基于条纹相机的束流测量系统研制及其相关研究
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摘要
在国内外的加速器装置和束流测量与诊断技术中,条纹相机发挥了极其重要的作用。本文研制的基于条纹相机的束流测量系统为在合肥光源电子储存环上进行各种加速器物理研究提供了有效的手段和研究平台,利用该系统进行了一系列的实验研究。
介绍了合肥光源条纹相机的各种工作模式的工作原理,包括聚焦模式、单轴扫描模式和双轴扫描模式,详细描述了条纹相机软硬件配置。
进行了条纹相机前端光学系统设计和研制。根据同步光的亮度,在高流强时,基于透镜组进行像差校正和光束聚焦并利用窄带滤光片使输出光束单色化,设计了高流强测量光学系统；在低流强时,为增强条纹相机的输入光亮度,采用扩大输入光谱范围,提出基于反射光学方案消除色散效应,设计了低流强测量光学系统。为了实现从运行的多束团中选取单个束团的功能,提出基于普克尔斯效应设计了光脉冲选取系统,为实现逐束团测量、准确观测束流不稳定性和束流势阱扭曲提供了有效手段。为了观测束团的三维尺寸,基于杜夫棱镜的特性设计了束团横向尺寸测量光学系统。
进行了条纹相机光功率控制系统的研制。采用光功率探测器探测条纹相机的输入光功率；根据测量需要,使用中性密度滤光片控制光功率大小；采用电控位移台控制光功率探头和中性密度滤光片在光束通道中的位置。基于网络和光纤设计了上位机与该系统中设备的通讯,增强了系统在强电磁环境中的抗干扰性。
进行了条纹相机时序控制系统研制。为了保证同步性,各子系统的时钟触发信号均是从高频信号分频获得。为满足幅度要求,采用了宽带放大器、衰减器和功分器控制时钟触发信号的大小。为实现逐束团测量,研制了触发脉冲延迟的电子学电路。对时序控制系统的性能进行了测试,结果表明各时钟触发信号满足整个条纹相机测量的要求。
介绍了基于条纹相机测量的相关理论,包括束流尾场、耦和阻抗、势阱效应、纵向微波不稳定性以及由于高频腔和壁阻抗引起的束流不稳定性。根据势阱效应对束团分布的影响,得到环阻抗分别为纯电感和纯电阻时的束团纵向分布的数学模型,通过模拟计算得到合肥光源束团纵向分布与电感和电阻的关系式；给出了束团发生纵向不稳定性时各种振荡模式的物理图像；介绍了高频相位调制对束流纵向动力学以及束流寿命的影响,给出了高频调制时的束流运动方程,进而得到在不同调制频率时束团纵向动力学图像；分析了高频调制对束团分布和束流寿命的影响。这些理论为基于条纹相机测量系统的相关实验研究奠定了基础。
利用研制的基于条纹相机束流测量系统进行了相关实验研究。分别在单束团和多束团运行模式下,进行了束团长度拉伸效应的研究、束团长度随腔压变化关系的研究、束团势阱扭曲效应的观测以及纵向振荡观测的实验研究。根据束团长度拉伸规律计算出合肥光源低频纵向宽带耦合阻抗；根据束团势阱扭曲效应计算出纵向宽带耦合阻抗中的电阻性阻抗；在国内首次采用对束团振荡图像进行快速傅里叶变换(FFT)的方法同步获取束团振荡的频率信息,验证束团的纵向振荡模式。进行了高频相位调制对多束团纵向动力学和束团寿命影响的实验研究,实验表明,高频相位调制引起束团内部粒子纵向分布发生变化并延长了束流寿命。进行了束团横向尺寸的测量。最后介绍了条纹相机在激光脉冲整形测量方面的应用研究。
本课题由国家自然科学基金项目(11175173)和科学院创新项目支持。
Dual axial streak camera plays an important of role in the measurement and diagnosis of beam and the accelerators at home and abroad. Beam measurement system developed based on streak camera provides an effective tool and research platform for accelerator physics research in HLS. Moreover, we make a serial of research of measurement and diagnosis of beam with the streak camera measurement system.
The principle of operating modes of streak camera are described, including focus mode, single axial scan mode and dual axial scan mode. The hardware and software of streak camera are described in detail.
The development of the front optical system of streak camera is made. According to the brightness of synchrotron light, the optical system is designed with using lens group to correct the aberration and transport the light and using narrow band filter to make the light monochrome for the measurement of high current. The optical system is designed with expanding the bandwidth of the input light to enhance the light intensity and eliminating the chromatic dispersion based on reflective optics for the measurement of low current. In order to pick a single bunch from multi-bunch, the pulse picking system based on Pockels effect is developed that is an effective means for the Bunch-by-Bunch measurements, the observation of beam instability and potential well distortions. The optical system is designed with using dove lens for the measurement of the transverse dimensions of bunch.
