两个世界的张力：论凯瑟琳·曼斯菲尔德作品中的彼得·潘情结
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摘要
凯瑟琳·曼斯菲尔德(1888-1923),英国20世纪初短篇小说大师,以五本短篇小说集赢得世界文学界的广泛关注。她以一个孩子的心理和角度塑造了诸多孩童形象和孩童式成年女性形象。
近一个世纪以来,曼斯菲尔德和她的作品一直是国内外批评家经久不衰的研究课题。但对于体现在她个人生活和作品中的彼得·潘情结却未引起足够的注意,更未有过详细的研究论证。本论文以曼斯菲尔德不同时期不同背景的作品中的小孩和孩童式女性为研究对象,以她遗留的大量书信和日记为基础,分析她作品中彼得·潘情结的形成原因:曼斯菲尔德体现在诸多名篇中的彼得·潘情结既是她与生俱来的桀骜不驯的个性所致,更是她快乐无忧的童年生活和漂泊困顿﹑充满焦虑和恐惧的成年生活之间的强烈反差影响所形成的。彼得·潘情结是她文学创作的巨大动力并对她的短篇小说的主题和风格产生潜意识的影响。
本论文通过解读曼斯菲尔德对儿童的单纯和成人的堕落间的反差的深刻感受﹑考察她逃避主义者的情感和心理﹑分析她作品中的幻想和幻灭主题和死亡主题以及她面对死亡的态度,从而得出结论:在她的作品中,儿童世界和成人世界的对比明显,形成强大的张力:纯洁与堕落﹑幻想与幻灭﹑自由与责任﹑生与死无一不是矛盾和冲突的。成年的曼斯菲尔德在经历了流离失所﹑恶疾缠身之后对自由无忧的童年充满留恋;在饱受疾病﹑死亡带来的焦虑和丧亲之痛后,童年生活成了她唯一的安慰,所以她在心理上拒绝长大,想回到童年,以此来逃避困苦和折磨,这正是彼得·潘情结的具体体现。在挣扎于冷酷堕落的成人世界和死亡的恐惧中,她试图从写作中获得安慰和解脱;在虚幻的文本世界里,她可以重温童年的单纯无忧,使她的亲人复活;可以摆脱时空的约束,永不长大,在写作中寻找心灵的家园,得到精神的平衡。
Katherine Mansfield (1888-1923), the master of English short story in early 20th century, gained worldwide popularity with her five volumes of stories, in which she portrayed a number of children and psychologically immature female images with the view and psyche of a child.
This dissertation is an exploration of Katherine Mansfield’s Peter Pan complex: the formation and reflection of Peter Pan complex in her personal life and its implication in her short stories by employing the approach of psychoanalysis and focusing on her main short stories to analyze the themes and typical characters in the stories, in relation to her letters, journals as well as her biography.
According to Jung, complex is the repressed but continuing presence in an adult’s unconscious. It is formed because of the individual’s outer and inner conflicts and greatly influenced by one’s growing experiences and living environment. Mansfield’s free and pure childhood in New Zealand, her wandering poverty-stricken adult life in Europe, her turbulent love experiences and her anxiety to death had great influence on her formation of personality. She expressed her Peter Pan complex in her fiction to overcome her personal conflicts and repressions by creating innocent child images and childish female characters which reflect Mansfield’s rebellious, illusive and exceptional personality as well as her desire, fear, anxiety and dreams.
In her fiction, Mansfield emphasized the sharp contrasts between the child world and the adult world: innocence versus degeneration, fantasy versus disillusionment, freedom versus duty, life versus death. By indulging herself into writing, she tries to come back to her free and pure childhood to overcome or escape her fear and anxiety and to obtain some comfort and consolation. That is actually a“tragic optimism”—to put all the hope into the past and consider it the most valuable part of one’s life—so that one could keep a mental balance in real life.
