中小型氨厂氨合成工段爆炸及氨泄漏危害后果的估算研究
|
摘要
近几年,风险评价已成为安全评价研究的热点,而事故危害后果估算是其重要的组成部分。大量的氨合成装置事故告诉我们合成氨装置的安全形势不容乐观,因此,对其进行事故危害后果估算具有十分重要的意义。
本文通过对爆炸危害后果及毒性气体扩散危害后果估算方法的研究,得到氨合成工段爆炸危害后果及氨泄漏危害后果估算方法如下:1、采用TNT当量法和爆炸冲击波超压估算不同程度下爆炸危害半径。2、采用高斯烟团模型及概率函数法对氨泄漏危害后果进行估算。
由本法估算出山东某年产15万吨化肥厂氨合成工段的爆炸危害后果,得到各设备及氨合成工段的爆炸冲击波对人员及建筑的最大危害半径和氨泄漏毒性危害半径或距离,并根据计算结果对氨合成工段各设备进行了排序。各设备按照爆炸危害后果由大到小依次为水冷凝器、氨分离器II、冷交换器、热交换器、氨分离器I、油分离器、氨合成塔、氨冷凝器、废热锅炉、循环器,按照氨泄漏危害距离由大到小依次为冷交换器、水冷凝器、热交换器、氨分离器II、氨分离器I、氨合成塔、氨冷凝器、油分离器、废热锅炉、循环机。
同时,本文利用Visual Basic 6.0进行计算机编程,实现了中小型氨厂氨合成工段危害后果估算的软件化。
Risk assessment has become a hot study in safety evaluations in recent years, and the consequence analysis is an important part of it. Lots of accidents on the ammonia synthesis plants proved that the security situation of ammonia synthesis plant is serious in our country, so that it’s of a great significance on the accident consequence analysis.
Based on the study of the consequence estimation methods of the explosion and the toxic gases, the estimation methods on the hazard consequence of the explosion and the ammonia leak from the ammonia synthesis section is obtained as follows: 1. The hazard radius of different levels from explosion can be estimated using the TNT equivalent method and the blast overpressure; 2. The consequence from ammonia leak can be estimated by the Gaussian puff model and probability function.
According to the methods above, the consequence estimation on the ammonia synthesis section of a fertilizer plant in Shandong with the production of 150 000 tons annually is completed, and the largest blast damage radius on human body and construction generated from each device and the whole section is obtained. The order of every device in the section is done according to the calculated results. The descending order of the equipment in accordance with the shock wave is the water cooler, the ammonia separator II, the cold exchanger, the heat exchanger, the ammonia separator I, the oil separator, the ammonia converter, the ammonia cooler, the waste heat boiler, the recycling machine. And the order of the devices in the ammonia synthesis section in accordance with the proliferation of toxic ammonia leak is the cold exchanger, the water cooler, the heat exchanger, the ammonia separator II, the ammonia separator I, the ammonia converter, the ammonia cooler, the oil separator, the waste heat boiler, the recycling machine.
Meanwhile, the software-based consequence estimation of ammonia synthesis section in the small and medium sized ammonia plant using the computer language of Visual Basic 6.0 is realized.
本文通过对爆炸危害后果及毒性气体扩散危害后果估算方法的研究,得到氨合成工段爆炸危害后果及氨泄漏危害后果估算方法如下:1、采用TNT当量法和爆炸冲击波超压估算不同程度下爆炸危害半径。2、采用高斯烟团模型及概率函数法对氨泄漏危害后果进行估算。
由本法估算出山东某年产15万吨化肥厂氨合成工段的爆炸危害后果,得到各设备及氨合成工段的爆炸冲击波对人员及建筑的最大危害半径和氨泄漏毒性危害半径或距离,并根据计算结果对氨合成工段各设备进行了排序。各设备按照爆炸危害后果由大到小依次为水冷凝器、氨分离器II、冷交换器、热交换器、氨分离器I、油分离器、氨合成塔、氨冷凝器、废热锅炉、循环器,按照氨泄漏危害距离由大到小依次为冷交换器、水冷凝器、热交换器、氨分离器II、氨分离器I、氨合成塔、氨冷凝器、油分离器、废热锅炉、循环机。
同时,本文利用Visual Basic 6.0进行计算机编程,实现了中小型氨厂氨合成工段危害后果估算的软件化。
Risk assessment has become a hot study in safety evaluations in recent years, and the consequence analysis is an important part of it. Lots of accidents on the ammonia synthesis plants proved that the security situation of ammonia synthesis plant is serious in our country, so that it’s of a great significance on the accident consequence analysis.
