低渗透砂岩气藏气水分布规律研究
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摘要
苏里格气田上古二叠系气藏储层无论是岩性、孔隙结构还是气、水分布均很复杂。位于该气田北部的苏54区盒8、山1气藏是一个典型的低孔、低渗的砂岩岩性气藏，其储层物性差，孔喉半径小，非均质性强。苏54区处于开发的前期，该区主要产层为石盒子组的盒8段与山西组的山1段，截止2012年11月共完钻82口井，其中探井39口，开发井43口。随着勘探开发的不断进行，有近30余口井在试气过程中出水，单井试气出水量最高可达72m3/d，从出水层段来看盒8、山1段均有出水，从出水井分布来看，出水井位分散，可见气藏普遍见水；目前对该区的研究程度较低，对苏54区主力产层的砂体展布规律、气井的出水成因、地层水的相互连通性、水体分布规律及其控制因素等内容的认识不够清楚，另外气、水层识别难度大。为了在钻井时尽量避开水体，高效建产，合理开发苏54区盒8、山1段气藏，因此，论文选择该区气藏为研究对象。
本文在前人研究成果的基础上，结合岩心、测井、录井、水化学分析、薄片观察和试气等资料，以沉积学、石油地质学、油田化学，储层地质学和开发地质学等学科理论为指导，运用储层评价技术、测井分析技术等现代油藏描述技术和方法，综合鄂尔多斯盆地上古气藏开发现状，对地层水化学特征、气水层识别、砂体的物性及展布规律、水体分布规律及其控制因素进行了综合研究，以确保气田的高效开发，通过研究取得了以下的成果和认识：
1、以沉积学理论为基础，充分考虑研究区的沉积背景、沉积特点，遵循“先大后小、循序渐进”的原则，综合运用高分辨率层序地层学、标志层法和等高程等对比技术与方法，对苏里格气田苏54区盒8、山1段进行了精细地层划分与对比，建立了苏54区的等时地层格架，制定了适用于本区地层划分与对比的标准，统一了研究区所有井的分层。
2、依据测井综合解释、水化学分析资料和试气资料，将苏里格气田气井的产水类型划分为三类：正常地层水、淡化地层水和残液；并在此基础上分析了苏里格气田盒8、山1段储层的正常地层水的水化学特征，两段正常地层水化学特征差别不大，地层水中阳离子以Na~++K~+和Ca~(2+)占为主，Mg~(2+)次之，阴离子以Cl-为主，以总矿化度、水化学特征系数等，不能将这两段所产地层水区分开来。通过对地层水化学特征系数综合分析认为：苏里格气田盒8，山1气藏总体上封闭性较好，有利于天然气的保存。
3、运用盒8、山1段岩心、薄片等资料，经分析、观察和化验,对储层岩石的颜色、沉积构造、岩石学特征、粒度特征等相标志进行了分析,结合测井特征，认为山1段、盒8段均为辫（网）状河分流河道沉积，划分出河道滞留沉积、河漫滩沉积、心滩沉积、泛滥平原和天然堤等微相。
4、根据取心井的铸体薄片、扫描电镜、物性测试等分析资料对盒8、山1段储层特征进行了评价。盒8、山1段储集层主要发育四类孔隙，原生粒间孔隙、次生溶孔、高岭石晶间孔和微裂隙。储层物性方面，盒8、山1段储层属典型的低孔低渗储层；孔隙结构分选差、粗-细歪度型为主；整体来看，盒8下段储层物性较好。
5、运用测井和岩心资料，对盒8、山1储层砂岩电性特征进行了分析，对山1、盒8段各小层进一步细分，并分析了研究区的砂体展布规律，砂体整体近南北向展布，砂体在平行物源的方向上连续性较好，延伸较远，而在垂直物源方向上连续性较差，砂体多呈孤立状；砂体分布的不均匀性、砂体的连续性和储层物性变化直接造成该区砂体很强的非均质性。
6、综合射孔试气资料、测井、岩性、水化学等资料，分析了研究区低阻气层的成因认为主要由储层物性、泥浆滤液侵入与泥质杂基引起；采用两级识别原则，首先将识别渗透层与非渗透层，而后采用多种方法在渗透层中对气、水进行识别，通过对比，筛选出适合本区的气、水识别方法，主要使用孔隙度-电阻率法，辅助使用可动水法和多元判别分析法。
7、结合研究区地质等多种因素，分析认为控制气水分布规律的主要因素中储层地质结构是基础、由于受砂体展布方向等的影响，研究区多为局部水体。储层的纵横向变化（非均质性），是控制独立气水系统分布的关键因素；在独立的气水系统中，气水分布受局部砂体微构造的控制。以沉积微相和砂体展布规律为背景，结合气水识别结果，预测水体在纵向和横向上的分布规律，总体而言，在纵向上各层段均有出水，横向上散布于该研究区。通过追踪水体，分析地层水的成因，地层水类型。
Abstract: The lithology, pore structure and gas-water distribution of ancient timespermian gas reservoir in Sulige Gasfield were complicated. Located in the north ofSulige Gasfield, the Su54area He8and Shang1gas reservoir was one typicallow-porosity and low-permeability sandstone lithologic gas reservoir, with poorphysical properties, small radius of pore throat and strong heterogeneity. Su54areawas in the early period of development. The He8member in Shihezi formation andShang1member were the principal producing formations in Su54area. UntilNovember2012, there were82drilled wells containing39exploratory wells and43development wells. With continuous exploratory development, there was water in theprocess of gas testing in nearly30wells and meanwhile the water yield of single wellcould be up to72m3/d. Judging from the water production interval, there was waterboth in He8and Shang1members; from the distribution of water wells, the water wellpositions were scattered, which indicated that there was always water in gas reservoirs;at present, the research degree of the main production layer was low, and thedistribution of