日粮不同蛋白质水平及阴离子添加剂在围产期奶牛上的研究
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摘要
本试验以成年荷斯坦围产期奶牛为研究对象，在一定饲粮能量浓度条件下(1.40Mcal／kg DM)，精粗比接近30∶70条件下，在围产期(主要是在产前3周)通过饲喂不同蛋白质水平日粮，粗蛋白分别为14.0％、12.1％、9.6％，研究其对围产期奶牛的影响，以及在围产期应用日粮阴阳离子平衡技术对阴离子添加剂应用效果进行了全面研究。其结果如下：
1、日粮不同粗蛋白质水平对围产期奶牛的影响
日粮不同粗蛋白质水平对围产期奶牛干物质采食量(DMI)影响差异不显著；对DM、CP、ADF、NDF、Ca、P的表观消化率影响差异不显著；对分娩后胎衣排尽时间随着CP水平的增高有降低趋势，但差异不显著；对分娩后60天内的泌乳量影响差异不显著；对乳脂率、乳干物质及其理化性质影响差异不显著；乳蛋白随着CP水平增高有增加趋势，但差异不显著。
2、阴离子添加剂对围产期奶牛的影响
通过使用阴离子添加剂，可改变奶牛体内酸碱平衡状态，使其处于轻度酸中毒状态、尿液pH值降低到6.5左右，通过一系列调节机制，使血清中甲状旁腺素PTH明显升高，分娩后血钙浓度显著高于对照组。使用阴离子添加剂对肝脏功能无不良影响；使产后胎衣不下发生率降低，临床性低血钙症降低，且避免产乳热发生，而对照组牛则有一头发生产乳热；提高分娩后60天的泌乳量，且差异达到显著水平(p＜0.05)。
Experiments were conducted at 1.40M cal/kg DM, with the ratio of concentrate to roughage approximate 30:70,to investigate the effects of different dietary CP levels (14.0%, 12.1% and 9.6%) on periparturient Hostein cows (especially 3 weeks prepartum). Mo9090reover, anion balance technique was used to study the effects of adding anion additive into the diet. The result shows as follows:
1. Dry matter intake (DMI) and the apparent digestibility of DM, CP, ADF, NDF,
Ca and P are not affected significantly by different dietary CP levels; There is a decreasing tendency of placenta drainage interval with higher CP levels, but is insignificant. The milk yield within 60 days postpartum, milk fat percentage, milk solid, physical and chemical characteristics of milk are not affected apparently by different dietary CP levels; There is an increasing tendency of milk protein percentage with higher dietary CP levels, but is insignificant.
2. When adding anion additive into the diet, the following phenomena are
observed: the acid-base balance changes to a slightly acidosis state (with pH around 6.5), and the PTH concentration increases apparently by a series of adjustment mechanisms. The blood calcium concentration at postpartum period is significantly higher than that of control group. What's more, no disadvantageous effect on liver function is found. The incidences of retained placenta and clinical hypocalcemia decrease when adding anion additive into the diet. There is no milk fever case in experiment group, but there is one in control group in contrast. The milk yield within 60 days increases significantly (p<0.05) when adding anion additive hi the diet.
