British-mycological-society 78:512-529
[19] MCQvilken-MP. Bvdge-sp and whipps-JM 1997 Effects of culture media and environmental factors on conidial germination pycnidial production and hyper extention of Coniothyrium minitans mycologyical-Rees 10:11-17
[20] MCQvilken-MP.Bvdge-sp and whipps-JM 1997 Production,survival and evalvation of liquid culture produced inocula of Coniothyrim minitans against scleraotinia Biological-science-and-Technology, 7:23-26
[21] 李国庆，1995菌核寄生菌-盾壳毒的研究，华中农业大学学报 14:124-129
[22] Weber-FJ,Tramper-J,Rinzema-A 2000 Effect of the avilibility of mg2+ in KappA-carrageenan gels on the formation of conidia by Coniothyrium minitans mycologyical-Rearch 4:73-76
[23] Sesan-J,Baicu-J 1993 New aspects of the biology of the hyperparasites fmgs Conithyrium minitans Revne Roumanie-de-BioIogie-Serie-de-Biologie-Vegetace 38:31-38
[24] Olijkaas-LP, Wilkinson-EL,Tramp-J,Buitalam-Rm 1999 Medinm optimization for spore production of Coniothyrium minitans using satisfyactory Biotechnology-and-Bioengineering 64:92-100
[25] Whipps-JM,Granal-sk. 1995 Interactions between Coniothyruim minitans and scleraotia mycol .Res 3:259-299
[26] Huang-JC.Kocco-EG 1998 Penetration of hyphae of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum by Conithyrium minitans without the formation of appressoria 12:2． 133-139
[27] Jiang-DH,Li-GQ,Yi-XH and Wang-DB 1997 Effects of some ecological factors on the sclerotial rot of Conithyrium minitans Acta-Phytopathologica-Sinica 27:1． 47-52
[28] Thaning-C ,Nelson-BD,Gulya-TJ A method for assessing microbial effects on carpogenic germination of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum sclerotia Proceedings of the 1998 International Sclerotinia Workshop,Fargo,ND,9-12,Sep. 1998． 1999
[29] Tu-JC 1984 Mycoparasitism by Conithyrium minitans on Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and its effects on sclerotial germination Phytopathologische-Zeitschzift 109:3． 261-268
[30] Huang-HL,Kocco-EG,1987 Ultrastructure of hyperparasitism of Conithyrium minitans on Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Can-J-of-Botany 65:12． 2482-2487
[31] 王道本等译，1986核盘菌论丛，北京农业大学出版社
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