Based on the study of the consequence estimation methods of the explosion and the toxic gases, the estimation methods on the hazard consequence of the explosion and the ammonia leak from the ammonia synthesis section is obtained as follows: 1. The hazard radius of different levels from explosion can be estimated using the TNT equivalent method and the blast overpressure; 2. The consequence from ammonia leak can be estimated by the Gaussian puff model and probability function.
According to the methods above, the consequence estimation on the ammonia synthesis section of a fertilizer plant in Shandong with the production of 150 000 tons annually is completed, and the largest blast damage radius on human body and construction generated from each device and the whole section is obtained. The order of every device in the section is done according to the calculated results. The descending order of the equipment in accordance with the shock wave is the water cooler, the ammonia separator II, the cold exchanger, the heat exchanger, the ammonia separator I, the oil separator, the ammonia converter, the ammonia cooler, the waste heat boiler, the recycling machine. And the order of the devices in the ammonia synthesis section in accordance with the proliferation of toxic ammonia leak is the cold exchanger, the water cooler, the heat exchanger, the ammonia separator II, the ammonia separator I, the ammonia converter, the ammonia cooler, the oil separator, the waste heat boiler, the recycling machine.
Meanwhile, the software-based consequence estimation of ammonia synthesis section in the small and medium sized ammonia plant using the computer language of Visual Basic 6.0 is realized.
引文
[1]陈刚,左尚志,陶雪荣,等.承压设备的风险评估技术及其在我国的应用和发展趋势[J].中国安全生产科学技术,2005.2,1(1):31-35.
[2]方兴龙,周梁.基于道化学法的大型合成氨装置安全评价[J].工业安全与环保,2007,33(2):30-32.
[3]宋文华,李小伟,李冬梅.道化学火灾爆炸指数评价法在合成氨装置转化工序安全性评价中的应用[J].消防科学与技术,2008.5,27(5).
[4]杜喜臣.化工行业环境风险评价方法的研究[D].兰州:兰州大学,2008.
[5]刘铁民,张兴凯,刘功智.安全评价方法应用指南[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2005.
[6] Fredrik Dahlstrand. Consequence analysis theory for alarm analysis[J]. Knowledge-Based Systems, 2002, 15: 27-36.
[7] Sabatino Ditali, Massimiliano Colombi, Gianluca Moreschini, and et al. Consequence analysis in LPG installation using an integrated computer package[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2000, 71: 159-177.
[8] Spyros Sklavounos, Fotis Rigas. Estimation of safety distances in the vicinity of fuel gas pipelines[J]. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 2006, 19: 24-31.
[9] Hyo Kim, Jae-Sun Koh, Youngsoo Kim, and et al. Risk Assessment of Membrane Type LNG Storage Tanks in Korea-based on Fault Tree Analysis[J]. Korean J. Chem. Eng., 2005, 22(1): 1-8.
[10]帅健.原油油库的安全评价[J].中国安全科学学报,2006.10,16(10):120-126.
[11]张贝克,李欣龙.一种石化过程半自动化HAZOP安全评价方法的研究[J].石油与天然气化工,2009,38(3):262-267.
[12]郑贤斌.井控作业HAZOP技术及其模拟分析[J].石油与天然气化工,36(4):347-353
[13]陈萌.谈安全评价及其方法[J].工业安全与防尘,1999.6,6:46-48.
[14] Daniel Straub, Michael Havbro Faber. Risk based inspection planning for structural systems[J]. Structural Safety, 2005, 27: 335-355.
[15] Chi-Hui Chien, Chun-Hung Chen, Yuh J Chao. A strategy for the risk-based inspection of pressure safety valves[J]. Reliability Engineering and System Safety, 2009, 94: 810-818.
[16] Ming-Kuen Chang, Ren-Rong Chang, Chi-Min Shu, and et al. Application of risk based inspection in refinery and processing piping[J]. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 2005, 18: 397-402.
[17] Santosh, Gopika Vinod, O P Shrivastava, and et al. Reliability analysis of pipelines carryingH2S for risk based inspection of heavy water plants[J]. Reliability Engineering and System Safety, 2006, 91: 163-170.
[18] Kazunari Fujiyama, Satoshi Nagai, Yasunari Akikuni, and et al. Risk-based inspection and maintenance systems for steam turbines[J]. International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping, 2004, 81: 825-835.