1、日粮不同粗蛋白质水平对围产期奶牛的影响
日粮不同粗蛋白质水平对围产期奶牛干物质采食量(DMI)影响差异不显著；对DM、CP、ADF、NDF、Ca、P的表观消化率影响差异不显著；对分娩后胎衣排尽时间随着CP水平的增高有降低趋势，但差异不显著；对分娩后60天内的泌乳量影响差异不显著；对乳脂率、乳干物质及其理化性质影响差异不显著；乳蛋白随着CP水平增高有增加趋势，但差异不显著。
2、阴离子添加剂对围产期奶牛的影响
通过使用阴离子添加剂，可改变奶牛体内酸碱平衡状态，使其处于轻度酸中毒状态、尿液pH值降低到6.5左右，通过一系列调节机制，使血清中甲状旁腺素PTH明显升高，分娩后血钙浓度显著高于对照组。使用阴离子添加剂对肝脏功能无不良影响；使产后胎衣不下发生率降低，临床性低血钙症降低，且避免产乳热发生，而对照组牛则有一头发生产乳热；提高分娩后60天的泌乳量，且差异达到显著水平(p＜0.05)。
Experiments were conducted at 1.40M cal/kg DM, with the ratio of concentrate to roughage approximate 30:70,to investigate the effects of different dietary CP levels (14.0%, 12.1% and 9.6%) on periparturient Hostein cows (especially 3 weeks prepartum). Mo9090reover, anion balance technique was used to study the effects of adding anion additive into the diet. The result shows as follows:
1. Dry matter intake (DMI) and the apparent digestibility of DM, CP, ADF, NDF,
Ca and P are not affected significantly by different dietary CP levels; There is a decreasing tendency of placenta drainage interval with higher CP levels, but is insignificant. The milk yield within 60 days postpartum, milk fat percentage, milk solid, physical and chemical characteristics of milk are not affected apparently by different dietary CP levels; There is an increasing tendency of milk protein percentage with higher dietary CP levels, but is insignificant.
2. When adding anion additive into the diet, the following phenomena are
observed: the acid-base balance changes to a slightly acidosis state (with pH around 6.5), and the PTH concentration increases apparently by a series of adjustment mechanisms. The blood calcium concentration at postpartum period is significantly higher than that of control group. What's more, no disadvantageous effect on liver function is found. The incidences of retained placenta and clinical hypocalcemia decrease when adding anion additive into the diet. There is no milk fever case in experiment group, but there is one in control group in contrast. The milk yield within 60 days increases significantly (p<0.05) when adding anion additive hi the diet.
引文
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2. Seventh Revised Edition, 2001, Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle[M]孟庆翔等译，第七版 中国农业大学出版社2001，259．
3．卢德勋．2002．乳牛围产期营养工程技术[J]乳业科学与技术，(3)：31-34．
4．王文光．2001．奶牛饲养关键100天[J]中国奶牛，(3)：50-53．
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6. Grmmen R.R. 1993. Etiology of lipid-related metabolic disorders in penparturient dairy cows. [J]. Dairy Sci. 76:3882-3896.
7. Bell, A.W. 1995. Regulation of organic nutrient metabolism during transition from late pregnancy to early lactation. J. Anim. Sci. 73:2804-2819.
8. James K. Drackley 著，任鹏编译，1999，过渡期奶牛饲养管理[J]国外畜牧科技，26(2)：12-16．
9. Grum. D.E, J.K.Drackley, R.S. Younker, D.W. Lacount, and J.J. Veenhuizen. 1996. Nutrition during the dry period and hepatic lipid metabolism of perparturient cows.[J]. Dairy Sci. 79:1850-1864.
10. Emery, R.S.J.S. Lie Sman, and T.H. Herdt, 1992. Metabolism of long chain fatty acids by ruminant liver, [J] Nutr. 122:832-837.
11. Divksen, G.U., H.G. Liebich, and E. Mayer. 1985. Adaptive changes of the ruminal mucosa and their functional and clinical significance. Bovine Pract. 20:116-120.
12. Golf. J.P., and R.L. Horst. 1997b. Physiological changes at parturition ad their relation ship to metabolic disorders. [J]. Dairy Sci. 80:1260-1268.
13. James N. Spain 等2000服部贵次译，乳牛重要100日间[J]，畜产研究54(2)：273-279．
14. Vande Haar, M.J., and S.S. Donkin, 1999. Protein nutrition of dry cows. Proc. Tri-state Dairy Nutr. Conf., M.L. Eastridge, ed. April20, Ft. Wayne, In, pages 113-130. The Ohio State. University, Columbus.
15．大成清2001周产期营养与乳热(1)(2)[J]畜产研究[J]55(7)3-6，55(8)43-48．
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17. Chew, B.P., F.R. Murdock, R.E. Riley, and J.K. Hillers 1984, Influence of prepartum dietary crude protein on growth hormone, insulin, reproduction, and lactation of dairy cows, [J]. Dairy Sci 67:270-275.
18. Santos, J.E.P.E.J. DePeters, P.W. Jaron, and J.T. Huber 1999a. Effect of prepartum crude protein level on performance of multiparous Holstein cows. [J] Dairy Sci. 82(Suppl.1):120(Abstr).
