男性犯罪青少年的教养方式和自我控制
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摘要
从父母的教养方式以及青少年的自我控制能力两方面出发,考察男性犯罪青少年父母教养方式与自我控制能力的状况;检验一般犯罪理论在中国文化背景下对犯罪行为的解释力。
本研究的被试取自男性犯罪青少年和男性普通中学生两类群体,其中,男性犯罪青少年被试从郑州某少年管教所随机抽取的少教学员166人,平均年龄是17.10岁;男性普通中学生被试来自开封的两所普通中学,包括初二、高一和高二3个年级,共182人,平均年龄是16.82岁。
研究由三部分组成。研究一采用父母教养方式问卷考察男性犯罪青少年父母教养方式的特点;研究二分别采用自我控制能力问卷和停止信号任务实验考察男性犯罪青少年的自我控制能力状况;研究三在研究一和研究二的基础上,考察父母教养方式、自我控制能力和男性青少年犯罪三者之间的关系。
根据调查和分析的结果,本研究获得如下结论。
(1)男性犯罪青少年的父母教养方式均表现出较少的情感温暖、理解,较多的过干涉、过保护,拒绝、否认,惩罚、严厉和偏爱;男性犯罪青少年的父亲与母亲的教养方式差异极为显著,男性犯罪青少年的父亲比母亲表现出较少的情感温暖、理解,偏爱,拒绝、否认和过干涉、过保护,较多的惩罚、严厉。
(2)男性犯罪青少年比男性普通中学生表现出较多的自我情绪性和冲动冒险性;男性犯罪青少年在无信号实验中具有较低的正确反应率、较高的漏反应率,在停止信号试验中表现出较高的抑制失败率(自我控制能力的关键指标);自我控制问卷和停止信号任务实验的研究结果均显示男性犯罪青少年具有较低的自我控制能力。
(3)母亲教养方式的情感温暖、理解(MF1),过干涉、过保护(MF2),拒绝、否认(MF3)和偏爱被试(MF5)4个因子对初犯年龄在满14岁到16岁和满16岁到满18岁这两个阶段的青少年犯罪均表现出显著的预测作用;而且,情感温暖、理解(MF1)对抢劫、强奸、盗窃、故意伤害和故意杀人等五类犯罪均有显著的负向预测作用;过干涉、过保护(MF2)对抢劫、强奸、故意伤害和故意杀人四类犯罪均有显著的正向预测作用;拒绝、否认(MF3)对抢劫、强奸和故意伤害三类犯罪均有显著的负向预测作用;偏爱被试(MF5)对抢劫、强奸和盗窃均有显著的正向预测作用。
(4)自我情绪性对在3个阶段的初犯罪年龄以及抢劫、强奸、盗窃三类犯罪均有显著的正向预测功能;冲动冒险性对满14岁到16岁和满16岁到满18岁这两个阶段的初犯罪年龄和所有的犯罪类型均有显著的预测作用。
(5)父亲教养方式各因子、母亲教养方式各因子与自我控制的自我情绪性和冲动冒险性相关十分显著;父亲惩罚、严厉(FF2),父亲偏爱被试(FF4),母亲拒绝、否认(MF3),母亲惩罚、严厉(MF4)与自我控制的简单化倾向相关显著。
(6)自我控制在父母教养方式对男性青少年的初犯罪年龄和主要犯罪类型的影响中,起着部分中介作用;偏爱被试(MF5)对男性青少年的初犯罪年龄具有较为独立的预测作用,情感温暖、理解(MF1),拒绝、否认(MF3)对男性青少年的初犯罪年龄和主要犯罪类型均有较为独立的预测作用。
本研究还从家庭、学校和社会三方面提出了一些预防青少年犯罪的对策,此外,针对研究中的不足,对未来的相关研究进行了展望。
In this study, we explore juvenile delinquency main from parenting styles and self-control. The aims of this study are list as follows: exploring the conditions of the juvenile delinquents’parenting styles and self-control: testing the explanatory power of the“general theory of crime”on criminal behaviors in the context of Chinese culture.
Two groups including male juvenile delinquents and male public middle school students are tested in this study, 166 male juvenile delinquents are randomly selected from juvenile prison in Zhengzhou, the average age is 17.10 years; 182 male public middle school students including junior two, senior one and senior two are from two ordinary middle schools in Kaifeng, the average age is 16.82 years.
The study includes three parts. Characteristics of juvenile delinquents’parenting styles are tested with EMBU in part one. The conditions of juvenile delinquents’self-control are tested respectively using a questionnaire of self-control and the stop signal task experiment in part two. The part three is based on the first two parts, in this part the relaions between parenting styles, self-control and juvenile delinquency are explored.