[19] Shiaw-Wen Tien, Wen-Tsung Hwang, Chih-Hung Tsai. Study of a risk-based piping inspection guideline system[J]. ISA Transactions, 2007, 46: 119-126.
[20] American Petroleum Institute. Risk-based Inspection[S]. API Recommanded Practice 580 First Edition, 2002.5.
[21] American Petroleum Institute. Risk-Based Inspection Base Resource Document[S]. API Publication 581 First Edition, 2000.5.
[22]董绍平.基于风险的检验(RBI)在合成氨装置中的应用[J].石油化工设备技术,2008,29(1):59-64.
[23]姜海一,张晓熙,贾国栋等.基于风险的检验(RBI)在国内合成氨装置中的应用[J].中国安全科学学报,2007.11,17(11):119-125.
[24]艾志斌,陈炜,周杨,等.基于风险的检验(RBI)技术在合成氨装置的应用[J].压力容器,2007,24(11):35-39.
[25]周杨,程四祥,陈炜,等.基于风险的检测(RBI)技术在合成氨装置中应用的分析比较[J].压力容器,2009,26(8):61-64.
[26]杨旻学,许淳淳,方向荣.基于风险的检验技术对MDEA再生塔的应用研究及腐蚀失效机理分析[J].腐蚀与保护,2007.10,28(10):519-522.
[27]朱瑞松.应用RBI开展高压加氢裂化装置风险检验[J].压力容器,2005,22(5):45-49.
[28]程四祥,胡久韶.炼油厂设备湿H2S环境下开裂的RBI分析结果与NACE统计数据的比较分析[J].压力容器,2006,22(12):48-49.
[29]陈学东,王冰,杨铁成,等.基于风险的检测(RBI)在中国石化企业的实践及若干问题的讨论[J].压力容器,2004,21(8):39-45.
[30]陈学东,艾志斌,杨铁成,等.基于风险的检测(RBI)中以剩余寿命为基准的失效概率评价方法[J].压力容器,2006,23(5):1-5.
[31]陈学东,杨铁成,艾志斌,等.基于风险的检测(RBI)在实践中若干问题讨论[J].压力容器,36-44.
[32]赵建平,张秀敏.石化装置定量风险分析软件系统的开发[J].南京工业大学学报,2006.3,28(2):27-30.
[33]陆东,牟善军.欧洲设备风险检查技术发展及应用概况[J].安全、健康和环境,2004.1,4(1):36-39.
[34]黄贤斌,姜春明,兰正贵,等.基于风险的检测技术及其软件[J].安全、健康和环境,2004.3,4(3):37-40.
[35]莫少明,李延渊,孟剑,等.基于风险的检测技术在炼油设备分析中的应用[J].安全、健康和环境,2004.7,4(7):33-36.
[36] Z. N. Pintaric. Assessment of the conquences of accident scenarios involving dangerous substances[J]. Trans IChemE, 2007, 85(B1): 23-38.
[37] P. Jirsa. An analysis of the cumulative uncertainty associated with a quantitative consequence assessment of a major accident[J]. Trans IChemE, 2007, 85(B3): 256-259.
[38]周家红,许开立.爆炸事故后果评价方法[J].工业安全与环保,2006.3,32(3):52-53.
[39] R. Pula, F. I. Khan, B. Veitch, and et al. A grid based approach for fire and explosion consequence analysis[J]. Trans IChemE, 2006.3, 84(B2): 79-91.
[40] Ravichandra Pula, Faisal I. Khan, Brian Veitch, and et al. Revised fire consequence models for offshore quantitative risk assessment[J]. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 2005, 18: 443-454.
[41]宇德明,冯长根,曾庆轩,等.开放空气环境中的池火灾及其危险性分析[J].燃烧科学与技术,1996:95-103.
[42] Hideyuki Oka, Susumu Ota. Evaluation of consequence assessment methods for pool fires on water involving large spills from liquefied natural gas carriers[J]. J Mar Sci Technol, 2008, 13: 178-188.
[43]姜巍巍,李奇,李俊杰,等.喷射火及其热辐射影响评价模型介绍[J].石油化工安全环保技术,2007,23(1):33-36.
[44]王三明,蒋军成.沸腾液体扩展蒸汽爆炸机理及相关计算理论模型研究[J].工业安全与环保,2001.7,27(7):30-35.
[45]李大全.成品油管道泄露扩散分析及危害后果评价[D].成都:西南石油学院,2005:3-4.
