家兔实验性氟乙酰胺中毒的病理学研究
摘要
选用健康家兔20只，随机分为四组，每组5只。Ⅰ组为对照组，Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组中毒剂量分别为1.5mg／kg、2.0mg／kg、10.0mg／kg．各中毒组家兔死亡前采集尿液做亚硝酸盐、pH值等项目的检测；心脏采血，作血常规及血清生化指标的检查；末梢血涂片做淋巴细胞的酸性α-醋酸萘酯酶染色；死亡的家兔剖检，观察其病理解剖学变化并从心脏、肝脏、肾脏等组织分别取材、固定、制片，进行光镜及透射电镜观察。剩余家兔在中毒后第三天全部捕杀剖检，按同样方法取材、固定、制片，进行光镜及透射电镜观察。
实验结果表明：(1)各中毒组家兔死亡时间不同，临床症状基本相同或相似，主要是神经症状，剖检变化无明显差异，主要是消化道粘膜脱落，心脏、肝脏等实质器官肿大、充血、淤血。(2)中毒后第Ⅲ、Ⅳ组的组织学变化主要是退行性变化，组织细胞以变性、肿胀为主，而第Ⅱ组组织细胞的坏死比较广泛，有坏死灶形成，组织中有细胞增生。(3)第Ⅱ组中毒家兔的部分组织的超微结构有明显变化。心肌纤维、肝细胞及脑神经细胞线粒体肿胀、嵴溶解消失；内质网扩张、脱颗粒；大脑神经纤维突触肿胀、突触小泡溶解及神经细胞胞浆溶解。(4)中毒后，血红蛋白含量及红细胞数明显减少，淋巴细胞增加；血清天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶、丙氨酸氨基转移酶、肌酸激酶、乳酸脱氢酶活性增强，肌酐、尿素含量升高；尿液pH值降低；尿中葡萄糖、蛋白质、血红蛋白、尿胆素原含量升高。(5)肠系膜淋巴结及外周血液中有标志的T淋巴细胞减少。(6)十二指肠肠腺及肠粘膜碱性磷酸酶活性增强。
本研究结果证实，家兔氟乙酰胺中毒能引起脑组织、肝脏、心脏、肾脏以及胃肠等多器官的损害，并且损害机体的免疫机能。
Experiment were conducted with 20 rabbits to explore the histopathologic changes in fluoroacetamide poisoning.
20 rabbits were randomly divided into 4 groups, 5 in each. Group ] was used as normal control.Group II .III and I\ were respectively poured fluoroacetamide on the dose of 1.5mg/kg.2.0 mg/kg and 10.0 mg/kg .Blood and urine samples of dying rabbits were collected to examine some biochemical items. Daubed ears' blood on contact glasses to examine T lymphocyte. Died rabbits were dissected immediate!)', the heart, liver and kidney etc were sampled, the histochemistry methods were carried out on all collected tissues after fixation. The results showed as follows: (DRabbits of poisoning groups died in different period .but the clinical symptom was similar. Nervous symptom was the main manifestation. The changes of poisoning rabbits dissected were also alike, they were all showed shedding of mucous membrane of digestive tract, enlargement , congestion and hemorrhage of liver, heart and kidney etc. (2) The histopathologic changes of poisoning rabbits in group III and R mainly were degeneration and swelling of cells in parenchymatous tissue, however in group II,cells7 necrosis and hyperplasia were more obvious than in group III and IV .(3) The content of hemoglobin and the number of R.B.C in poisoning groups were lower than in normal control, while the total of lymphocyte was higher. Activities of AST.ALT.CK,LDH and the content of Creatinine and Uream in serum were higher in poisoning groups than in normal control. In poisoning groups the pH of urine were lowed, meanwhile the content of glucose, protein, hemoglobin and urobilinogen were raised. (4) Lymphocyte with sign in peripheral blood
and lymphadenitis of mesentery were fewer after poisoning. (5) Activities of AKP in mucous membrane and crypt of duodenum were higher in treatment group than in normal control.
The result revealed that fluoroacetamide poisoning could injure brain, heart, liver, kidney and etc tissues.