近一个世纪以来,曼斯菲尔德和她的作品一直是国内外批评家经久不衰的研究课题。但对于体现在她个人生活和作品中的彼得·潘情结却未引起足够的注意,更未有过详细的研究论证。本论文以曼斯菲尔德不同时期不同背景的作品中的小孩和孩童式女性为研究对象,以她遗留的大量书信和日记为基础,分析她作品中彼得·潘情结的形成原因:曼斯菲尔德体现在诸多名篇中的彼得·潘情结既是她与生俱来的桀骜不驯的个性所致,更是她快乐无忧的童年生活和漂泊困顿﹑充满焦虑和恐惧的成年生活之间的强烈反差影响所形成的。彼得·潘情结是她文学创作的巨大动力并对她的短篇小说的主题和风格产生潜意识的影响。
本论文通过解读曼斯菲尔德对儿童的单纯和成人的堕落间的反差的深刻感受﹑考察她逃避主义者的情感和心理﹑分析她作品中的幻想和幻灭主题和死亡主题以及她面对死亡的态度,从而得出结论:在她的作品中,儿童世界和成人世界的对比明显,形成强大的张力:纯洁与堕落﹑幻想与幻灭﹑自由与责任﹑生与死无一不是矛盾和冲突的。成年的曼斯菲尔德在经历了流离失所﹑恶疾缠身之后对自由无忧的童年充满留恋;在饱受疾病﹑死亡带来的焦虑和丧亲之痛后,童年生活成了她唯一的安慰,所以她在心理上拒绝长大,想回到童年,以此来逃避困苦和折磨,这正是彼得·潘情结的具体体现。在挣扎于冷酷堕落的成人世界和死亡的恐惧中,她试图从写作中获得安慰和解脱;在虚幻的文本世界里,她可以重温童年的单纯无忧,使她的亲人复活;可以摆脱时空的约束,永不长大,在写作中寻找心灵的家园,得到精神的平衡。
Katherine Mansfield (1888-1923), the master of English short story in early 20th century, gained worldwide popularity with her five volumes of stories, in which she portrayed a number of children and psychologically immature female images with the view and psyche of a child.
This dissertation is an exploration of Katherine Mansfield’s Peter Pan complex: the formation and reflection of Peter Pan complex in her personal life and its implication in her short stories by employing the approach of psychoanalysis and focusing on her main short stories to analyze the themes and typical characters in the stories, in relation to her letters, journals as well as her biography.
According to Jung, complex is the repressed but continuing presence in an adult’s unconscious. It is formed because of the individual’s outer and inner conflicts and greatly influenced by one’s growing experiences and living environment. Mansfield’s free and pure childhood in New Zealand, her wandering poverty-stricken adult life in Europe, her turbulent love experiences and her anxiety to death had great influence on her formation of personality. She expressed her Peter Pan complex in her fiction to overcome her personal conflicts and repressions by creating innocent child images and childish female characters which reflect Mansfield’s rebellious, illusive and exceptional personality as well as her desire, fear, anxiety and dreams.
In her fiction, Mansfield emphasized the sharp contrasts between the child world and the adult world: innocence versus degeneration, fantasy versus disillusionment, freedom versus duty, life versus death. By indulging herself into writing, she tries to come back to her free and pure childhood to overcome or escape her fear and anxiety and to obtain some comfort and consolation. That is actually a“tragic optimism”—to put all the hope into the past and consider it the most valuable part of one’s life—so that one could keep a mental balance in real life.
引文
Aiken, Conrad.“The Short Story as Colour.”The Critical Response to Katherine Mansfield. Ed. Jan Pilditch. London: Greenwood Press, 1996: (9-12).
Alpers, Antony. The Life of Katherine Mansfield. New York: Viking Press, 1980.
Berkman, Sylvia. Katherine Mansfield: A Critical Study. London: Oxford University Press, 1952.
- - -. Katherine Mansfield: A Critical Study. New Haven, 1951.
Boddy, Gillian. Katherine Mansfield: The Woman and The Writer. London: Collins, 1957.
Brophy, Brigid. Don’t Never Forget: Collected Views and Reviews. London: Cape, 1966
Christine, Darrohn.“‘Blown to Bits!’: Katherine Mansfield’s‘Garden Party’and the Great War.”Modern Fiction Studies 44 (1998): 507-514.
Daly, Saralyn. Katherine Mansfield. Rev. ed. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1994.
Daniel, Albright. Personality and Impersonality: Lawrence, Woolf, and Mann. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978.
