交际原则指导下影视作品中文化负载词的翻译策略研究
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摘要
《老友记》是美国著名的情景喜剧,深受我国观众的喜爱。其剧情涵盖了美国社会文化生活的方方面面,给我们了解美国文化提供了一个有效途径。然而,《老友记》剧集的字幕翻译,尤其是其中文化负载词的翻译工作,给中文译者带来了极大的挑战,也引起了本文作者的极大兴趣,想要了解其中的文化负载词所负载的文化含义如何用中文来体现。
学者对文化负载词的划分,看法不一,本文作者博采众长,将文化负载词分为四类,即习语类、社会生活类、生态类和语言类。同时,为考察《老友记》汉译字幕这四类文化负载词的翻译是否可取,本文以彼得·纽马克教授的交际原则为理论框架,对《老友记》汉译字幕进行简单分析,发现《老友记》汉译对上述四类文化负载词的一些翻译并不符合交际原则的要求,未能准确传达原文信息,难以使目的语读者与原文本产生共鸣。
为了解决上述问题,本文参照交际原则的具体要求,通过对比分析,逐一为各类文化负载词总结了不同的翻译策略,最终得出以下结论：意译是翻译习语类文化负载词的有效策略,添加和意译是翻译社会生活类和生态类文化负载词的有效策略,本士化是翻译语言类文化负载词的有效策略。
The Friends series is a famous American sitcom, which concern almost every aspect of American social and cultural life and is very popular among the Chinese viewers. However, the subtitles, especially the culture-loaded words in it, bring great challenges to the Chinese translators and also provoke the author's interest, who would like to learn about how to convey the cultural information of the culture-loaded words into Chinese.
Various scholars have given their own classification for culture-loaded words. On the basis of their research, this thesis categorizes culture-loaded words in Friends into four groups, namely: idioms, social culture-loaded words, ecological culture-loaded words and linguistic culture-loaded words. Based on this classification and with Peter Newmark's communicative principle as the guideline, this thesis makes comparison and analyses on different versions of the Friends series and finds out that some of the translations do not comply with the communicative principle and they fail to completely and correctly convey the original information or produce on its readers "an effect as close as possible to that obtained on the reader of the original." (Newmark,2001:39)
To solve the above-mentioned problems, this thesis tries to provide with specific strategies to deal with the translations of different types of culture-loaded words. The author suggests that paraphrase be a very effective translation strategy for idiom translation; as for social culture-loaded words and ecological culture-loaded words, adding and paraphrase are the translation strategies recommended; for linguistic culture-loaded words, localization is an effective translation strategy offered here.
学者对文化负载词的划分,看法不一,本文作者博采众长,将文化负载词分为四类,即习语类、社会生活类、生态类和语言类。同时,为考察《老友记》汉译字幕这四类文化负载词的翻译是否可取,本文以彼得·纽马克教授的交际原则为理论框架,对《老友记》汉译字幕进行简单分析,发现《老友记》汉译对上述四类文化负载词的一些翻译并不符合交际原则的要求,未能准确传达原文信息,难以使目的语读者与原文本产生共鸣。
为了解决上述问题,本文参照交际原则的具体要求,通过对比分析,逐一为各类文化负载词总结了不同的翻译策略,最终得出以下结论：意译是翻译习语类文化负载词的有效策略,添加和意译是翻译社会生活类和生态类文化负载词的有效策略,本士化是翻译语言类文化负载词的有效策略。
The Friends series is a famous American sitcom, which concern almost every aspect of American social and cultural life and is very popular among the Chinese viewers. However, the subtitles, especially the culture-loaded words in it, bring great challenges to the Chinese translators and also provoke the author's interest, who would like to learn about how to convey the cultural information of the culture-loaded words into Chinese.
Various scholars have given their own classification for culture-loaded words. On the basis of their research, this thesis categorizes culture-loaded words in Friends into four groups, namely: idioms, social culture-loaded words, ecological culture-loaded words and linguistic culture-loaded words. Based on this classification and with Peter Newmark's communicative principle as the guideline, this thesis makes comparison and analyses on different versions of the Friends series and finds out that some of the translations do not comply with the communicative principle and they fail to completely and correctly convey the original information or produce on its readers "an effect as close as possible to that obtained on the reader of the original." (Newmark,2001:39)
To solve the above-mentioned problems, this thesis tries to provide with specific strategies to deal with the translations of different types of culture-loaded words. The author suggests that paraphrase be a very effective translation strategy for idiom translation; as for social culture-loaded words and ecological culture-loaded words, adding and paraphrase are the translation strategies recommended; for linguistic culture-loaded words, localization is an effective translation strategy offered here.
引文
[1]Aixela, Javier Franco. "Culture-Specific References in Translation". Translation, Power, Subversion. Clevedon:Multilingual Matters Ltd,1996.