实验结果表明：(1)各中毒组家兔死亡时间不同，临床症状基本相同或相似，主要是神经症状，剖检变化无明显差异，主要是消化道粘膜脱落，心脏、肝脏等实质器官肿大、充血、淤血。(2)中毒后第Ⅲ、Ⅳ组的组织学变化主要是退行性变化，组织细胞以变性、肿胀为主，而第Ⅱ组组织细胞的坏死比较广泛，有坏死灶形成，组织中有细胞增生。(3)第Ⅱ组中毒家兔的部分组织的超微结构有明显变化。心肌纤维、肝细胞及脑神经细胞线粒体肿胀、嵴溶解消失；内质网扩张、脱颗粒；大脑神经纤维突触肿胀、突触小泡溶解及神经细胞胞浆溶解。(4)中毒后，血红蛋白含量及红细胞数明显减少，淋巴细胞增加；血清天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶、丙氨酸氨基转移酶、肌酸激酶、乳酸脱氢酶活性增强，肌酐、尿素含量升高；尿液pH值降低；尿中葡萄糖、蛋白质、血红蛋白、尿胆素原含量升高。(5)肠系膜淋巴结及外周血液中有标志的T淋巴细胞减少。(6)十二指肠肠腺及肠粘膜碱性磷酸酶活性增强。
本研究结果证实，家兔氟乙酰胺中毒能引起脑组织、肝脏、心脏、肾脏以及胃肠等多器官的损害，并且损害机体的免疫机能。
Experiment were conducted with 20 rabbits to explore the histopathologic changes in fluoroacetamide poisoning.
20 rabbits were randomly divided into 4 groups, 5 in each. Group ] was used as normal control.Group II .III and I\ were respectively poured fluoroacetamide on the dose of 1.5mg/kg.2.0 mg/kg and 10.0 mg/kg .Blood and urine samples of dying rabbits were collected to examine some biochemical items. Daubed ears' blood on contact glasses to examine T lymphocyte. Died rabbits were dissected immediate!)', the heart, liver and kidney etc were sampled, the histochemistry methods were carried out on all collected tissues after fixation. The results showed as follows: (DRabbits of poisoning groups died in different period .but the clinical symptom was similar. Nervous symptom was the main manifestation. The changes of poisoning rabbits dissected were also alike, they were all showed shedding of mucous membrane of digestive tract, enlargement , congestion and hemorrhage of liver, heart and kidney etc. (2) The histopathologic changes of poisoning rabbits in group III and R mainly were degeneration and swelling of cells in parenchymatous tissue, however in group II,cells7 necrosis and hyperplasia were more obvious than in group III and IV .(3) The content of hemoglobin and the number of R.B.C in poisoning groups were lower than in normal control, while the total of lymphocyte was higher. Activities of AST.ALT.CK,LDH and the content of Creatinine and Uream in serum were higher in poisoning groups than in normal control. In poisoning groups the pH of urine were lowed, meanwhile the content of glucose, protein, hemoglobin and urobilinogen were raised. (4) Lymphocyte with sign in peripheral blood
and lymphadenitis of mesentery were fewer after poisoning. (5) Activities of AKP in mucous membrane and crypt of duodenum were higher in treatment group than in normal control.
The result revealed that fluoroacetamide poisoning could injure brain, heart, liver, kidney and etc tissues.