The optical power control system is developed for the streak camera. The input optical power of the streak camera is detected with using Optical power detector. According to the light intensity measured, the neutral density filters is used to control the input optical power. The displacement of optical power detector and neutral density filters is moved with using the displacement platform. The communication between PC and the equipment of low level based on the network is designed to enhance the performance of anti-jamming in a strong electromagnetic environment.
The timing system is developed for streak camera. In order to ensure the synchronization, the RF signal is divided to produce the clock trigger signal of subsystem. The broadband amplifier, attenuator and power splitter are used to control the amplitude of the clock trigger signal. The triggering pulse delay unit is developed for the measurement of the Bunch-by-Bunch. The performance of timing system is tested and the results show that the performance meets the requirements of the streak camera system.
The theory related to the streak camera measurement is described, including the wake field, coupling impedance, the potential well effect, the longitudinal microwave instability and the beam instability caused by the RF cavity and wall impedance. According to the effect of potential well on bunch longitudinal distribution, the models of bunch longitudinal distribution are built due to inductance and resistance.
The bunch longitudinal distribution as function of the inductance and resistance are determined with simulating. The physical image of oscillation modes is provided that corresponds with bunch longitudinal instability. The effect of RF phase modulation on the longitudinal dynamics and beam life time is described. The beam equation of motion is provided when RF modulation is applied, and the image of the bunch longitudinal dynamics is provided at different modulation frequencies. The effect of RF modulation on the bunch distribution and beam lifetime is described. The experiments related to the streak camera are based on the above theories.
The experimental research is made with beam measurement system developed. In single bunch and multi-bunch mode, the experiments are done, including the bunch lengthening effect, the bunch length as function the RF voltage, the potential well effect, the bunch longitudinal oscillations. According to the bunch lengthening, the longitudinal broadband coupling impedance is determined. The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) is used to analyze the bunch oscillation frequency from the bunch oscillation images synchronously and verify the longitudinal oscillation mode of the beam. The experiment of the effect RF phase modulation on the bunch life and longitudinal dynamics of bunch is made and the results show that RF phase modulation influence the bunch longitudinal distribution and extend the beam lifetime. The transverse size of the bunch is measured. Finally, the measurement of the laser pulse shaping is made with the streak camera.
This subject is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation Project (11175173) and of the innovative projects of Chinese Academy of Sciences.
介绍了合肥光源条纹相机的各种工作模式的工作原理,包括聚焦模式、单轴扫描模式和双轴扫描模式,详细描述了条纹相机软硬件配置。
进行了条纹相机前端光学系统设计和研制。根据同步光的亮度,在高流强时,基于透镜组进行像差校正和光束聚焦并利用窄带滤光片使输出光束单色化,设计了高流强测量光学系统；在低流强时,为增强条纹相机的输入光亮度,采用扩大输入光谱范围,提出基于反射光学方案消除色散效应,设计了低流强测量光学系统。为了实现从运行的多束团中选取单个束团的功能,提出基于普克尔斯效应设计了光脉冲选取系统,为实现逐束团测量、准确观测束流不稳定性和束流势阱扭曲提供了有效手段。为了观测束团的三维尺寸,基于杜夫棱镜的特性设计了束团横向尺寸测量光学系统。
进行了条纹相机光功率控制系统的研制。采用光功率探测器探测条纹相机的输入光功率；根据测量需要,使用中性密度滤光片控制光功率大小；采用电控位移台控制光功率探头和中性密度滤光片在光束通道中的位置。基于网络和光纤设计了上位机与该系统中设备的通讯,增强了系统在强电磁环境中的抗干扰性。
进行了条纹相机时序控制系统研制。为了保证同步性,各子系统的时钟触发信号均是从高频信号分频获得。为满足幅度要求,采用了宽带放大器、衰减器和功分器控制时钟触发信号的大小。为实现逐束团测量,研制了触发脉冲延迟的电子学电路。对时序控制系统的性能进行了测试,结果表明各时钟触发信号满足整个条纹相机测量的要求。
介绍了基于条纹相机测量的相关理论,包括束流尾场、耦和阻抗、势阱效应、纵向微波不稳定性以及由于高频腔和壁阻抗引起的束流不稳定性。根据势阱效应对束团分布的影响,得到环阻抗分别为纯电感和纯电阻时的束团纵向分布的数学模型,通过模拟计算得到合肥光源束团纵向分布与电感和电阻的关系式；给出了束团发生纵向不稳定性时各种振荡模式的物理图像；介绍了高频相位调制对束流纵向动力学以及束流寿命的影响,给出了高频调制时的束流运动方程,进而得到在不同调制频率时束团纵向动力学图像；分析了高频调制对束团分布和束流寿命的影响。这些理论为基于条纹相机测量系统的相关实验研究奠定了基础。
利用研制的基于条纹相机束流测量系统进行了相关实验研究。分别在单束团和多束团运行模式下,进行了束团长度拉伸效应的研究、束团长度随腔压变化关系的研究、束团势阱扭曲效应的观测以及纵向振荡观测的实验研究。根据束团长度拉伸规律计算出合肥光源低频纵向宽带耦合阻抗；根据束团势阱扭曲效应计算出纵向宽带耦合阻抗中的电阻性阻抗；在国内首次采用对束团振荡图像进行快速傅里叶变换(FFT)的方法同步获取束团振荡的频率信息,验证束团的纵向振荡模式。进行了高频相位调制对多束团纵向动力学和束团寿命影响的实验研究,实验表明,高频相位调制引起束团内部粒子纵向分布发生变化并延长了束流寿命。进行了束团横向尺寸的测量。最后介绍了条纹相机在激光脉冲整形测量方面的应用研究。
本课题由国家自然科学基金项目(11175173)和科学院创新项目支持。