[2]Baker, Mona. In Other Words. A Coursebook on Translation. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2000.
[3]Bassnett, Susan and Lefevere. Translation, History and Culture. London and New York:Pinter,1999.
[4]Diaz-Cintas, Jorge. "Striving for Quality in Subtitling:the Role of a Good Dialogue List". Media Translation, Concept, Practices and Research. Ed. Gambier, Yves and Gottlieb, Henrik. Amsterdam/Philadelphia:John Benjamins Publishing Company,2001.199-209.
[5]Gambier, Yves. "Screen Transadaptation:Perception and Reception". The Translator. Manchester:St. Jerome Publishing,2003.
[6]Gottlieb, Henrik. "Subtitling:Diagonal Translation". Perspectives:Studies in Transtology. Copenhagen:University of Copenhagen,1997.107-134.
[7]Hall, E.T. The Silent Language. New York:Doubleday,1976.
[8]Hoebel and Frost, E. L.. Culture and Social Anthropology. New York:McGraw-Hill,1976.
[9]Holmes, James S. Translated! Papers on Literary Translation and Translation Studies. Amsterdam:Rodopi,1988.
[10]Ivarsson, Jan and Carroll, Mary. Subtitling. Simrishamn:TransEdit,1998.
[11]Kramsch, C. Language and Culture. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,1988.
[12]Morgan, Hazel R. "Subtitling for Channel 4 Television". Media Translation, Concept, Practices and Research. Ed. Gambier, Yves and Gottlieb, Henrik. Amsterdam/Philadelphia:John Benjamins Publishing Company,2001.161-165.
[13]Nedergaard-Larsen, Birgit. "Culture-bound Problems in Subtitling". Perspectives:Studies in Transtology,1993.207-242.
[14]Newmark, Peter. Approach to Translation. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2001.
[15]Newmark, Peter. A Text book of Translation. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2001.
[16]Nida, E. A. and Taber, C. R. The Theory and Practice of Translation. Leiden:E. J. Brill,1969.
[17]Nida, E. A. Language and Culture:Contexts in Translating. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2001.
[18]Remael, Aline. "Some Thoughts on the Studies of Multimodal and Multimedia Translation". Media Translation, Concept, Practices and Research. Ed. Gambier, Yves and Gottlieb, Henrik. Amsterdam/Philadelphia:John Benjamins Publishing Company,2001.13.
[19]Reiss, Katharina. Translation Criticism:The Potentials and Limitation. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
[20]Samovar, Larry A., Richard, E. Porter and Stefani, Lisa A.. Communication between Cultures. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2003.
[21]Snell-Hornby, Mary. Translation Studies:An Integrated Approach. Shanghai: Foreign Language Education Press,2001.
[22]Toury, Gideon. In Search of a Theory of Translation. Tel Aviv:Porter Institute of Poetics,1980.
[23]Venuti, Lawrence. The Translator's Invisibility:A History of Translation. London:Routledge,1995.
[24]Wehn, Karin. "About Remarks, Dubbing & Morphing:Some Comments on Visual Transformation Processes and Their Relevance for Translation Theory". Media Translation, Concept, Practices and Research. Ed. Gambier, Yves and Gottlieb, Henrik. Amsterdam/Philadelphia:John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2001.66.
[25]Williams, R. Keywords—A Vocabulary of Culture and Society. New York: Oxford University Press,1985.
[26]Williams, Jenny and Chesterman, Andrew. The Map:A Beginner's Guide to Doing Research in Translation Studies. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2001.
[27]包惠南、包昂.《实用文化翻译学》.上海：上海科学普及出版社,2000.
[28]陈安定.《英汉比较与翻译》.北京：中国对外翻译出版公司,1996.
[29]干宁.《老友记》汉语字幕幽默翻译之分析——基于功能主义的研究.[硕士学位论文].武汉：华中科技大学,2006.
[30]高乾.交际翻译法在英语电影字幕翻译中的运用——语言、文化问题的处理.[硕士学位论文].太原：山西大学,2008.
[31]格日乐.从交际原则奇偶阿社看英语影视翻译原则.[硕士学位论文].天 津：天津理工大学,2008.
[32]何自然.“另类”翻译的困惑.《中国翻译》2003(2)：11-14.
[33]胡文仲.《跨文化交际学概论》.北京：外语教学与研究出版社,1999.244-245.
[34]黄河清.试析外来词在英、汉两种语言中数量悬殊的原因.《现代外语》1989(2).
[35]柯平.《英汉与汉英翻译教程》.北京：北京大学出版社,1991.
[36]李运兴.字幕翻译的策略.《中国翻译》2001(4)：38-40.
[37]廖七一.《当代西方翻译理论探索》.南京：译林出版社,2002.
[38]刘肖岩、关子安.试论戏剧翻译的标准.《齐齐哈尔大学学报》2002(2)：5-7.