引文
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5．黄有德，刘宗平．动物中毒与营养代谢病．甘肃科学技术出版社，2001
6．李爱巧，岳敏，张革祥．家畜的氟乙酰胺中毒．中国动物检疫，1998，15(3)：16
7．胡楫．科学选用灭鼠药谨防人畜中毒．植物医生，1997，10(5)：44-45
8．耕牛氟乙酰胺慢性中毒的诊疗报告．农业科技，1975，(1)
9．陆立权．耕牛氟乙酸钠中毒的调查报告．广西畜牧兽医，1990，(4)：5-7
10．王东元．氟乙酰胺牛狗中毒调查报告．甘肃畜牧兽医，1986，(4)：15
11．李锦春，徐俊东，张华龙等．畜禽氟乙酰胺中毒的调查．山东畜牧兽医，2000，(3)：30-31
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15．贾保生．家畜氟乙酰胺中毒的简易解毒法．河南农村科技，1984(5)：37
16．马清海．马牛氟乙酰胺中毒．畜牧与兽医，1985，(1)：28-30
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18．牛永新．家畜灭鼠药中毒．中国兽医杂志，2000，26(10)：59-60
19．张崇信，刘天斌，白满堂．庆阳地区黄牛“猝死病”病因探讨．中国兽医杂志，1999，25(11)：30
20．张国盛，侯玉莲．畜禽杀鼠剂中毒的防治．甘肃畜牧兽医，1993，(5)：14-15
21. Annison.E.F.,K.J.,Lindsay,D.B.,Fluoroacetate poisoning in sheep,J.Comp.1998,15(4)
Path. 70, 145-155
22． Bakgal,U., Sodium fluorosilicate poisoning in a dog, Refuah veterinarith (1979) 36(4) 151-152
23． Egyed, M. N. ; Shlosberg, A., Diagnosis of field cases of sodium fluoroacetate and fluoroacetamide Poisoning in animals, Refuah veterinarith (1974) 30 No.3/4,112-115
24． Shlosberg, A.; Egyed, M. N. ; Mendelssohn, H.;Langer, Y., Fluoroacetamide (1081) poisoning in wild birds, Journal of Wildlife Diseaes (1975) 11(4) 534-536
25． Easom, C. T. ; Frampton, C. M. ; Acute toxicity of Sodium monofluoroacetate (1080) baits for feral cats, Wildlife Research (1991) 18 (4) 445-449
26． Orr,M. ; Bentley, G. ; Accidental 1080 poisoning in livestock and companion animals. Surveillance (Well-Tng tion) (1994) 21 (1) 27-28
27． Heyward, R. P. ; Norbeury, G. L. , Secondary poisoning of ferrets and cats after 1080 rabbit poisoning,Wildlife Research (1999) 26(1) 75-80
28． Gal, E. M. ; Smith, R. E. , Conditions affecting inhibition of tricarboxylic acid cycle by fluoroacetate in rat liver mitochondria, Proc. soc. exp. Biol. , N. Y. 103,401-404
29． Naguch; T. T. olmuki, Y. &Okigaki, T., Effect of Sodium fluoroacetate on myocadial cells in vitro, Nature, Lond (1996) 209,1197-1198
30． Rammel,C. G. , Persistence of compound 1080 in sheep muscle and liver, Survei11ance(1993) 20-21
31． Mcilroy, J. C. , The sensitivity of Australian animals to 1080 poison. Ⅰ. Intraspecific variation and factors affecting acute toxicity. Ⅱ. Marisupial and eutherian carnivores.Australian wildlife Research (1981) 8(2) 369-383;385-399
32． 郭素萍,董予新,李春风,急性氟乙酰胺中毒患者血清酶学变化.新乡医学院学报,
33．朱光华，黄汉林，邝守仁．急性重度氟乙酰胺中毒致多系统脏器损害一例分析．职业医学，1998，25(4)：26-27
34．刘仁树，吴天明．46例急性氟乙酰胺中毒致死者的临床特征回顾与启迪．急诊医学，1997，6(4)：201
35．王涤新．急性重度氟乙酰胺抢救体会．职业医学，1993，20(4)：219
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37．张振涛，张英，张文智等人．猪氟乙酰胺中毒病例的病理学变化观察．辽宁畜牧兽医，1997，(3)：16-17
38．郭定宗，周诗其，杨世锦．一例水牛氟乙酰胺中毒的病理观察．华中农业大学学报，1999，18(1)：53-54
39．宫向义，史学增．肉牛氟乙酰胺中毒的临床检验．吉林畜牧兽医，1996，(2)：28-29
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2．李树林．毒物的毒力与毒物分析．人民卫生出版社，1989