sand body, the cause of effluent of gas well, the connectivity offormation, distribution of water body and the controlling factors in Su54area had notbeen clearly known. Additionally, the recognition of gas and water layers was difficult.In order to avoid water body and achieve high-efficient production in the process ofdrilling, and reasonably develop Su54He8and Shang1member gas reservoir, the gasreservoir in this area was selected as research object in this paper.
Based on previous research achievements and data on rock core, well log,logging, water chemical analysis, slice observation and gas testing, the modernreservoir description technology and methods, such as reservoir assessment technology and log analysis techniques, were adopted to comprehensively study thechemical characteristics of formation water, recognition of gas-water layer, physicalproperties of sand body and its distribution, distribution of water body and itscontrolling factors in accordance with the development status of upper Paleozoic inOrdos Basin to ensure the high efficient development of gasfield; at the same, thisresearch was guided by discipline theories, such as sedimentoloty, petroleum geology,oilfield chemistry, reservoir geology and reservoir geology. Through the research, thefollowing achievements and understandings were obtained:
1. Based on sedimentary theory, the high-resolution sequence stratigraphy, themethod of the key bed and equal height were applied to the fine strata classificationand correlation of Su54area He8and Shang1members in Sulige Gasfield, with fullyconsidering the sedimentary background and sedimentary characteristics in study area,and following the principles of “big then small, step by step”. Finally the isochronousstratigraphic framework in Su54area was established; the standards which weresuitable for the stratigrahic division and comparison of this area were set up; and thelayering of all wells in this area was unified.
2. According to comprehensive log interpretation, water chemical analysis dataand gas testing data, the water production types of gas wells in Sulige gasfield weredivided into three sorts: normal formation water, desalinated formation water andraffinate; on this basis, the chemical characteristics of formation water in He8andShang1members of Sulige gasfield was analyzed. It could come to the followingconclusions: the differences between the chemical characteristics of formation waterin this two members was not significant; the Na++K+and Ca2+were the main cationsin formation water, followed by Mg2+; while the Cl-was the main anion; and theformation water produced in the two members could not be distinguished by totalsalinity and hydrochemistry characteristics coefficient. Through the comprehensiveanalysis on hydrochemistry characteristics of formation water, the results showed thatgenerally the sealing of He8and Shang1gas reservoir in Sulige gasfield was better,which was in favor of conversation of natural gas.