[46]齐福强,赵云胜,何华刚. LPG罐区火灾爆炸事故危险性分析[J].工业安全与环保,2008,34(1):27-29.
[47] F. Rigas, S. Sklavounos. Major hazardous analysis for populations adjacent to chemical storage facilities[J]. Trans IChemE, 2004, 82(B2): 341-351.
[48] Fernando Diaz Alonso, Enrique Gonzalez Ferradas, Marta Doval Minarro, and et al. Consequence analysis by means of characteristic curves to determine the damage to buildings from the detonation of explosive substances as a function of TNT equivalence[J]. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 2008, 21: 74-81.
[49] Fernando Diaz Alonso, Enrique Gonzalez Ferradas, Juan Francisco Sanchez Perez, and et al. Consequence analysis to determine damage to buildings from vapour cloud explosions usingcharacteristic curves[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2008, 159: 264-270.
[50] D A Kefalas, M N Christolis, Z Nivolianitou, and et al. Consequence analysis of an open fire incident in a pesticide storage plant[J]. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 2006, 19: 78-88.
[51] Shigeki Kikukawa. Consequence analysis and safety verification of hydrogen fueling stations using CFD simulation[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2008, 33: 1425-1434.
[52]王东东,刘茂,李剑峰. FLUENT在公路隧道有毒气体事故泄漏研究中的应用[J].安全与环境学报,2008.4,8(2):140-143.
[53]王文娟,刘剑锋.危险性气体泄漏数学模拟研究[J].工业安全与环保,2006,32(11):23-25.
[54]沈艳涛,于建国.有毒有害气体泄漏的CFD数值模拟(I)模型建立与校验[J].化工学报,2007.3,58(3):745-749.
[55]丁信伟,王淑兰.可燃及毒性气体泄漏研究综述[J].化学工业与工程,1999,16(2):118～122.
[56]贾智伟,景国勋,张强.瓦斯爆炸事故有毒气体扩散及危险区域分析[J].中国安全科学学报,2007.1,17(1):91-95.
[57]任建国,鲁顺清.气体扩散数学模型在安全评价方面的应用[J].中国安全科学学报,2006.3,16(3):12-16.
[58]王英伟,吴琦,隋祥,等.应用Excel模拟高斯烟团模式计算危险气体泄漏[J].环境科学与管理,2008.5,33(5):173-176.
[59]易高翔,杨春生,马良俊,等.基于GIS危险化学品泄漏事故处置系统研究与实现[J].中国安全生产科学技术,2008.10,4(5):70-73.
[60]李继兵,李军.基于风险的有害物品运输的路线选择分析[J].中国安全科学学报,2006.9,16(9):84-88.
[61]张文艳,姚安林,李又绿,等.风力对天然气管道泄漏后扩散过程的影响研究[J].天然气工业,2006.12,26(12):150-152.
[62]丁信伟,王淑兰,徐国庆.可燃及毒性气体扩散研究[J].化学工程,2000,28(1):33-36.
[63]陆银耳,赵建平. PHAST软件在丁腈反应釜定量后果分析中的应用[J].工业安全与环保,2009.5,35(5):34-37.
[64]童遂放,李竹霞. PHAST在LPG储存条件分析中的应用[J].中国安全生产科学技术,2007.8,3(4):87-90.
[65]翁帮华,银小兵,向启贵. SAFETY定量风险分析软件在石油天然气开发风险评估中的应用[J].石油与天然气化工,2007,36(6):524-528.
[66]陈国华,梁韬,张晖,等.用SAFETY定量评价液氯泄漏事故的风险[J].华南理工大学学报(自然科学版),2006.5,34(5):103-108.
[67]李纪云,高增梁.合成氨装置重大危险源后果预测[J].压力容器,2008,25(7):41-45.
[68]王志荣,蒋军成,王三明.基于客户机/服务器的化工过程灾害模拟评价系统[J].石油化工高等学校学报,2004.3,17(1):75-80.
[69]张亚平,牛建军,张淑琼.有毒物质泄漏危害后果分析系统软件的研制[J].海峡预防医学杂志,2007,13(1):3-6.
[70]阎善郁,潘科.基于JAVA技术的易燃易爆毒性云团扩散软件的开发与应用[J].中国安全科学学报,2009.4,19(4):152-158.
[71]黄德寅,刘茂,孙金艳,等.合成氨装置急性中毒事故风险分析的研究[J].职业卫生与应急救援,2007.6,25(3):115-119.
