基于CT实时观测的沥青混合料裂纹扩展行为研究
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摘要
沥青路面常见病害多而复杂，经过长期的实践、探索和研究，并随着施工技术机械化程度的提高，沥青路面早期损害现象有所改善，但沥青路面开裂这一病害仍未能根除。沥青路面的开裂破坏无不与沥青混合料的断裂性能息息相关。沥青混合料的抗裂性能显著影响着沥青路面的寿命、维修和养护成本。
解决路面开裂问题的关键是：要对沥青混合料的内部的破裂过程进行研究，分析其在荷载作用下裂纹的萌生、传播，揭示其扩展机理，分析各设计要素对其寿命的影响。这对于对提高沥青路面结构抗裂性能，优选沥青混合料，改进现有的路面设计方法都是具有十分重要的意义。
然而限于试验手段和研究方法的局限，目前仍然无法实时观测到沥青混合料内部裂纹演化过程，对其断裂破坏机理和裂纹扩展行为仍不清楚。基于此，本文利用SIEMENS SOMATOM plus型X射线螺旋CT机和多功能试验装置，以AC20、SMA16、ATB25混合料为试验研究对象，在单轴应力状态下，进行了沥青混合料压缩破坏全过程的应力应变特性和裂纹演化实时CT动态观测，这将为剖析混合料裂纹演化行为、断裂破坏物理机制，提供重要的理论基础。
本文主要进行了以下一些研究工作并取得了有益的结论：
(1)在现有文献和研究成果的基础上，对沥青路面开裂破坏的机理进行了分析。认为沥青混合料的应力应变特性与其内部裂纹的发展过程有着密切联系。通过比较分析认为，沥青混合料裂纹扩展行为的研究应该从细观层次来开展是较合适的，这也为从CT细观尺度来研究混合料中裂纹扩展行为打下了基础。
(2)进行了混合料压缩破坏过程的CT图像和CT数分析。压缩过程试件密度变化最直接的体现就是CT数的变化，通过CT图像，可以清晰地观察到试件内部裂纹的扩展情况，并可由此判断其破坏模式及应变特性。空隙在损伤演化中的作用和影响比较显著，对试件的变形起着控制作用。加载速度影响着混合料内部裂纹的扩展速率和发育程度。加载速率快，试件初期压密程度高，加载速率慢，裂纹发育充分。温度显著影响混合料的极限强度和裂纹扩展行为，在低温条件下，试件裂纹发育缓慢，分叉和次生裂纹现象较少，只是在紧接极限强度阶段才有明显的裂纹扩展，体现了混合料的低温脆性性质。试件破坏时截面全区贯通裂纹数量相对较少。
Cracking is one of the major distress types of asphalt pavements. Expected life of pavements, pavement condition and maintenance cost are directly related to pavement cracking. It is crucial to have a sufficient understanding of cracking mechanism in order to produce a sound and safe material and structural design of asphalt pavements. This dissertation reports an orchestrated research on crack initiation, propagation, and failure in asphalt pavements.
Simulation, surveying, observation, and measurement of cracking in pavement structures have been reported in literature in last three decades. However, cracking process in asphalt mixtures in a three dimensional scale is still a great challenge to road engineers. Using SIEMENS SOMATQM plus X-ray CT (COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY) and multi-functional testing rig, a dynamic observation of cracking propagation of hot mix asphalt was conducted in this research. Marshall samples of AC20、 SMA16、 ATB25 were used under uniaxial compressive stress state. Stress and strain behavior was observed during the compressive failure process of asphalt mixtures. The tests reported here provide important theoretical fundamentals to study the cracking behavior and failure mechanism of asphalt pavement mixtures. Major conclusions of this research are summarized as follows.
(1)Based on past experience and literature review, cracking mechanism of asphalt mixtures was analyzed. Stress-strain behavior was found to have a close relationship of cracking propagation in asphalt concrete materials. Study of cracking behavior of asphalt mixtures should be conducted in a micro-scale level to have a real simulation of crack propagation.