Dual axial streak camera plays an important of role in the measurement and diagnosis of beam and the accelerators at home and abroad. Beam measurement system developed based on streak camera provides an effective tool and research platform for accelerator physics research in HLS. Moreover, we make a serial of research of measurement and diagnosis of beam with the streak camera measurement system.
The principle of operating modes of streak camera are described, including focus mode, single axial scan mode and dual axial scan mode. The hardware and software of streak camera are described in detail.
The development of the front optical system of streak camera is made. According to the brightness of synchrotron light, the optical system is designed with using lens group to correct the aberration and transport the light and using narrow band filter to make the light monochrome for the measurement of high current. The optical system is designed with expanding the bandwidth of the input light to enhance the light intensity and eliminating the chromatic dispersion based on reflective optics for the measurement of low current. In order to pick a single bunch from multi-bunch, the pulse picking system based on Pockels effect is developed that is an effective means for the Bunch-by-Bunch measurements, the observation of beam instability and potential well distortions. The optical system is designed with using dove lens for the measurement of the transverse dimensions of bunch.
The optical power control system is developed for the streak camera. The input optical power of the streak camera is detected with using Optical power detector. According to the light intensity measured, the neutral density filters is used to control the input optical power. The displacement of optical power detector and neutral density filters is moved with using the displacement platform. The communication between PC and the equipment of low level based on the network is designed to enhance the performance of anti-jamming in a strong electromagnetic environment.
The timing system is developed for streak camera. In order to ensure the synchronization, the RF signal is divided to produce the clock trigger signal of subsystem. The broadband amplifier, attenuator and power splitter are used to control the amplitude of the clock trigger signal. The triggering pulse delay unit is developed for the measurement of the Bunch-by-Bunch. The performance of timing system is tested and the results show that the performance meets the requirements of the streak camera system.
The theory related to the streak camera measurement is described, including the wake field, coupling impedance, the potential well effect, the longitudinal microwave instability and the beam instability caused by the RF cavity and wall impedance. According to the effect of potential well on bunch longitudinal distribution, the models of bunch longitudinal distribution are built due to inductance and resistance.
The bunch longitudinal distribution as function of the inductance and resistance are determined with simulating. The physical image of oscillation modes is provided that corresponds with bunch longitudinal instability. The effect of RF phase modulation on the longitudinal dynamics and beam life time is described. The beam equation of motion is provided when RF modulation is applied, and the image of the bunch longitudinal dynamics is provided at different modulation frequencies. The effect of RF modulation on the bunch distribution and beam lifetime is described. The experiments related to the streak camera are based on the above theories.
The experimental research is made with beam measurement system developed. In single bunch and multi-bunch mode, the experiments are done, including the bunch lengthening effect, the bunch length as function the RF voltage, the potential well effect, the bunch longitudinal oscillations. According to the bunch lengthening, the longitudinal broadband coupling impedance is determined. The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) is used to analyze the bunch oscillation frequency from the bunch oscillation images synchronously and verify the longitudinal oscillation mode of the beam. The experiment of the effect RF phase modulation on the bunch life and longitudinal dynamics of bunch is made and the results show that RF phase modulation influence the bunch longitudinal distribution and extend the beam lifetime. The transverse size of the bunch is measured. Finally, the measurement of the laser pulse shaping is made with the streak camera.
This subject is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation Project (11175173) and of the innovative projects of Chinese Academy of Sciences.
引文
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