[72]周德红,赵云胜,胡敏涛,等.合成氨厂液氨储罐泄漏环境风险分析[J].安全与环境工程,2009.3,16(2):101-104.
[73]刘春祥,蔡凤英,谈宗山.某液氨储罐泄漏的后果分析及对策[J].工业安全与环保,2004.10,30(10):18-20.
[74]吴爱香,张瑞芳.液氨球罐泄漏事故后果分析与评价[J].安全,2005,5:16-17.
[75]刘建龙.氨制冷站爆炸中毒事故后果模拟分析及安全对策[J].山东食品发酵,2007.1,144:20-21.
[76]沈浚主编.合成氨[M].北京:化学工业出版社, 2001.1.
[77]胡德栋,王威强,吴俊飞,等.平阴尿塔的物料和爆炸能量估算[J].山东大学学报(工学版), 2008.6, 38(3): 46-50.
[78]王光信,刘澄凡,张积树编著.物理化学[M].第二版.北京:化学工业出版社, 2001.3.
[79]刘光启,马连湘,刑志有主编.化工物性算图手册[M].北京:化学工业出版社, 2002.1.
[80]李斯特,程灶亮,马永其,等.氨工质的新简明状态方程[J].工程热物理学报, 2000.1, 21(1): 17-19.
[81]李斯特,程灶亮,杨卫民,等.氨工质焓与熵的新关联式[J].工程热物理学报, 2000.5, 21(3): 265-268.
[82] Poling B, Prausnitz J, Connell J著,赵红玲,王凤坤,陈圣坤,等译.气液物性估算手册[M].原著第五版.北京:化学工业出版社, 2006.3.
[83]李文炜,狄刚,郭建平,等. LSC0.5-0.7-AⅡ锅炉爆炸事故的爆炸能量及危害半径计算[J].工业安全与环保, 2008, 34(8): 30-32.
[84]陈网桦,果宏,彭金华等.雷管空中爆炸场超压的近似估算[J].爆破器材,1998,27 (1) :26-29.
[85]钟冬望,王海亮.露天爆破毒气传播规律探讨[J].工程爆破,1999,5(1):63～66.
[86]王淑兰,喻健良,丁信伟等,易燃气和毒气泄放扩散浓度计算[J].化工装备技术,2001,22(4):22-25 .
[87]杨洪斌,张云海,马雁军,朝阳地区大气扩散参数计算分析[J].环境保护科学,2006,32(1):5-7.
[88] Ramachandran R, Prakash J W J, Varibility of Surface and Turbulence Intensities at a Coastal Site in India[J]. Boundary-Laycrme tcorology,1994,70:39l-398.
[89] Dong XiLin , Modelling on the Leakage of frequently used toxic chemicals and determination of emergent rescue zone[A]. Proceedings of the 2004 International Symposium on Safety Science and Technology[C],2004.10:3049-3054.
[90]汪元辉.安全系统工程[M].天津:天津大学出版社,1999,262—266:115-117.
[91]王永生,马玉苑,程克信.中小氮肥厂几种氨合成工艺流程比较[J].小氮肥设计技术,2003,24(1):6-7.
[2]方兴龙,周梁.基于道化学法的大型合成氨装置安全评价[J].工业安全与环保,2007,33(2):30-32.
[3]宋文华,李小伟,李冬梅.道化学火灾爆炸指数评价法在合成氨装置转化工序安全性评价中的应用[J].消防科学与技术,2008.5,27(5).
[4]杜喜臣.化工行业环境风险评价方法的研究[D].兰州:兰州大学,2008.
[5]刘铁民,张兴凯,刘功智.安全评价方法应用指南[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2005.
[6] Fredrik Dahlstrand. Consequence analysis theory for alarm analysis[J]. Knowledge-Based Systems, 2002, 15: 27-36.
[7] Sabatino Ditali, Massimiliano Colombi, Gianluca Moreschini, and et al. Consequence analysis in LPG installation using an integrated computer package[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2000, 71: 159-177.
[8] Spyros Sklavounos, Fotis Rigas. Estimation of safety distances in the vicinity of fuel gas pipelines[J]. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 2006, 19: 24-31.
[9] Hyo Kim, Jae-Sun Koh, Youngsoo Kim, and et al. Risk Assessment of Membrane Type LNG Storage Tanks in Korea-based on Fault Tree Analysis[J]. Korean J. Chem. Eng., 2005, 22(1): 1-8.
[10]帅健.原油油库的安全评价[J].中国安全科学学报,2006.10,16(10):120-126.