Dunbar, Pamela. Radical Mansfield: Double Discourse in Katherine Mansfield’s Short Stories. London: Macmillan Press Ltd, 1997.
Freud, Sigmund. Creative Writers and Day Dreaming, The Collected Papers of Sigmund Freud. Ed. Ernest Jones. New York: Basic Books, Inc., Publishers, 1959.
Fullbrook, Kate. Katherine Mansfield. Brighton: the Harvester Press, 1986.
Hankin, Cherry.“Fantasy and the Sense of an Ending in the Work of Katherine Mansfield.”The Critical Response to Katherine Mansfield. Ed. Jan Pilditch. London: Greenwood Press, 1996:183-190.
- - -.“Katherine Mansfield and the Cult of Childhood.”Katherine Mansfield: in from the Margin. Ed. Roger Robinson. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1994: 25-34.
- - -.“Katherine Mansfield and Her Confessional Stories.”Critical Essays on Katherine Mansfield. Ed. Rhoda B Nathan. New York: G. K. Hall, 1993: 12-36.
Hanson, Clare, and Andrew Curr. Katherine Mansfield. London: Macmillan, 1981.
Hanson, Clare.“Introduction to The Critical Writings of Katherine Mansfield.”Critical Essays on Katherine Mansfield. Ed. Nathan and Rhoda B. New York: G. K. Hall, 1993: 210-227.
Harper, Gorge.“Katherine Mansfield.”Quarterly Review 5(1929): 73-79.
Herbert, Gold.“International Symposium on the Short Story.”Kenyon Review 30(1968): 89-98.
Hornby, Richard. Drama, Metadrama, and Perception. New Jersey: Associated UP, 1986.
Hynes, Sam.“Katherine Mansfield: The Defeat of the Personal.”The Critical Response to Katherine Mansfield. Ed. Jan Pilditch. London: Greenwood Press, 1996: 66-70.
.Jacobi, Jolande. Complex/Archetype/Symbol in the Psychology of C. G. Jung. Tran. Ralph Manhein. Beijing: China Social Sciences Publishing House. Chengcheng Books Ltd., 1999.
Jung, C.G. The Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious. Trans. R.F.C. Hull. Beijing: China Social Sciences Publishing House. Chengcheng Books Ltd., 1999.
- - -. Psychology of the Unconscious. Beijing: China Social Sciences Publishing House. Chengcheng Books Ltd., 1999.
- - -.Collected Works of C.G. Jung. 2nd ed. , 8 vols. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1972.
Kaplan, Sydney J. Katherine Mansfield and The Origins of Modernist Fiction. New York: Cornell University Press, 1991.
McGavock, Karen.“‘Houdinizing’Peter Pan: The Magical Exploits of J.M. Barrie &Harry Houdini.”Journal of New Zealand Literature. 22 (2004): 34-47.
Maggie, Humm. Feminist Criticm Women as Contemporary Critics. Brighton: The Harvester Press, 1986.
Margaret, Drabble. For Queen and Country Britain in the Vitorian Age. London: Andre Deutsch,1978.
Mansfield, Katherine. The Collected Letters of Katherine Mansfield. Ed. Vincent O’Sullivan and Margaret Scott. London: Oxford University Press, 1984.
- - -. Journal of Katherine Mansfield. Ed. J. M. Murry. London: Constable, 1954.
- - -. Selected Letters. Ed. Vincent O’Sullivan. Oxford: OUP, 1990.
- - -. Collected Stories of Katherine Mansfield. Ed. J. M. Murry. London: Constable, 1945.
- - -.The Critical Writings of Katherine Mansfield. Ed. Clare Hanson and Houndmills Basingstoke. Hampshire: Macmillan, 1987.
- - -. The Katherine Mansfield Notebooks. Ed. Margraret Scott. Minnerapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2002.
- - -. Letters and Journals of Katherine Mansfield. Ed. C.K. Stead. Harmordsworth: Penguin Books, 1977.
Maslow, Abraham H.. Motivation and Personality. Beijing: China Socials Science Publishing House. Chengcheng Books Ltd., 1999.