[39]麻争旗.论影视翻译的基本原则.《北京广播学院院报》1998(2)：81-84.
[40]彭保良.从文化差异的角度看英汉翻译中词义的确立.《中国翻译》1998(1)：32-37.
[41]钱绍昌.影视翻译——翻译园地愈来愈重要的领域.《中国翻译》2000(1)：51-54.
[42]尚路平Moment in Peking及其两个汉译本对文化负载词的处理.[硕士学位论文].兰州：兰州大学,2009.
[43]沈阳.字幕翻译的规范：英语情景喜剧中幽默翻译的描述性研究.[硕士学位论文].杭州：浙江大学,2005.
[44]覃载喜.《新编奈达论翻译》.北京：中国对外翻译出版公司,1999.
[45]王航艳.从交际翻译和语义翻译看《水浒传》中绰号的翻译.[硕士学位论文].西安：西安电子科技大学,2009.
[46]夏平.影视翻译中的交际原则.[硕士学位论文].上海：上海外国语大学, 2003.
[47]肖洪兵.文化负载词极其异化翻译研究——从文化传播的视角.[硕士学位论文].重庆：重庆大学,2007.
[48]许崇信.文化交流与翻译.《外国语》1999(1)：29-34.
[49]杨敏.功能翻译理论与情景喜剧《六人行》的字幕翻译.[硕士学位论文].湘潭：湘潭大学,2005.
[50]叶瑾.基于语料库的《老友记》中的习语研究.[硕士学位论文].武汉：华中科技大学,2005.
[51]张爱琳.《跨文化交际》.重庆：重庆大学出版社,2003.
[52]张春柏.影视翻译初探.《中国翻译》1998(2)：50-53.
[53]赵化勇.《译制片探讨与研究》.北京：中国广播电视出版社,2000.
[54]周莉莉.影视翻译的特点及技巧.《安庆师院社会科学学报》1997(3)：98-100.
[55]周志培.《汉英对比与翻译中的转换》.上海：华东理工大学出版社,2003.
[56]朱耀先.浅谈中西文化差异与翻译.《中国翻译》1997(2)：7-10.
[57]朱莹.词汇层面的文化空缺及在翻译中的应对.[硕士学位论文].大连：东北财经大学,2007.
[58]宗野.翻译中文化专属名词的处理.[硕士学位论文].北京：解放军外国语大学,2005.
[2]Baker, Mona. In Other Words. A Coursebook on Translation. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2000.
[3]Bassnett, Susan and Lefevere. Translation, History and Culture. London and New York:Pinter,1999.
[4]Diaz-Cintas, Jorge. "Striving for Quality in Subtitling:the Role of a Good Dialogue List". Media Translation, Concept, Practices and Research. Ed. Gambier, Yves and Gottlieb, Henrik. Amsterdam/Philadelphia:John Benjamins Publishing Company,2001.199-209.
[5]Gambier, Yves. "Screen Transadaptation:Perception and Reception". The Translator. Manchester:St. Jerome Publishing,2003.
[6]Gottlieb, Henrik. "Subtitling:Diagonal Translation". Perspectives:Studies in Transtology. Copenhagen:University of Copenhagen,1997.107-134.
[7]Hall, E.T. The Silent Language. New York:Doubleday,1976.
[8]Hoebel and Frost, E. L.. Culture and Social Anthropology. New York:McGraw-Hill,1976.
[9]Holmes, James S. Translated! Papers on Literary Translation and Translation Studies. Amsterdam:Rodopi,1988.
[10]Ivarsson, Jan and Carroll, Mary. Subtitling. Simrishamn:TransEdit,1998.
[11]Kramsch, C. Language and Culture. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,1988.
[12]Morgan, Hazel R. "Subtitling for Channel 4 Television". Media Translation, Concept, Practices and Research. Ed. Gambier, Yves and Gottlieb, Henrik. Amsterdam/Philadelphia:John Benjamins Publishing Company,2001.161-165.
[13]Nedergaard-Larsen, Birgit. "Culture-bound Problems in Subtitling". Perspectives:Studies in Transtology,1993.207-242.
[14]Newmark, Peter. Approach to Translation. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2001.
[15]Newmark, Peter. A Text book of Translation. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2001.
[16]Nida, E. A. and Taber, C. R. The Theory and Practice of Translation. Leiden:E. J. Brill,1969.
[17]Nida, E. A. Language and Culture:Contexts in Translating. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2001.
[18]Remael, Aline. "Some Thoughts on the Studies of Multimodal and Multimedia Translation". Media Translation, Concept, Practices and Research. Ed. Gambier, Yves and Gottlieb, Henrik. Amsterdam/Philadelphia:John Benjamins Publishing Company,2001.13.