[11]张贝克,李欣龙.一种石化过程半自动化HAZOP安全评价方法的研究[J].石油与天然气化工,2009,38(3):262-267.
[12]郑贤斌.井控作业HAZOP技术及其模拟分析[J].石油与天然气化工,36(4):347-353
[13]陈萌.谈安全评价及其方法[J].工业安全与防尘,1999.6,6:46-48.
[14] Daniel Straub, Michael Havbro Faber. Risk based inspection planning for structural systems[J]. Structural Safety, 2005, 27: 335-355.
[15] Chi-Hui Chien, Chun-Hung Chen, Yuh J Chao. A strategy for the risk-based inspection of pressure safety valves[J]. Reliability Engineering and System Safety, 2009, 94: 810-818.
[16] Ming-Kuen Chang, Ren-Rong Chang, Chi-Min Shu, and et al. Application of risk based inspection in refinery and processing piping[J]. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 2005, 18: 397-402.
[17] Santosh, Gopika Vinod, O P Shrivastava, and et al. Reliability analysis of pipelines carryingH2S for risk based inspection of heavy water plants[J]. Reliability Engineering and System Safety, 2006, 91: 163-170.
[18] Kazunari Fujiyama, Satoshi Nagai, Yasunari Akikuni, and et al. Risk-based inspection and maintenance systems for steam turbines[J]. International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping, 2004, 81: 825-835.
[19] Shiaw-Wen Tien, Wen-Tsung Hwang, Chih-Hung Tsai. Study of a risk-based piping inspection guideline system[J]. ISA Transactions, 2007, 46: 119-126.
[20] American Petroleum Institute. Risk-based Inspection[S]. API Recommanded Practice 580 First Edition, 2002.5.
[21] American Petroleum Institute. Risk-Based Inspection Base Resource Document[S]. API Publication 581 First Edition, 2000.5.
[22]董绍平.基于风险的检验(RBI)在合成氨装置中的应用[J].石油化工设备技术,2008,29(1):59-64.
[23]姜海一,张晓熙,贾国栋等.基于风险的检验(RBI)在国内合成氨装置中的应用[J].中国安全科学学报,2007.11,17(11):119-125.
[24]艾志斌,陈炜,周杨,等.基于风险的检验(RBI)技术在合成氨装置的应用[J].压力容器,2007,24(11):35-39.
[25]周杨,程四祥,陈炜,等.基于风险的检测(RBI)技术在合成氨装置中应用的分析比较[J].压力容器,2009,26(8):61-64.
[26]杨旻学,许淳淳,方向荣.基于风险的检验技术对MDEA再生塔的应用研究及腐蚀失效机理分析[J].腐蚀与保护,2007.10,28(10):519-522.
[27]朱瑞松.应用RBI开展高压加氢裂化装置风险检验[J].压力容器,2005,22(5):45-49.
[28]程四祥,胡久韶.炼油厂设备湿H2S环境下开裂的RBI分析结果与NACE统计数据的比较分析[J].压力容器,2006,22(12):48-49.
[29]陈学东,王冰,杨铁成,等.基于风险的检测(RBI)在中国石化企业的实践及若干问题的讨论[J].压力容器,2004,21(8):39-45.
[30]陈学东,艾志斌,杨铁成,等.基于风险的检测(RBI)中以剩余寿命为基准的失效概率评价方法[J].压力容器,2006,23(5):1-5.
[31]陈学东,杨铁成,艾志斌,等.基于风险的检测(RBI)在实践中若干问题讨论[J].压力容器,36-44.
[32]赵建平,张秀敏.石化装置定量风险分析软件系统的开发[J].南京工业大学学报,2006.3,28(2):27-30.
[33]陆东,牟善军.欧洲设备风险检查技术发展及应用概况[J].安全、健康和环境,2004.1,4(1):36-39.
[34]黄贤斌,姜春明,兰正贵,等.基于风险的检测技术及其软件[J].安全、健康和环境,2004.3,4(3):37-40.
[35]莫少明,李延渊,孟剑,等.基于风险的检测技术在炼油设备分析中的应用[J].安全、健康和环境,2004.7,4(7):33-36.
[36] Z. N. Pintaric. Assessment of the conquences of accident scenarios involving dangerous substances[J]. Trans IChemE, 2007, 85(B1): 23-38.
[37] P. Jirsa. An analysis of the cumulative uncertainty associated with a quantitative consequence assessment of a major accident[J]. Trans IChemE, 2007, 85(B3): 256-259.