Mitchell, J. Lawrence.“Katherine Mansfield and the Aesthetic Object.”Journal of New Zealand Literature 22 (2004): 31-53.
Morrow Patrick. D. Katherine Mansfield’s Fiction. Bowling Green: Bowling Green State University Popular Press,1993.
Murry, J. Middleton.“Katherine Mansfield.”Critical Essays on Katherine Mansfield. Ed. Rhoda B. Natha. New York: G. K. Hall, 1993.
Nathan, Rhoda B.,ed. Critical Essays on Katherine Mansfield. New York: G. K. Hall, 1993.
O’Conner, Frank.“An Author in Search of a Subject”. Ed. Nathan, Rhoda B. Critical Essays on Katherine Mansfield. New York: G. K. Hall, 1993.
Pilditch, Jan, ed. The Critical Response to Katherine Mansfield. London: Greenwood Press, 1996.
Smith, Angela. Katherine Mansfield: A Literary Life. Houndmills: Macmillan Distribution Ltd., 2000.
Swinnerton, Fran. Figures in the Foreground: Literary Reminiscences 1917-1940. London: Hutchinson,1963.
Showalter, Elaine. A literature of Their Own—British Women Novelists from Bronte to Lessing. Princeton: Princeton Uni. Press, 1977.
Stanley, C.K.“The Art of Katherine Mansfield.”Dalhousie Review10 (1937):17-36.
Skinner, B. F.. Science and Human Behavior. Beijing: China Social Sciences Publishing House. Chengcheng Books Ltd., 1999.
Sullivan, J. W. N..“The Story-Writing Genius.”The Critical Response to Katherine Mansfield. Ed. Pilditch, Jan. London: Greenwood Press, 1996: (1-2)..
Tomalin, Clare. Katherine Mansfield: A Secret Life. New York: Knopf, 1988.
Woolf, Virginia. The Dairy of Virginia Woolf. Ed. Anne Olivier Bell. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1977.
安东尼·阿尔伯斯.一次轻率的旅行:凯瑟琳·曼斯菲尔德的一生.冯洁音,译.上海:知识出版社,1993.
杰·姆·巴里.彼得·潘.威廉姆斯,改编.北京:航空工业出版社,2004.
弗洛伊德.释梦.孙名之,译.上海:商务印书馆,2003.
弗洛伊德.创作家与白日梦.长沙:湖南文艺出版社,1986.
弗洛伊德.达芬奇对童年的回忆.车文博,主编.长春:长春出版社,2006.
候维瑞.现代英国小说史.上海:上海外语教育出版社,1996.
蒋虹.凯瑟琳·曼斯菲尔德作品中的矛盾身份.北京:中国社会科学出版社,2003.
蒋虹.凯瑟琳·曼斯菲尔德的俄罗斯情结.俄罗斯文艺,2006(01).
刘璇.风一样的女子—凯瑟琳·曼斯菲尔德作品中的“漂流情结”(硕士论文).保定:河北大学,2005.
陆阳.精神分析文论.济南:山东教育出版社,1998.
林淼.试析凯瑟琳·曼斯菲尔德作品中的自恋人物(硕士论文).福州:福州大学,2006.
罗恩,L.弗雷.从弗洛伊德到荣格—无意识心理学比较研究.陈恢钦,译.北京:中国国际广播出版社, 1993.
曼斯菲尔德.曼斯菲尔德短篇小说选.陈良延,郑启吟等,译.上海:上海译文出版社,1983.
诺德贝,V. G.,霍尔C.S.荣格心理学入门.冯川,译.北京:三联出版社,1987.
王宁.文学与精神分析学.北京:人民文学出版社, 2002.
尹兵红.不确定的身份漂泊的灵魂—曼斯菲尔德的身份问题(硕士论文).武汉:武汉大学, 2004.
Alpers, Antony. The Life of Katherine Mansfield. New York: Viking Press, 1980.
Berkman, Sylvia. Katherine Mansfield: A Critical Study. London: Oxford University Press, 1952.
- - -. Katherine Mansfield: A Critical Study. New Haven, 1951.
Boddy, Gillian. Katherine Mansfield: The Woman and The Writer. London: Collins, 1957.