3. By using the data of cores and thin slices of He8and Shang1members andcombining the characteristics of logging, the facies markers such as the color of rocks,sedimentary structure, petrological characteristics and grain-size characteristics ofreservoir were analyzed. Through analysis, observation and assay, it was thought thatthe upper segment of Shang1and He8members was the distributary channel depositof meandering river, and the water system of He8member was mainly the distributary channel deposit of braided river. Consequently, the micro-phases, including channelretention sediment, sideband deposition, channel bar sedimentary, flood plain andnatural levee, were divided.
4. In terms of the casting slices, scanning electron microscope and physicalproperty measurement, the reservoir characteristics of He8and Shang1members wereevaluated. There were chiefly four pores developed in the reservoirs of He8andShang1members----primary intergranular pore, secondary solution pores, kaoliniteintercrstallline pore and microfissure. According to reservoir physical properties, thereservoir of He8and Shang1members belonged to typical low-porosity andlow-permeability reservoir; the sorting of pore structure was poor, with the coarse-fineskewness type as the principle; on the whole, the reservoir physical properties of thelower segment of He8were better.
5. Combining the logging curve and core observation, the electricalcharacteristics of reservoir sand of He8and Shang1members were analyzed, eachsmall layer of Shang1and He8segments were furtherly subdivided, and thedistribution of sand body in study area was also analyzed. The sand body extendedalong south and north direction as a whole; the continuity of sand body in thedirection parallel with sources was better, extending widely; while the continuity waspoor in the direction perpendicular to the sources, taking on shapes of isolated points;the inhomogeneity of distribution, the continuity of sand body and changes ofreservoir physical properties directly caused the strong heterogeneity of sand body inthis area.
6. Through synthesizing the perforation gas testing data and data on logging,lithology and hydrochemistry, the cause of low-resistivity gas reservoir in study areawas analyzed, with the results that the low-resistivity gas reservoir was caused by thephysical properties of reservoir, invasion of mud filtrate and matrixes of shaly; byapplying two-level recognition principle, the permeability formation andnon-permeability formation were recognized firstly, and then the gas and water inpermeability formation were recognized by many methods. Through comparison, therecognition methods of gas and water which were suitable for this area were screened.The porosity-resistivity method was mainly used, assisted by apparent formationwater resistivity method and multiple discriminate analysis method.
7. In terms of multi-factors containing the geology in study area, it was thoughtthrough analysis that the geological structure was the basic factor for the distributionof gas and water, gas-water identification was guarantee factor and accumulation process was the key factor. Through combing the results of gas-water identification,the sedimentary micro-facies and the distribution of sand body were taken asbackground to predict the distribution law of water body in vertical and lateraldirections. In general, there was effluent in each interval in vertical direction whilewater body was scattered in this study area in lateral direction. By tracing water body,the cause and type of formation water were analyzed.
本文在前人研究成果的基础上，结合岩心、测井、录井、水化学分析、薄片观察和试气等资料，以沉积学、石油地质学、油田化学，储层地质学和开发地质学等学科理论为指导，运用储层评价技术、测井分析技术等现代油藏描述技术和方法，综合鄂尔多斯盆地上古气藏开发现状，对地层水化学特征、气水层识别、砂体的物性及展布规律、水体分布规律及其控制因素进行了综合研究，以确保气田的高效开发，通过研究取得了以下的成果和认识：
1、以沉积学理论为基础，充分考虑研究区的沉积背景、沉积特点，遵循“先大后小、循序渐进”的原则，综合运用高分辨率层序地层学、标志层法和等高程等对比技术与方法，对苏里格气田苏54区盒8、山1段进行了精细地层划分与对比，建立了苏54区的等时地层格架，制定了适用于本区地层划分与对比的标准，统一了研究区所有井的分层。