[38]周家红,许开立.爆炸事故后果评价方法[J].工业安全与环保,2006.3,32(3):52-53.
[39] R. Pula, F. I. Khan, B. Veitch, and et al. A grid based approach for fire and explosion consequence analysis[J]. Trans IChemE, 2006.3, 84(B2): 79-91.
[40] Ravichandra Pula, Faisal I. Khan, Brian Veitch, and et al. Revised fire consequence models for offshore quantitative risk assessment[J]. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 2005, 18: 443-454.
[41]宇德明,冯长根,曾庆轩,等.开放空气环境中的池火灾及其危险性分析[J].燃烧科学与技术,1996:95-103.
[42] Hideyuki Oka, Susumu Ota. Evaluation of consequence assessment methods for pool fires on water involving large spills from liquefied natural gas carriers[J]. J Mar Sci Technol, 2008, 13: 178-188.
[43]姜巍巍,李奇,李俊杰,等.喷射火及其热辐射影响评价模型介绍[J].石油化工安全环保技术,2007,23(1):33-36.
[44]王三明,蒋军成.沸腾液体扩展蒸汽爆炸机理及相关计算理论模型研究[J].工业安全与环保,2001.7,27(7):30-35.
[45]李大全.成品油管道泄露扩散分析及危害后果评价[D].成都:西南石油学院,2005:3-4.
[46]齐福强,赵云胜,何华刚. LPG罐区火灾爆炸事故危险性分析[J].工业安全与环保,2008,34(1):27-29.
[47] F. Rigas, S. Sklavounos. Major hazardous analysis for populations adjacent to chemical storage facilities[J]. Trans IChemE, 2004, 82(B2): 341-351.
[48] Fernando Diaz Alonso, Enrique Gonzalez Ferradas, Marta Doval Minarro, and et al. Consequence analysis by means of characteristic curves to determine the damage to buildings from the detonation of explosive substances as a function of TNT equivalence[J]. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 2008, 21: 74-81.
[49] Fernando Diaz Alonso, Enrique Gonzalez Ferradas, Juan Francisco Sanchez Perez, and et al. Consequence analysis to determine damage to buildings from vapour cloud explosions usingcharacteristic curves[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2008, 159: 264-270.
[50] D A Kefalas, M N Christolis, Z Nivolianitou, and et al. Consequence analysis of an open fire incident in a pesticide storage plant[J]. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 2006, 19: 78-88.
[51] Shigeki Kikukawa. Consequence analysis and safety verification of hydrogen fueling stations using CFD simulation[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2008, 33: 1425-1434.
[52]王东东,刘茂,李剑峰. FLUENT在公路隧道有毒气体事故泄漏研究中的应用[J].安全与环境学报,2008.4,8(2):140-143.
[53]王文娟,刘剑锋.危险性气体泄漏数学模拟研究[J].工业安全与环保,2006,32(11):23-25.
[54]沈艳涛,于建国.有毒有害气体泄漏的CFD数值模拟(I)模型建立与校验[J].化工学报,2007.3,58(3):745-749.
[55]丁信伟,王淑兰.可燃及毒性气体泄漏研究综述[J].化学工业与工程,1999,16(2):118～122.
[56]贾智伟,景国勋,张强.瓦斯爆炸事故有毒气体扩散及危险区域分析[J].中国安全科学学报,2007.1,17(1):91-95.
[57]任建国,鲁顺清.气体扩散数学模型在安全评价方面的应用[J].中国安全科学学报,2006.3,16(3):12-16.
[58]王英伟,吴琦,隋祥,等.应用Excel模拟高斯烟团模式计算危险气体泄漏[J].环境科学与管理,2008.5,33(5):173-176.
[59]易高翔,杨春生,马良俊,等.基于GIS危险化学品泄漏事故处置系统研究与实现[J].中国安全生产科学技术,2008.10,4(5):70-73.
[60]李继兵,李军.基于风险的有害物品运输的路线选择分析[J].中国安全科学学报,2006.9,16(9):84-88.
[61]张文艳,姚安林,李又绿,等.风力对天然气管道泄漏后扩散过程的影响研究[J].天然气工业,2006.12,26(12):150-152.
[62]丁信伟,王淑兰,徐国庆.可燃及毒性气体扩散研究[J].化学工程,2000,28(1):33-36.
[63]陆银耳,赵建平. PHAST软件在丁腈反应釜定量后果分析中的应用[J].工业安全与环保,2009.5,35(5):34-37.