(2)Failure process under compressive pressure was recorded using CT images and CT numbers. The direct responses in density change of Marshall samples under a CT-compressive process is the change of CT numbers. Cracking propagation in the samples can be clearly observed and failure mode and stress-strain behavior can then be simulated. Voids are found to have a significant influence on damaging behavior of mixtures and play a governing role in deformation development. Loading rate is a critical factor influencing cracking velocity and cracking density. Temperature determines the ultimate capacity of
解决路面开裂问题的关键是：要对沥青混合料的内部的破裂过程进行研究，分析其在荷载作用下裂纹的萌生、传播，揭示其扩展机理，分析各设计要素对其寿命的影响。这对于对提高沥青路面结构抗裂性能，优选沥青混合料，改进现有的路面设计方法都是具有十分重要的意义。
然而限于试验手段和研究方法的局限，目前仍然无法实时观测到沥青混合料内部裂纹演化过程，对其断裂破坏机理和裂纹扩展行为仍不清楚。基于此，本文利用SIEMENS SOMATOM plus型X射线螺旋CT机和多功能试验装置，以AC20、SMA16、ATB25混合料为试验研究对象，在单轴应力状态下，进行了沥青混合料压缩破坏全过程的应力应变特性和裂纹演化实时CT动态观测，这将为剖析混合料裂纹演化行为、断裂破坏物理机制，提供重要的理论基础。
本文主要进行了以下一些研究工作并取得了有益的结论：
(1)在现有文献和研究成果的基础上，对沥青路面开裂破坏的机理进行了分析。认为沥青混合料的应力应变特性与其内部裂纹的发展过程有着密切联系。通过比较分析认为，沥青混合料裂纹扩展行为的研究应该从细观层次来开展是较合适的，这也为从CT细观尺度来研究混合料中裂纹扩展行为打下了基础。
(2)进行了混合料压缩破坏过程的CT图像和CT数分析。压缩过程试件密度变化最直接的体现就是CT数的变化，通过CT图像，可以清晰地观察到试件内部裂纹的扩展情况，并可由此判断其破坏模式及应变特性。空隙在损伤演化中的作用和影响比较显著，对试件的变形起着控制作用。加载速度影响着混合料内部裂纹的扩展速率和发育程度。加载速率快，试件初期压密程度高，加载速率慢，裂纹发育充分。温度显著影响混合料的极限强度和裂纹扩展行为，在低温条件下，试件裂纹发育缓慢，分叉和次生裂纹现象较少，只是在紧接极限强度阶段才有明显的裂纹扩展，体现了混合料的低温脆性性质。试件破坏时截面全区贯通裂纹数量相对较少。
Cracking is one of the major distress types of asphalt pavements. Expected life of pavements, pavement condition and maintenance cost are directly related to pavement cracking. It is crucial to have a sufficient understanding of cracking mechanism in order to produce a sound and safe material and structural design of asphalt pavements. This dissertation reports an orchestrated research on crack initiation, propagation, and failure in asphalt pavements.
Simulation, surveying, observation, and measurement of cracking in pavement structures have been reported in literature in last three decades. However, cracking process in asphalt mixtures in a three dimensional scale is still a great challenge to road engineers. Using SIEMENS SOMATQM plus X-ray CT (COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY) and multi-functional testing rig, a dynamic observation of cracking propagation of hot mix asphalt was conducted in this research. Marshall samples of AC20、 SMA16、 ATB25 were used under uniaxial compressive stress state. Stress and strain behavior was observed during the compressive failure process of asphalt mixtures. The tests reported here provide important theoretical fundamentals to study the cracking behavior and failure mechanism of asphalt pavement mixtures. Major conclusions of this research are summarized as follows.
(1)Based on past experience and literature review, cracking mechanism of asphalt mixtures was analyzed. Stress-strain behavior was found to have a close relationship of cracking propagation in asphalt concrete materials. Study of cracking behavior of asphalt mixtures should be conducted in a micro-scale level to have a real simulation of crack propagation.
(2)Failure process under compressive pressure was recorded using CT images and CT numbers. The direct responses in density change of Marshall samples under a CT-compressive process is the change of CT numbers. Cracking propagation in the samples can be clearly observed and failure mode and stress-strain behavior can then be simulated. Voids are found to have a significant influence on damaging behavior of mixtures and play a governing role in deformation development. Loading rate is a critical factor influencing cracking velocity and cracking density. Temperature determines the ultimate capacity of
引文
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