3．李祚煌．家畜中毒及毒物检验．农业出版社，1996：-87-89
4．丁伯良．动物中毒病理学．中国农业出版社，1996
5．黄有德，刘宗平．动物中毒与营养代谢病．甘肃科学技术出版社，2001
6．李爱巧，岳敏，张革祥．家畜的氟乙酰胺中毒．中国动物检疫，1998，15(3)：16
7．胡楫．科学选用灭鼠药谨防人畜中毒．植物医生，1997，10(5)：44-45
8．耕牛氟乙酰胺慢性中毒的诊疗报告．农业科技，1975，(1)
9．陆立权．耕牛氟乙酸钠中毒的调查报告．广西畜牧兽医，1990，(4)：5-7
10．王东元．氟乙酰胺牛狗中毒调查报告．甘肃畜牧兽医，1986，(4)：15
11．李锦春，徐俊东，张华龙等．畜禽氟乙酰胺中毒的调查．山东畜牧兽医，2000，(3)：30-31
12．卢克明，陈励生．耕牛氟乙酰胺中毒的调查．广西畜牧兽医，1994，10(4)：13-14
13．黄铁栋，涂小杨，尹政等．家畜氟乙酰胺中毒的调查和防治．中国兽医科技，1998，28(8)：41
14．陈强．柳州市家畜氟乙酰胺中毒案的调查报告．广西畜牧兽医，1996，2(4)：17-19
15．贾保生．家畜氟乙酰胺中毒的简易解毒法．河南农村科技，1984(5)：37
16．马清海．马牛氟乙酰胺中毒．畜牧与兽医，1985，(1)：28-30
17．刘秀兰．家畜氟乙酰胺中毒的诊断．动物毒物学，1992，7(1)：26-27
18．牛永新．家畜灭鼠药中毒．中国兽医杂志，2000，26(10)：59-60
19．张崇信，刘天斌，白满堂．庆阳地区黄牛“猝死病”病因探讨．中国兽医杂志，1999，25(11)：30
20．张国盛，侯玉莲．畜禽杀鼠剂中毒的防治．甘肃畜牧兽医，1993，(5)：14-15
21. Annison.E.F.,K.J.,Lindsay,D.B.,Fluoroacetate poisoning in sheep,J.Comp.1998,15(4)
Path. 70, 145-155
22． Bakgal,U., Sodium fluorosilicate poisoning in a dog, Refuah veterinarith (1979) 36(4) 151-152
23． Egyed, M. N. ; Shlosberg, A., Diagnosis of field cases of sodium fluoroacetate and fluoroacetamide Poisoning in animals, Refuah veterinarith (1974) 30 No.3/4,112-115
24． Shlosberg, A.; Egyed, M. N. ; Mendelssohn, H.;Langer, Y., Fluoroacetamide (1081) poisoning in wild birds, Journal of Wildlife Diseaes (1975) 11(4) 534-536
25． Easom, C. T. ; Frampton, C. M. ; Acute toxicity of Sodium monofluoroacetate (1080) baits for feral cats, Wildlife Research (1991) 18 (4) 445-449
26． Orr,M. ; Bentley, G. ; Accidental 1080 poisoning in livestock and companion animals. Surveillance (Well-Tng tion) (1994) 21 (1) 27-28
27． Heyward, R. P. ; Norbeury, G. L. , Secondary poisoning of ferrets and cats after 1080 rabbit poisoning,Wildlife Research (1999) 26(1) 75-80
28． Gal, E. M. ; Smith, R. E. , Conditions affecting inhibition of tricarboxylic acid cycle by fluoroacetate in rat liver mitochondria, Proc. soc. exp. Biol. , N. Y. 103,401-404
29． Naguch; T. T. olmuki, Y. &Okigaki, T., Effect of Sodium fluoroacetate on myocadial cells in vitro, Nature, Lond (1996) 209,1197-1198
30． Rammel,C. G. , Persistence of compound 1080 in sheep muscle and liver, Survei11ance(1993) 20-21
31． Mcilroy, J. C. , The sensitivity of Australian animals to 1080 poison. Ⅰ. Intraspecific variation and factors affecting acute toxicity. Ⅱ. Marisupial and eutherian carnivores.Australian wildlife Research (1981) 8(2) 369-383;385-399
32． 郭素萍,董予新,李春风,急性氟乙酰胺中毒患者血清酶学变化.新乡医学院学报,
33．朱光华，黄汉林，邝守仁．急性重度氟乙酰胺中毒致多系统脏器损害一例分析．职业医学，1998，25(4)：26-27
34．刘仁树，吴天明．46例急性氟乙酰胺中毒致死者的临床特征回顾与启迪．急诊医学，1997，6(4)：201
35．王涤新．急性重度氟乙酰胺抢救体会．职业医学，1993，20(4)：219
36．郭玉学，吴静秋，谢怀芳等人．马骡氟乙酰胺中毒实验观察报告．辽宁畜牧兽医，1997(3)：16-17
37．张振涛，张英，张文智等人．猪氟乙酰胺中毒病例的病理学变化观察．辽宁畜牧兽医，1997，(3)：16-17
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