Brophy, Brigid. Don’t Never Forget: Collected Views and Reviews. London: Cape, 1966
Christine, Darrohn.“‘Blown to Bits!’: Katherine Mansfield’s‘Garden Party’and the Great War.”Modern Fiction Studies 44 (1998): 507-514.
Daly, Saralyn. Katherine Mansfield. Rev. ed. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1994.
Daniel, Albright. Personality and Impersonality: Lawrence, Woolf, and Mann. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978.
Dunbar, Pamela. Radical Mansfield: Double Discourse in Katherine Mansfield’s Short Stories. London: Macmillan Press Ltd, 1997.
Freud, Sigmund. Creative Writers and Day Dreaming, The Collected Papers of Sigmund Freud. Ed. Ernest Jones. New York: Basic Books, Inc., Publishers, 1959.
Fullbrook, Kate. Katherine Mansfield. Brighton: the Harvester Press, 1986.
Hankin, Cherry.“Fantasy and the Sense of an Ending in the Work of Katherine Mansfield.”The Critical Response to Katherine Mansfield. Ed. Jan Pilditch. London: Greenwood Press, 1996:183-190.
- - -.“Katherine Mansfield and the Cult of Childhood.”Katherine Mansfield: in from the Margin. Ed. Roger Robinson. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1994: 25-34.
- - -.“Katherine Mansfield and Her Confessional Stories.”Critical Essays on Katherine Mansfield. Ed. Rhoda B Nathan. New York: G. K. Hall, 1993: 12-36.
Hanson, Clare, and Andrew Curr. Katherine Mansfield. London: Macmillan, 1981.
Hanson, Clare.“Introduction to The Critical Writings of Katherine Mansfield.”Critical Essays on Katherine Mansfield. Ed. Nathan and Rhoda B. New York: G. K. Hall, 1993: 210-227.
Harper, Gorge.“Katherine Mansfield.”Quarterly Review 5(1929): 73-79.
Herbert, Gold.“International Symposium on the Short Story.”Kenyon Review 30(1968): 89-98.
Hornby, Richard. Drama, Metadrama, and Perception. New Jersey: Associated UP, 1986.
Hynes, Sam.“Katherine Mansfield: The Defeat of the Personal.”The Critical Response to Katherine Mansfield. Ed. Jan Pilditch. London: Greenwood Press, 1996: 66-70.
.Jacobi, Jolande. Complex/Archetype/Symbol in the Psychology of C. G. Jung. Tran. Ralph Manhein. Beijing: China Social Sciences Publishing House. Chengcheng Books Ltd., 1999.
Jung, C.G. The Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious. Trans. R.F.C. Hull. Beijing: China Social Sciences Publishing House. Chengcheng Books Ltd., 1999.
- - -. Psychology of the Unconscious. Beijing: China Social Sciences Publishing House. Chengcheng Books Ltd., 1999.
- - -.Collected Works of C.G. Jung. 2nd ed. , 8 vols. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1972.
Kaplan, Sydney J. Katherine Mansfield and The Origins of Modernist Fiction. New York: Cornell University Press, 1991.
McGavock, Karen.“‘Houdinizing’Peter Pan: The Magical Exploits of J.M. Barrie &Harry Houdini.”Journal of New Zealand Literature. 22 (2004): 34-47.
Maggie, Humm. Feminist Criticm Women as Contemporary Critics. Brighton: The Harvester Press, 1986.
Margaret, Drabble. For Queen and Country Britain in the Vitorian Age. London: Andre Deutsch,1978.
Mansfield, Katherine. The Collected Letters of Katherine Mansfield. Ed. Vincent O’Sullivan and Margaret Scott. London: Oxford University Press, 1984.
- - -. Journal of Katherine Mansfield. Ed. J. M. Murry. London: Constable, 1954.
- - -. Selected Letters. Ed. Vincent O’Sullivan. Oxford: OUP, 1990.
- - -. Collected Stories of Katherine Mansfield. Ed. J. M. Murry. London: Constable, 1945.
- - -.The Critical Writings of Katherine Mansfield. Ed. Clare Hanson and Houndmills Basingstoke. Hampshire: Macmillan, 1987.