19. Santos, J.E.P., E.J. DePeters, P.W. Jaron, and J.T. Huber. 1999b. Effect of prepartum crude protein level on performance of primiparous Holstein cows. [J]. 82(Suppl.1):120(Abstr.).
20. Capuco. A.V, R. M.Akers, and J.J. Smith, 1997. Mammary growth in Holstein cows during the dry period: Quantification of nucleic acids and histology [S]. Dairy Sci. 80:447-487.
21. Ferrell, C.L., W.N. Garrett, and N. Hinman 1976. Growth, development and composition of the udder and gravid uterus of beef heifers during pregnancy. [J]. Anim. Sci. 42:1477-1489.
22. Swanson, E.w., and J.I. Poffenbarger, 1979. Mammary gland development of dairy heifers during their first gestation[J]. Dairy Sci. 62:702-714.
23. VanSaun, R.J.,S.C. Idleman, and C.J. Sniffen, 1993. Effect of undegradable protein amount fedprepartumon postpartum production in first lactation Holstein cows. [J]. Dairy Sci. 76:236-244.
24. VanSaun, R.f., and C. J. Sniffen. 1995. Effects of undegradable protein fed prepartum on lactation, reproduction, and health in dairy cattle. [J] Dairy Sci. 78:265(Abstr).
25. Crawley, D.D., and L.H. Kilmer. 1995. Effects of level and Source of rumen degradable protein fed prepartum on postpartum performance of dairy cattle. [J]. Dairy Sci. 78(Suppl. 1):266(Abstr).
26. Greefield. R., S.S. Donkin, M.J, Cecava, and T. R. Johnson. 1998. protein requirements of transition dairy cows. [J]. Dairy Sci. (Midwest section Abstr):79.
27. Hartweli. J.H., M.J. Cecava, B. Miller, and S.S. Donkin. 1999. Rumen protected choline and dietary protein for transition cows. [J]. Dairy Sci. 82 (Suppl. 1):125. (Abstr).
28. Wu, L, R.J. Fisher, C.E. Polan, and C.G. Schwab. 1997. Lactational performance of cows fed low or high ruminally undegradable protein prepartum and supplemental methionine and lysine postpartum. [J] Dairy Sci, 80:722-729.
29. Putnam, D.E., and C.A. Varga. 1998. Protein density and its influence on metabolite concentration and nitrogen retention by Holstein cows in late gestation. [J]. Dairy Sci. 81:1608-1618.
30. Huyler, M.T., R.L. Kincaid, and D.F. Dostal. 1999. Metabolic and yield responses of multiparous Holstein cows to prepartum rumen undegradable protein [J]. Dairy Sci.
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2. Seventh Revised Edition, 2001, Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle[M]孟庆翔等译，第七版 中国农业大学出版社2001，259．
3．卢德勋．2002．乳牛围产期营养工程技术[J]乳业科学与技术，(3)：31-34．
4．王文光．2001．奶牛饲养关键100天[J]中国奶牛，(3)：50-53．
5. Grummer, R. R. 1995. Impact of changes in organic nutrient metabolism on feeding the transition dairy cow.[J]. Anim. Sci. 73:2820-2833.
6. Grmmen R.R. 1993. Etiology of lipid-related metabolic disorders in penparturient dairy cows. [J]. Dairy Sci. 76:3882-3896.
7. Bell, A.W. 1995. Regulation of organic nutrient metabolism during transition from late pregnancy to early lactation. J. Anim. Sci. 73:2804-2819.
8. James K. Drackley 著，任鹏编译，1999，过渡期奶牛饲养管理[J]国外畜牧科技，26(2)：12-16．
9. Grum. D.E, J.K.Drackley, R.S. Younker, D.W. Lacount, and J.J. Veenhuizen. 1996. Nutrition during the dry period and hepatic lipid metabolism of perparturient cows.[J]. Dairy Sci. 79:1850-1864.
10. Emery, R.S.J.S. Lie Sman, and T.H. Herdt, 1992. Metabolism of long chain fatty acids by ruminant liver, [J] Nutr. 122:832-837.
