我国现代水市场研究
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摘要
为缓解我国北方的水资源危机,南水北调中线、东线工程已开始启动。按照水权理论和现代企业制度的理论来构建南水北调建设和经营管理体制,走国家宏观调控、准市场运作、企业化经营、用水户参与的道路已成为水利部等领导和专家学者的广泛共识。未雨绸缪,如何利用市场机制,通过水权的流转实现水资源的合理配置,即采取何种可操作性的水市场交易模式是大家正在探索的问题。本文借鉴了国内外多种交易机制,提出针对工业用水的水单交易模式,作为一种规范化、组织化、现代化的贸易方式,它具有很强的现实性和可操作性,可为政府宏观决策提供有益的思路。此外,本文提出建立工业用水期货市场,来规避水价波动给用水、供水企业带来的市场风险,这对于企业降低成本、提高利润,增强国际竞争力具有重要的意义。
Nowadays water shortage has become a global problem in 21st century. In China, water problem is the most biggest problem called bottle-neck restricting national economic and social development. The conspicuous contraction of water shortage shows in aspect of urban water use. As a result, the project of water transfer from south to north aims to re-lieve water crisis in North China lasting for generations. With the stepping up the imple-mentation of the project, the question of how to dispose rationally water transferred from south is getting more and more noticeable. According to some countries’experience on water resources management such as American, Japan, Britain, Mexico and Australia, water market which has sound policy support and rational design is efficient mechanism to redispose water resources facing limited water supply capacity and more and more water demand. Through market action, on one hand, water resources can be shifted from users of low utilization benefit to high utilization benefit so as to improve utilizing effi-ciency of water resources; on the other hand, market trade has dynamic characteristic,that is, the change of water price can show really the relationship of water supply and demand, meanwhile, it can show changes of total water quantity and water demand. As a result, market can redispose existing water resources so as to meet the demand of urbanization and industrialization for water demand. In addition, regional total quantity of water utili-zation can be restricted powerfully through market, therefore, it can lead to optimizing disposition of water resources among internal regions so that it can bring about optimiz-ing water using in each department and promote to save on water.
Now it is well known for leaders of Water Resources Ministry and experts in water re-sources that implementing market mechanism in the project of water transfer from south to north so as to transfer water rights and rationally dispose water resources, that is, building the construction and management system of the project according to theories of
water rights and modern business system along a way regulated by government on a grand scale,handled through market, run by business and participated by water users. But a puzzled problem now is that we should choose what kind of water market trade mode, and many people are worrying about water market and water price: with the building wa-ter market of the project of water transfer from south to north, water price will be decided by market supply and demand. Water fluctuation decides price crisis. Water users and enterprises for water supply all have to face water crisis brought about by price fluctua-tion. Especially after our country joining into the World Trade Organization, water price too high will lead to improving products cost for water users or decrease enterprises’profits and interfere with their international competition capacity. These problems puzzle seriously the construction course of water market in our country. So it is significant for the project of water transfer from south to north that setting up a practicable mode of wa-ter market trade conforming to our country’s condition and water resources condition. This dissertation puts forwards a practicable water market trade mode and one way of water price management taking the project of water transfer from south to north as an example, based on studies on water rights at home and abroad as well as interrelated products and resources market mechanism. The aim of the dissertation is to support sci-entific basis for government making policy. This dissertation includes 6 chapters. Main content of each chapter is as the following: 1. The author puts forwards the basic connotation of modern water market in our country, and then expounds the practice background of modern water market in our country (1)the situation of water shortage needs water market; (2)the development of market economy needs water market; (3)strengthening water resources management needs water market. So it is very important for our national economy and social devel-opment to study on how to give full play to market mechanism in rational disposing wa-ter resources of the project of water transfer from south to north.. 2. The author elaborates general thinking of building water market in our country based on fully studying on theories of water rights at home and abroad and drawing les-sons from international practices through analyzing the first example of water rights trade in China. 3. The author puts forwards some problems in water resources management now and points out trends of water resources management according to the basic require of water resources sustainable utilization on the system of water resources management. That is, (1)changing from water supply management to water demand management; (2)changing from single management to synthetic management; (3)changing from area management
to river valley management; (4)changing from planning mode to the mode of combing government with market; (5)it is essential that water users participate in water resources management. 4. Theories base of building modern water market mainly include the theory of sus-tainable development, the theory of modern market economy, the price theory, the theory of water rights and futures market. Especially the foundations of futures market (risk shifting and price forming) are key theory of building modern water market. The gen-eral study frame of this dissertation is: (1)drawing conclusions of theories of water rights and experiences of water market at home and abroad; (2) putting forwards water market mode of the project of water transfer from south to north and the thinking of how to per-fect modern water market system through drawing lessons from interrelated products and resources and considering the characteristic of water resources. 5. The author takes the project of water transfer from south to north as an example and studies on it carefully. (1)basic conditions of the project of water transfer from south to north; (2)the project’s influence on economy, social development and ecological envi-ronment. 6. Main studies on water market of the project include the following contents:(1) the basic connotation and frame of water market of the project of water transfer from south to north; (2)theories of building water market of the project, i.e., water resources rational disposition; (3)probing into water market trade mode for industrial water use and laying emphasis on trade mechanism of water document. I t is the important view of the disser-tation as well as one of the blazing new trails; (4)the essence and foundation of the fu-tures market of the project; (5)perfecting the system of water market of the project and how to regulating the water market of the project of water transfer from south to north for government on a grand scale. These four points are also the blazing new trails of the dis-sertation and most of the views have been approved by leaders of Water Resources Min-istry and academic circles.