According to the survey and analysis, the results of this study are list as follows:
(1) The parenting styles of male juvenile delinquents have shown less emotional warmth, understanding, and more interference, over-protection, rejection, denial, punishment, harsh and preferences; Male juvenile delinquents fathers and mothers’parenting styles are significant different from each other that their fathers have less emotional warmth, understanding, preference, rejection, denial and interfering, protection, and more punishment than their mothers.
(2) Male juvenile delinquents have more temper and impulsive risk-seeking than male public middle school students; They also have lower p(r|s) and higher ns-hit and miss in the stop signal task experiment, which means that not only the self-control questionnaire but also the experiment both indicate juvenile delinquents have lower self-control than male public middle school students.
(3) Male juvenile delinquents mothers’emotional warmth and understanding (MF1), over-protection and interference (MF2), rejection and denial (MF3), and preferences(MF5) all have significant predictions on the age of the first offense between 14—16 and 16-18 years old; Furthermore, emotional warmth and understanding(MF1) has significant negative predictions on five criminal types including robbery, rape, theft, intentional injury and intentional murder; Over-protection and interference(MF2) has significant positive predictions on four criminal types including robbery, rape, intentional injury and intentional murder; Rejection and denial(MF3) has significant negative predictions on three criminal types including robbery, rape, intentional injury; Preferences(MF5) has significant positive predictions on three criminal types including robbery, rape, theft.
(4) Temper has significant positive predictions on the three-age phase of the first offense and three criminal types including robbery, rape, theft; Impulsive risk-seeking has significant positive predictions on the age of the first offense between 14—16 and16-18 years old, and all the main criminal types.
(5) All the factors of the father and mother’s parenting styles both have significant correlation to temper and impulsive risk-seeking; Punishment and harsh (FF2), preferences (FF4), rejection and denial (MF3), and punishment and harsh (MF4) have significant correlation to simplistic tendency.
(6) Self-control plays part mediating role between parenting styles and juvenile delinquency; preferences (MF5) plays more independent role on the age of the first offense, and both emotional warmth and understanding (MF1), and rejection and denial (MF3) also have more independent role on the age of the first offense and the main criminal types.
Finally, according to the discoveries, some measures to prevent juvenile delinquency are proposed respectively from family, school and the whole society. In addition, future researches are discussed based on the deficiencies of the study.
本研究的被试取自男性犯罪青少年和男性普通中学生两类群体,其中,男性犯罪青少年被试从郑州某少年管教所随机抽取的少教学员166人,平均年龄是17.10岁;男性普通中学生被试来自开封的两所普通中学,包括初二、高一和高二3个年级,共182人,平均年龄是16.82岁。
研究由三部分组成。研究一采用父母教养方式问卷考察男性犯罪青少年父母教养方式的特点;研究二分别采用自我控制能力问卷和停止信号任务实验考察男性犯罪青少年的自我控制能力状况;研究三在研究一和研究二的基础上,考察父母教养方式、自我控制能力和男性青少年犯罪三者之间的关系。
根据调查和分析的结果,本研究获得如下结论。
(1)男性犯罪青少年的父母教养方式均表现出较少的情感温暖、理解,较多的过干涉、过保护,拒绝、否认,惩罚、严厉和偏爱;男性犯罪青少年的父亲与母亲的教养方式差异极为显著,男性犯罪青少年的父亲比母亲表现出较少的情感温暖、理解,偏爱,拒绝、否认和过干涉、过保护,较多的惩罚、严厉。
(2)男性犯罪青少年比男性普通中学生表现出较多的自我情绪性和冲动冒险性;男性犯罪青少年在无信号实验中具有较低的正确反应率、较高的漏反应率,在停止信号试验中表现出较高的抑制失败率(自我控制能力的关键指标);自我控制问卷和停止信号任务实验的研究结果均显示男性犯罪青少年具有较低的自我控制能力。
(3)母亲教养方式的情感温暖、理解(MF1),过干涉、过保护(MF2),拒绝、否认(MF3)和偏爱被试(MF5)4个因子对初犯年龄在满14岁到16岁和满16岁到满18岁这两个阶段的青少年犯罪均表现出显著的预测作用;而且,情感温暖、理解(MF1)对抢劫、强奸、盗窃、故意伤害和故意杀人等五类犯罪均有显著的负向预测作用;过干涉、过保护(MF2)对抢劫、强奸、故意伤害和故意杀人四类犯罪均有显著的正向预测作用;拒绝、否认(MF3)对抢劫、强奸和故意伤害三类犯罪均有显著的负向预测作用;偏爱被试(MF5)对抢劫、强奸和盗窃均有显著的正向预测作用。
(4)自我情绪性对在3个阶段的初犯罪年龄以及抢劫、强奸、盗窃三类犯罪均有显著的正向预测功能;冲动冒险性对满14岁到16岁和满16岁到满18岁这两个阶段的初犯罪年龄和所有的犯罪类型均有显著的预测作用。
(5)父亲教养方式各因子、母亲教养方式各因子与自我控制的自我情绪性和冲动冒险性相关十分显著;父亲惩罚、严厉(FF2),父亲偏爱被试(FF4),母亲拒绝、否认(MF3),母亲惩罚、严厉(MF4)与自我控制的简单化倾向相关显著。
(6)自我控制在父母教养方式对男性青少年的初犯罪年龄和主要犯罪类型的影响中,起着部分中介作用;偏爱被试(MF5)对男性青少年的初犯罪年龄具有较为独立的预测作用,情感温暖、理解(MF1),拒绝、否认(MF3)对男性青少年的初犯罪年龄和主要犯罪类型均有较为独立的预测作用。
本研究还从家庭、学校和社会三方面提出了一些预防青少年犯罪的对策,此外,针对研究中的不足,对未来的相关研究进行了展望。