11. Divksen, G.U., H.G. Liebich, and E. Mayer. 1985. Adaptive changes of the ruminal mucosa and their functional and clinical significance. Bovine Pract. 20:116-120.
12. Golf. J.P., and R.L. Horst. 1997b. Physiological changes at parturition ad their relation ship to metabolic disorders. [J]. Dairy Sci. 80:1260-1268.
13. James N. Spain 等2000服部贵次译，乳牛重要100日间[J]，畜产研究54(2)：273-279．
14. Vande Haar, M.J., and S.S. Donkin, 1999. Protein nutrition of dry cows. Proc. Tri-state Dairy Nutr. Conf., M.L. Eastridge, ed. April20, Ft. Wayne, In, pages 113-130. The Ohio State. University, Columbus.
15．大成清2001周产期营养与乳热(1)(2)[J]畜产研究[J]55(7)3-6，55(8)43-48．
16. Sahlu. T., S.P. Hart, T. Le-Trong, Z, Jia, L. Dawson, and T.H. The, 1995. Influence of prepartum protein and energy concentrations for dairy goots during pregnancy and early lactation. [J]. Dairy Sci. 78:378-387.
17. Chew, B.P., F.R. Murdock, R.E. Riley, and J.K. Hillers 1984, Influence of prepartum dietary crude protein on growth hormone, insulin, reproduction, and lactation of dairy cows, [J]. Dairy Sci 67:270-275.
18. Santos, J.E.P.E.J. DePeters, P.W. Jaron, and J.T. Huber 1999a. Effect of prepartum crude protein level on performance of multiparous Holstein cows. [J] Dairy Sci. 82(Suppl.1):120(Abstr).
19. Santos, J.E.P., E.J. DePeters, P.W. Jaron, and J.T. Huber. 1999b. Effect of prepartum crude protein level on performance of primiparous Holstein cows. [J]. 82(Suppl.1):120(Abstr.).
20. Capuco. A.V, R. M.Akers, and J.J. Smith, 1997. Mammary growth in Holstein cows during the dry period: Quantification of nucleic acids and histology [S]. Dairy Sci. 80:447-487.
21. Ferrell, C.L., W.N. Garrett, and N. Hinman 1976. Growth, development and composition of the udder and gravid uterus of beef heifers during pregnancy. [J]. Anim. Sci. 42:1477-1489.
22. Swanson, E.w., and J.I. Poffenbarger, 1979. Mammary gland development of dairy heifers during their first gestation[J]. Dairy Sci. 62:702-714.
23. VanSaun, R.J.,S.C. Idleman, and C.J. Sniffen, 1993. Effect of undegradable protein amount fedprepartumon postpartum production in first lactation Holstein cows. [J]. Dairy Sci. 76:236-244.
24. VanSaun, R.f., and C. J. Sniffen. 1995. Effects of undegradable protein fed prepartum on lactation, reproduction, and health in dairy cattle. [J] Dairy Sci. 78:265(Abstr).
25. Crawley, D.D., and L.H. Kilmer. 1995. Effects of level and Source of rumen degradable protein fed prepartum on postpartum performance of dairy cattle. [J]. Dairy Sci. 78(Suppl. 1):266(Abstr).
26. Greefield. R., S.S. Donkin, M.J, Cecava, and T. R. Johnson. 1998. protein requirements of transition dairy cows. [J]. Dairy Sci. (Midwest section Abstr):79.
27. Hartweli. J.H., M.J. Cecava, B. Miller, and S.S. Donkin. 1999. Rumen protected choline and dietary protein for transition cows. [J]. Dairy Sci. 82 (Suppl. 1):125. (Abstr).
28. Wu, L, R.J. Fisher, C.E. Polan, and C.G. Schwab. 1997. Lactational performance of cows fed low or high ruminally undegradable protein prepartum and supplemental methionine and lysine postpartum. [J] Dairy Sci, 80:722-729.
29. Putnam, D.E., and C.A. Varga. 1998. Protein density and its influence on metabolite concentration and nitrogen retention by Holstein cows in late gestation. [J]. Dairy Sci. 81:1608-1618.
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