[64]童遂放,李竹霞. PHAST在LPG储存条件分析中的应用[J].中国安全生产科学技术,2007.8,3(4):87-90.
[65]翁帮华,银小兵,向启贵. SAFETY定量风险分析软件在石油天然气开发风险评估中的应用[J].石油与天然气化工,2007,36(6):524-528.
[66]陈国华,梁韬,张晖,等.用SAFETY定量评价液氯泄漏事故的风险[J].华南理工大学学报(自然科学版),2006.5,34(5):103-108.
[67]李纪云,高增梁.合成氨装置重大危险源后果预测[J].压力容器,2008,25(7):41-45.
[68]王志荣,蒋军成,王三明.基于客户机/服务器的化工过程灾害模拟评价系统[J].石油化工高等学校学报,2004.3,17(1):75-80.
[69]张亚平,牛建军,张淑琼.有毒物质泄漏危害后果分析系统软件的研制[J].海峡预防医学杂志,2007,13(1):3-6.
[70]阎善郁,潘科.基于JAVA技术的易燃易爆毒性云团扩散软件的开发与应用[J].中国安全科学学报,2009.4,19(4):152-158.
[71]黄德寅,刘茂,孙金艳,等.合成氨装置急性中毒事故风险分析的研究[J].职业卫生与应急救援,2007.6,25(3):115-119.
[72]周德红,赵云胜,胡敏涛,等.合成氨厂液氨储罐泄漏环境风险分析[J].安全与环境工程,2009.3,16(2):101-104.
[73]刘春祥,蔡凤英,谈宗山.某液氨储罐泄漏的后果分析及对策[J].工业安全与环保,2004.10,30(10):18-20.
[74]吴爱香,张瑞芳.液氨球罐泄漏事故后果分析与评价[J].安全,2005,5:16-17.
[75]刘建龙.氨制冷站爆炸中毒事故后果模拟分析及安全对策[J].山东食品发酵,2007.1,144:20-21.
[76]沈浚主编.合成氨[M].北京:化学工业出版社, 2001.1.
[77]胡德栋,王威强,吴俊飞,等.平阴尿塔的物料和爆炸能量估算[J].山东大学学报(工学版), 2008.6, 38(3): 46-50.
[78]王光信,刘澄凡,张积树编著.物理化学[M].第二版.北京:化学工业出版社, 2001.3.
[79]刘光启,马连湘,刑志有主编.化工物性算图手册[M].北京:化学工业出版社, 2002.1.
[80]李斯特,程灶亮,马永其,等.氨工质的新简明状态方程[J].工程热物理学报, 2000.1, 21(1): 17-19.
[81]李斯特,程灶亮,杨卫民,等.氨工质焓与熵的新关联式[J].工程热物理学报, 2000.5, 21(3): 265-268.
[82] Poling B, Prausnitz J, Connell J著,赵红玲,王凤坤,陈圣坤,等译.气液物性估算手册[M].原著第五版.北京:化学工业出版社, 2006.3.
[83]李文炜,狄刚,郭建平,等. LSC0.5-0.7-AⅡ锅炉爆炸事故的爆炸能量及危害半径计算[J].工业安全与环保, 2008, 34(8): 30-32.
[84]陈网桦,果宏,彭金华等.雷管空中爆炸场超压的近似估算[J].爆破器材,1998,27 (1) :26-29.
[85]钟冬望,王海亮.露天爆破毒气传播规律探讨[J].工程爆破,1999,5(1):63～66.
[86]王淑兰,喻健良,丁信伟等,易燃气和毒气泄放扩散浓度计算[J].化工装备技术,2001,22(4):22-25 .
[87]杨洪斌,张云海,马雁军,朝阳地区大气扩散参数计算分析[J].环境保护科学,2006,32(1):5-7.
[88] Ramachandran R, Prakash J W J, Varibility of Surface and Turbulence Intensities at a Coastal Site in India[J]. Boundary-Laycrme tcorology,1994,70:39l-398.
[89] Dong XiLin , Modelling on the Leakage of frequently used toxic chemicals and determination of emergent rescue zone[A]. Proceedings of the 2004 International Symposium on Safety Science and Technology[C],2004.10:3049-3054.
[90]汪元辉.安全系统工程[M].天津:天津大学出版社,1999,262—266:115-117.
[91]王永生,马玉苑,程克信.中小氮肥厂几种氨合成工艺流程比较[J].小氮肥设计技术,2003,24(1):6-7.