2、依据测井综合解释、水化学分析资料和试气资料，将苏里格气田气井的产水类型划分为三类：正常地层水、淡化地层水和残液；并在此基础上分析了苏里格气田盒8、山1段储层的正常地层水的水化学特征，两段正常地层水化学特征差别不大，地层水中阳离子以Na~++K~+和Ca~(2+)占为主，Mg~(2+)次之，阴离子以Cl-为主，以总矿化度、水化学特征系数等，不能将这两段所产地层水区分开来。通过对地层水化学特征系数综合分析认为：苏里格气田盒8，山1气藏总体上封闭性较好，有利于天然气的保存。
3、运用盒8、山1段岩心、薄片等资料，经分析、观察和化验,对储层岩石的颜色、沉积构造、岩石学特征、粒度特征等相标志进行了分析,结合测井特征，认为山1段、盒8段均为辫（网）状河分流河道沉积，划分出河道滞留沉积、河漫滩沉积、心滩沉积、泛滥平原和天然堤等微相。
4、根据取心井的铸体薄片、扫描电镜、物性测试等分析资料对盒8、山1段储层特征进行了评价。盒8、山1段储集层主要发育四类孔隙，原生粒间孔隙、次生溶孔、高岭石晶间孔和微裂隙。储层物性方面，盒8、山1段储层属典型的低孔低渗储层；孔隙结构分选差、粗-细歪度型为主；整体来看，盒8下段储层物性较好。
5、运用测井和岩心资料，对盒8、山1储层砂岩电性特征进行了分析，对山1、盒8段各小层进一步细分，并分析了研究区的砂体展布规律，砂体整体近南北向展布，砂体在平行物源的方向上连续性较好，延伸较远，而在垂直物源方向上连续性较差，砂体多呈孤立状；砂体分布的不均匀性、砂体的连续性和储层物性变化直接造成该区砂体很强的非均质性。
6、综合射孔试气资料、测井、岩性、水化学等资料，分析了研究区低阻气层的成因认为主要由储层物性、泥浆滤液侵入与泥质杂基引起；采用两级识别原则，首先将识别渗透层与非渗透层，而后采用多种方法在渗透层中对气、水进行识别，通过对比，筛选出适合本区的气、水识别方法，主要使用孔隙度-电阻率法，辅助使用可动水法和多元判别分析法。
7、结合研究区地质等多种因素，分析认为控制气水分布规律的主要因素中储层地质结构是基础、由于受砂体展布方向等的影响，研究区多为局部水体。储层的纵横向变化（非均质性），是控制独立气水系统分布的关键因素；在独立的气水系统中，气水分布受局部砂体微构造的控制。以沉积微相和砂体展布规律为背景，结合气水识别结果，预测水体在纵向和横向上的分布规律，总体而言，在纵向上各层段均有出水，横向上散布于该研究区。通过追踪水体，分析地层水的成因，地层水类型。
Abstract: The lithology, pore structure and gas-water distribution of ancient timespermian gas reservoir in Sulige Gasfield were complicated. Located in the north ofSulige Gasfield, the Su54area He8and Shang1gas reservoir was one typicallow-porosity and low-permeability sandstone lithologic gas reservoir, with poorphysical properties, small radius of pore throat and strong heterogeneity. Su54areawas in the early period of development. The He8member in Shihezi formation andShang1member were the principal producing formations in Su54area. UntilNovember2012, there were82drilled wells containing39exploratory wells and43development wells. With continuous exploratory development, there was water in theprocess of gas testing in nearly30wells and meanwhile the water yield of single wellcould be up to72m3/d. Judging from the water production interval, there was waterboth in He8and Shang1members; from the distribution of water wells, the water wellpositions were scattered, which indicated that there was always water in gas reservoirs;at present, the research degree of the main production layer was low, and thedistribution of sand body, the cause of effluent of gas well, the connectivity offormation, distribution of water body and the controlling factors in Su54area had notbeen clearly known. Additionally, the recognition of gas and water layers was difficult.In order to avoid water body and achieve high-efficient production in the process ofdrilling, and reasonably develop Su54He8and Shang1member gas reservoir, the gasreservoir in this area was selected as research object in this paper.
Based on previous research achievements and data on rock core, well log,logging, water chemical analysis, slice observation and gas testing, the modernreservoir description technology and methods, such as reservoir assessment technology and log analysis techniques, were adopted to comprehensively study thechemical characteristics of formation water, recognition of gas-water layer, physicalproperties of sand body and its distribution, distribution of water body and itscontrolling factors in accordance with the development status of upper Paleozoic inOrdos Basin to ensure the high efficient development of gasfield; at the same, thisresearch was guided by discipline theories, such as sedimentoloty, petroleum geology,oilfield chemistry, reservoir geology and reservoir geology. Through the research, thefollowing achievements and understandings were obtained:
1. Based on sedimentary theory, the high-resolution sequence stratigraphy, themethod of the key bed and equal height were applied to the fine strata classificationand correlation of Su54area He8and Shang1members in Sulige Gasfield, with fullyconsidering the sedimentary background and sedimentary characteristics in study area,and following the principles of “big then small, step by step”. Finally the isochronousstratigraphic framework in Su54area was established; the standards which weresuitable for the stratigrahic division and comparison of this area were set up; and thelayering of all wells in this area was unified.