- - -. The Katherine Mansfield Notebooks. Ed. Margraret Scott. Minnerapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2002.
- - -. Letters and Journals of Katherine Mansfield. Ed. C.K. Stead. Harmordsworth: Penguin Books, 1977.
Maslow, Abraham H.. Motivation and Personality. Beijing: China Socials Science Publishing House. Chengcheng Books Ltd., 1999.
Mitchell, J. Lawrence.“Katherine Mansfield and the Aesthetic Object.”Journal of New Zealand Literature 22 (2004): 31-53.
Morrow Patrick. D. Katherine Mansfield’s Fiction. Bowling Green: Bowling Green State University Popular Press,1993.
Murry, J. Middleton.“Katherine Mansfield.”Critical Essays on Katherine Mansfield. Ed. Rhoda B. Natha. New York: G. K. Hall, 1993.
Nathan, Rhoda B.,ed. Critical Essays on Katherine Mansfield. New York: G. K. Hall, 1993.
O’Conner, Frank.“An Author in Search of a Subject”. Ed. Nathan, Rhoda B. Critical Essays on Katherine Mansfield. New York: G. K. Hall, 1993.
Pilditch, Jan, ed. The Critical Response to Katherine Mansfield. London: Greenwood Press, 1996.
Smith, Angela. Katherine Mansfield: A Literary Life. Houndmills: Macmillan Distribution Ltd., 2000.
Swinnerton, Fran. Figures in the Foreground: Literary Reminiscences 1917-1940. London: Hutchinson,1963.
Showalter, Elaine. A literature of Their Own—British Women Novelists from Bronte to Lessing. Princeton: Princeton Uni. Press, 1977.
Stanley, C.K.“The Art of Katherine Mansfield.”Dalhousie Review10 (1937):17-36.
Skinner, B. F.. Science and Human Behavior. Beijing: China Social Sciences Publishing House. Chengcheng Books Ltd., 1999.
Sullivan, J. W. N..“The Story-Writing Genius.”The Critical Response to Katherine Mansfield. Ed. Pilditch, Jan. London: Greenwood Press, 1996: (1-2)..
Tomalin, Clare. Katherine Mansfield: A Secret Life. New York: Knopf, 1988.
Woolf, Virginia. The Dairy of Virginia Woolf. Ed. Anne Olivier Bell. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1977.
安东尼·阿尔伯斯.一次轻率的旅行:凯瑟琳·曼斯菲尔德的一生.冯洁音,译.上海:知识出版社,1993.
杰·姆·巴里.彼得·潘.威廉姆斯,改编.北京:航空工业出版社,2004.
弗洛伊德.释梦.孙名之,译.上海:商务印书馆,2003.
弗洛伊德.创作家与白日梦.长沙:湖南文艺出版社,1986.
弗洛伊德.达芬奇对童年的回忆.车文博,主编.长春:长春出版社,2006.
候维瑞.现代英国小说史.上海:上海外语教育出版社,1996.
蒋虹.凯瑟琳·曼斯菲尔德作品中的矛盾身份.北京:中国社会科学出版社,2003.
蒋虹.凯瑟琳·曼斯菲尔德的俄罗斯情结.俄罗斯文艺,2006(01).
刘璇.风一样的女子—凯瑟琳·曼斯菲尔德作品中的“漂流情结”(硕士论文).保定:河北大学,2005.
陆阳.精神分析文论.济南:山东教育出版社,1998.
林淼.试析凯瑟琳·曼斯菲尔德作品中的自恋人物(硕士论文).福州:福州大学,2006.
罗恩,L.弗雷.从弗洛伊德到荣格—无意识心理学比较研究.陈恢钦,译.北京:中国国际广播出版社, 1993.
曼斯菲尔德.曼斯菲尔德短篇小说选.陈良延,郑启吟等,译.上海:上海译文出版社,1983.
诺德贝,V. G.,霍尔C.S.荣格心理学入门.冯川,译.北京:三联出版社,1987.
王宁.文学与精神分析学.北京:人民文学出版社, 2002.
尹兵红.不确定的身份漂泊的灵魂—曼斯菲尔德的身份问题(硕士论文).武汉:武汉大学, 2004.