In this study, we explore juvenile delinquency main from parenting styles and self-control. The aims of this study are list as follows: exploring the conditions of the juvenile delinquents’parenting styles and self-control: testing the explanatory power of the“general theory of crime”on criminal behaviors in the context of Chinese culture.
Two groups including male juvenile delinquents and male public middle school students are tested in this study, 166 male juvenile delinquents are randomly selected from juvenile prison in Zhengzhou, the average age is 17.10 years; 182 male public middle school students including junior two, senior one and senior two are from two ordinary middle schools in Kaifeng, the average age is 16.82 years.
The study includes three parts. Characteristics of juvenile delinquents’parenting styles are tested with EMBU in part one. The conditions of juvenile delinquents’self-control are tested respectively using a questionnaire of self-control and the stop signal task experiment in part two. The part three is based on the first two parts, in this part the relaions between parenting styles, self-control and juvenile delinquency are explored.
According to the survey and analysis, the results of this study are list as follows:
(1) The parenting styles of male juvenile delinquents have shown less emotional warmth, understanding, and more interference, over-protection, rejection, denial, punishment, harsh and preferences; Male juvenile delinquents fathers and mothers’parenting styles are significant different from each other that their fathers have less emotional warmth, understanding, preference, rejection, denial and interfering, protection, and more punishment than their mothers.
(2) Male juvenile delinquents have more temper and impulsive risk-seeking than male public middle school students; They also have lower p(r|s) and higher ns-hit and miss in the stop signal task experiment, which means that not only the self-control questionnaire but also the experiment both indicate juvenile delinquents have lower self-control than male public middle school students.
(3) Male juvenile delinquents mothers’emotional warmth and understanding (MF1), over-protection and interference (MF2), rejection and denial (MF3), and preferences(MF5) all have significant predictions on the age of the first offense between 14—16 and 16-18 years old; Furthermore, emotional warmth and understanding(MF1) has significant negative predictions on five criminal types including robbery, rape, theft, intentional injury and intentional murder; Over-protection and interference(MF2) has significant positive predictions on four criminal types including robbery, rape, intentional injury and intentional murder; Rejection and denial(MF3) has significant negative predictions on three criminal types including robbery, rape, intentional injury; Preferences(MF5) has significant positive predictions on three criminal types including robbery, rape, theft.
(4) Temper has significant positive predictions on the three-age phase of the first offense and three criminal types including robbery, rape, theft; Impulsive risk-seeking has significant positive predictions on the age of the first offense between 14—16 and16-18 years old, and all the main criminal types.
(5) All the factors of the father and mother’s parenting styles both have significant correlation to temper and impulsive risk-seeking; Punishment and harsh (FF2), preferences (FF4), rejection and denial (MF3), and punishment and harsh (MF4) have significant correlation to simplistic tendency.
(6) Self-control plays part mediating role between parenting styles and juvenile delinquency; preferences (MF5) plays more independent role on the age of the first offense, and both emotional warmth and understanding (MF1), and rejection and denial (MF3) also have more independent role on the age of the first offense and the main criminal types.
Finally, according to the discoveries, some measures to prevent juvenile delinquency are proposed respectively from family, school and the whole society. In addition, future researches are discussed based on the deficiencies of the study.
引文
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