Nowadays water shortage has become a global problem in 21st century. In China, water problem is the most biggest problem called bottle-neck restricting national economic and social development. The conspicuous contraction of water shortage shows in aspect of urban water use. As a result, the project of water transfer from south to north aims to re-lieve water crisis in North China lasting for generations. With the stepping up the imple-mentation of the project, the question of how to dispose rationally water transferred from south is getting more and more noticeable. According to some countries’experience on water resources management such as American, Japan, Britain, Mexico and Australia, water market which has sound policy support and rational design is efficient mechanism to redispose water resources facing limited water supply capacity and more and more water demand. Through market action, on one hand, water resources can be shifted from users of low utilization benefit to high utilization benefit so as to improve utilizing effi-ciency of water resources; on the other hand, market trade has dynamic characteristic,that is, the change of water price can show really the relationship of water supply and demand, meanwhile, it can show changes of total water quantity and water demand. As a result, market can redispose existing water resources so as to meet the demand of urbanization and industrialization for water demand. In addition, regional total quantity of water utili-zation can be restricted powerfully through market, therefore, it can lead to optimizing disposition of water resources among internal regions so that it can bring about optimiz-ing water using in each department and promote to save on water.
Now it is well known for leaders of Water Resources Ministry and experts in water re-sources that implementing market mechanism in the project of water transfer from south to north so as to transfer water rights and rationally dispose water resources, that is, building the construction and management system of the project according to theories of
water rights and modern business system along a way regulated by government on a grand scale,handled through market, run by business and participated by water users. But a puzzled problem now is that we should choose what kind of water market trade mode, and many people are worrying about water market and water price: with the building wa-ter market of the project of water transfer from south to north, water price will be decided by market supply and demand. Water fluctuation decides price crisis. Water users and enterprises for water supply all have to face water crisis brought about by price fluctua-tion. Especially after our country joining into the World Trade Organization, water price too high will lead to improving products cost for water users or decrease enterprises’profits and interfere with their international competition capacity. These problems puzzle seriously the construction course of water market in our country. So it is significant for the project of water transfer from south to north that setting up a practicable mode of wa-ter market trade conforming to our country’s condition and water resources condition. This dissertation puts forwards a practicable water market trade mode and one way of water price management taking the project of water transfer from south to north as an example, based on studies on water rights at home and abroad as well as interrelated products and resources market mechanism. The aim of the dissertation is to support sci-entific basis for government making policy. This dissertation includes 6 chapters. Main content of each chapter is as the following: 1. The author puts forwards the basic connotation of modern water market in our country, and then expounds the practice background of modern water market in our country (1)the situation of water shortage needs water market; (2)the development of market economy needs water market; (3)strengthening water resources management needs water market. So it is very important for our national economy and social devel-opment to study on how to give full play to market mechanism in rational disposing wa-ter resources of the project of water transfer from south to north.. 2. The author elaborates general thinking of building water market in our country based on fully studying on theories of water rights at home and abroad and drawing les-sons from international practices through analyzing the first example of water rights trade in China. 3. The author puts forwards some problems in water resources management now and points out trends of water resources management according to the basic require of water resources sustainable utilization on the system of water resources management. That is, (1)changing from water supply management to water demand management; (2)changing from single management to synthetic management; (3)changing from area management
to river valley management; (4)changing from planning mode to the mode of combing government with market; (5)it is essential that water users participate in water resources management. 4. Theories base of building modern water market mainly include the theory of sus-tainable development, the theory of modern market economy, the price theory, the theory of water rights and futures market. Especially the foundations of futures market (risk shifting and price forming) are key theory of building modern water market. The gen-eral study frame of this dissertation is: (1)drawing conclusions of theories of water rights and experiences of water market at home and abroad; (2) putting forwards water market mode of the project of water transfer from south to north and the thinking of how to per-fect modern water market system through drawing lessons from interrelated products and resources and considering the characteristic of water resources. 5. The author takes the project of water transfer from south to north as an example and studies on it carefully. (1)basic conditions of the project of water transfer from south to north; (2)the project’s influence on economy, social development and ecological envi-ronment. 6. Main studies on water market of the project include the following contents:(1) the basic connotation and frame of water market of the project of water transfer from south to north; (2)theories of building water market of the project, i.e., water resources rational disposition; (3)probing into water market trade mode for industrial water use and laying emphasis on trade mechanism of water document. I t is the important view of the disser-tation as well as one of the blazing new trails; (4)the essence and foundation of the fu-tures market of the project; (5)perfecting the system of water market of the project and how to regulating the water market of the project of water transfer from south to north for government on a grand scale. These four points are also the blazing new trails of the dis-sertation and most of the views have been approved by leaders of Water Resources Min-istry and academic circles.
引文
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