[19]Reiss, Katharina. Translation Criticism:The Potentials and Limitation. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
[20]Samovar, Larry A., Richard, E. Porter and Stefani, Lisa A.. Communication between Cultures. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2003.
[21]Snell-Hornby, Mary. Translation Studies:An Integrated Approach. Shanghai: Foreign Language Education Press,2001.
[22]Toury, Gideon. In Search of a Theory of Translation. Tel Aviv:Porter Institute of Poetics,1980.
[23]Venuti, Lawrence. The Translator's Invisibility:A History of Translation. London:Routledge,1995.
[24]Wehn, Karin. "About Remarks, Dubbing & Morphing:Some Comments on Visual Transformation Processes and Their Relevance for Translation Theory". Media Translation, Concept, Practices and Research. Ed. Gambier, Yves and Gottlieb, Henrik. Amsterdam/Philadelphia:John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2001.66.
[25]Williams, R. Keywords—A Vocabulary of Culture and Society. New York: Oxford University Press,1985.
[26]Williams, Jenny and Chesterman, Andrew. The Map:A Beginner's Guide to Doing Research in Translation Studies. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2001.
[27]包惠南、包昂.《实用文化翻译学》.上海：上海科学普及出版社,2000.
[28]陈安定.《英汉比较与翻译》.北京：中国对外翻译出版公司,1996.
[29]干宁.《老友记》汉语字幕幽默翻译之分析——基于功能主义的研究.[硕士学位论文].武汉：华中科技大学,2006.
[30]高乾.交际翻译法在英语电影字幕翻译中的运用——语言、文化问题的处理.[硕士学位论文].太原：山西大学,2008.
[31]格日乐.从交际原则奇偶阿社看英语影视翻译原则.[硕士学位论文].天 津：天津理工大学,2008.
[32]何自然.“另类”翻译的困惑.《中国翻译》2003(2)：11-14.
[33]胡文仲.《跨文化交际学概论》.北京：外语教学与研究出版社,1999.244-245.
[34]黄河清.试析外来词在英、汉两种语言中数量悬殊的原因.《现代外语》1989(2).
[35]柯平.《英汉与汉英翻译教程》.北京：北京大学出版社,1991.
[36]李运兴.字幕翻译的策略.《中国翻译》2001(4)：38-40.
[37]廖七一.《当代西方翻译理论探索》.南京：译林出版社,2002.
[38]刘肖岩、关子安.试论戏剧翻译的标准.《齐齐哈尔大学学报》2002(2)：5-7.
[39]麻争旗.论影视翻译的基本原则.《北京广播学院院报》1998(2)：81-84.
[40]彭保良.从文化差异的角度看英汉翻译中词义的确立.《中国翻译》1998(1)：32-37.
[41]钱绍昌.影视翻译——翻译园地愈来愈重要的领域.《中国翻译》2000(1)：51-54.
[42]尚路平Moment in Peking及其两个汉译本对文化负载词的处理.[硕士学位论文].兰州：兰州大学,2009.
[43]沈阳.字幕翻译的规范：英语情景喜剧中幽默翻译的描述性研究.[硕士学位论文].杭州：浙江大学,2005.
[44]覃载喜.《新编奈达论翻译》.北京：中国对外翻译出版公司,1999.
[45]王航艳.从交际翻译和语义翻译看《水浒传》中绰号的翻译.[硕士学位论文].西安：西安电子科技大学,2009.
[46]夏平.影视翻译中的交际原则.[硕士学位论文].上海：上海外国语大学, 2003.
[47]肖洪兵.文化负载词极其异化翻译研究——从文化传播的视角.[硕士学位论文].重庆：重庆大学,2007.
[48]许崇信.文化交流与翻译.《外国语》1999(1)：29-34.
[49]杨敏.功能翻译理论与情景喜剧《六人行》的字幕翻译.[硕士学位论文].湘潭：湘潭大学,2005.
[50]叶瑾.基于语料库的《老友记》中的习语研究.[硕士学位论文].武汉：华中科技大学,2005.
[51]张爱琳.《跨文化交际》.重庆：重庆大学出版社,2003.
[52]张春柏.影视翻译初探.《中国翻译》1998(2)：50-53.
[53]赵化勇.《译制片探讨与研究》.北京：中国广播电视出版社,2000.
[54]周莉莉.影视翻译的特点及技巧.《安庆师院社会科学学报》1997(3)：98-100.
[55]周志培.《汉英对比与翻译中的转换》.上海：华东理工大学出版社,2003.
[56]朱耀先.浅谈中西文化差异与翻译.《中国翻译》1997(2)：7-10.
[57]朱莹.词汇层面的文化空缺及在翻译中的应对.[硕士学位论文].大连：东北财经大学,2007.
[58]宗野.翻译中文化专属名词的处理.[硕士学位论文].北京：解放军外国语大学,2005.