2. According to comprehensive log interpretation, water chemical analysis dataand gas testing data, the water production types of gas wells in Sulige gasfield weredivided into three sorts: normal formation water, desalinated formation water andraffinate; on this basis, the chemical characteristics of formation water in He8andShang1members of Sulige gasfield was analyzed. It could come to the followingconclusions: the differences between the chemical characteristics of formation waterin this two members was not significant; the Na++K+and Ca2+were the main cationsin formation water, followed by Mg2+; while the Cl-was the main anion; and theformation water produced in the two members could not be distinguished by totalsalinity and hydrochemistry characteristics coefficient. Through the comprehensiveanalysis on hydrochemistry characteristics of formation water, the results showed thatgenerally the sealing of He8and Shang1gas reservoir in Sulige gasfield was better,which was in favor of conversation of natural gas.
3. By using the data of cores and thin slices of He8and Shang1members andcombining the characteristics of logging, the facies markers such as the color of rocks,sedimentary structure, petrological characteristics and grain-size characteristics ofreservoir were analyzed. Through analysis, observation and assay, it was thought thatthe upper segment of Shang1and He8members was the distributary channel depositof meandering river, and the water system of He8member was mainly the distributary channel deposit of braided river. Consequently, the micro-phases, including channelretention sediment, sideband deposition, channel bar sedimentary, flood plain andnatural levee, were divided.
4. In terms of the casting slices, scanning electron microscope and physicalproperty measurement, the reservoir characteristics of He8and Shang1members wereevaluated. There were chiefly four pores developed in the reservoirs of He8andShang1members----primary intergranular pore, secondary solution pores, kaoliniteintercrstallline pore and microfissure. According to reservoir physical properties, thereservoir of He8and Shang1members belonged to typical low-porosity andlow-permeability reservoir; the sorting of pore structure was poor, with the coarse-fineskewness type as the principle; on the whole, the reservoir physical properties of thelower segment of He8were better.
5. Combining the logging curve and core observation, the electricalcharacteristics of reservoir sand of He8and Shang1members were analyzed, eachsmall layer of Shang1and He8segments were furtherly subdivided, and thedistribution of sand body in study area was also analyzed. The sand body extendedalong south and north direction as a whole; the continuity of sand body in thedirection parallel with sources was better, extending widely; while the continuity waspoor in the direction perpendicular to the sources, taking on shapes of isolated points;the inhomogeneity of distribution, the continuity of sand body and changes ofreservoir physical properties directly caused the strong heterogeneity of sand body inthis area.
6. Through synthesizing the perforation gas testing data and data on logging,lithology and hydrochemistry, the cause of low-resistivity gas reservoir in study areawas analyzed, with the results that the low-resistivity gas reservoir was caused by thephysical properties of reservoir, invasion of mud filtrate and matrixes of shaly; byapplying two-level recognition principle, the permeability formation andnon-permeability formation were recognized firstly, and then the gas and water inpermeability formation were recognized by many methods. Through comparison, therecognition methods of gas and water which were suitable for this area were screened.The porosity-resistivity method was mainly used, assisted by apparent formationwater resistivity method and multiple discriminate analysis method.
7. In terms of multi-factors containing the geology in study area, it was thoughtthrough analysis that the geological structure was the basic factor for the distributionof gas and water, gas-water identification was guarantee factor and accumulation process was the key factor. Through combing the results of gas-water identification,the sedimentary micro-facies and the distribution of sand body were taken asbackground to predict the distribution law of water body in vertical and lateraldirections. In general, there was effluent in each interval in vertical direction whilewater body was scattered in this study area in lateral direction. By tracing water body,the cause and type of formation water were analyzed.
引文
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