日粮阴阳离子差在奶牛上的应用效果研究
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摘要
随着奶牛营养代谢理论研究的深入,日粮阴阳离子差(dietary cation-anion difference, DCAD)引起了奶牛营养研究者的广泛关注。DCAD是指每千克饲粮干物质所含的主要阳离子(Na+、K+)的毫摩尔数与主要的阴离子(Cl-、S2-)的毫摩尔数之间的差值。
本研究系统地探讨了不同DCAD水平及补Ca对经产荷斯坦奶牛围产期(试验一、试验二)和泌乳盛期(试验三)体液酸碱平衡、血液矿物质、健康及生产性能的影响；在此基础上,对浙江省6个大型牧场奶牛日粮组分阴阳离子差(CAD)盈亏状况进行了调研,计算了典型DCAD水平(试验四)。
试验一研究了降低DCAD水平对围产期奶牛体液酸碱平衡、血液矿物质含量、健康及生产性能的影响。试验采用随机区组设计,将40头条件相似、处于产前21天的奶牛分为4组：对照组、试验1组、试验2组和试验3组,每组10头；设计奶牛DCAD水平分别为+150、+50、-50、-150 mmol/kg DM(实际测定为+127、+30、-63、-154 mmol/kg DM)。试验结果如下。
随着DCAD水平降低,奶牛尿液pH值、血液pH值显著下降(P<0.05),血液HC03-浓度呈下降趋势(P>0.05)。DCAD水平与尿液pH、血液pH、血液HC03-的决定系数(r2)分别为0.85(P<0.0001)、0.28(P<0.01)、0.09(P>0.1),尿液pH与血液pH的相关系数(r)为0.52(P<0.0001)。可见,降低DCAD水平诱发了奶牛轻度代谢性酸中毒。
试验2组、试验3组奶牛血浆钙水平显著高于对照组和试验1组(P<0.05),其它各组差异不显著(P>0.05)；试验3组奶牛血浆镁含量显著高于其它各组(P<0.05)；各组奶牛血浆磷水平不受DCAD的影响(P>0.05)。各组奶牛血浆钙含量均以产犊当天最低,但试验2组、试验3组在产犊临近几天较对照组高(P<0.05)。降低DCAD水平可维持奶牛血钙稳恒。
没有奶牛发生产乳热。试验2组、试验3组奶牛低血钙发病头数(0、0)较对照组、试验1组低(2、3),胎衣不下发病头数(0、0)显著低于对照组(4；P<0.05)。降低DCAD水平有利于改善奶牛健康(对照组、试验1组、试验2组、试验3组奶牛发病总头数分别为10、7、3、2)。不同DCAD水平对奶牛干物质采食量(DMI)、奶产量、奶成分没有产生差异显著的影响(P>0.05)。
从本试验结果可见,干奶后期低DCAD水平日粮可诱发奶牛体内轻度代谢性酸中毒,维持血钙稳恒,进而降低疾病发生率,改善健康。
试验二研究了在阴离子型DCAD日粮基础上补Ca对围产期奶牛体液酸碱平衡、血液矿物质含量、健康及生产性能的影响。试验选取条件相似、处于干奶后期(产前20天)的奶牛36头,按随机区组设计分为3组：对照组、试验1组、试验2组,每组12头；设计奶牛DCAD水平分别为+150、-100、-100mmol/kgDM(实际测定为+185、-67、-67mmol/kg DM), Ca采食量分别为84、84、114g/d(实际测定水平为100、100、130g/d)。
与对照组相比,试验1组、试验2组奶牛尿液pH值、血液pH值显著降低(P<0.05),血液HC03-浓度差异不大(P>0.05)；试验1组、试验2组各体液酸碱平衡指标水平接近,差异不显著(P>0.05)。DCAD水平与尿液pH、血液pH、血液HC03-的决定系数(r2)分别为0.92(P<0.0001)、0.57(P<0.01)、0.02(P>0.1),尿液pH与血液pH的相关系数(r)为0.77(P<0.0001)。可见,两组阴离子型DCAD日粮均诱发了奶牛轻度代谢性酸中毒。
试验1组奶牛血清钙含量显著高于对照组和试验2组(P<0.05),对照组和试验2组差异不显著；血清磷水平显著高于对照组(P<0.05)；试验2组血清镁浓度较试验1组高(P<0.05)。产犊后0.5天,各组奶牛血浆钙含量均为最低值,但试验1组产后0.5天、第2天血清钙水平显著高于对照组(P<0.05),试验2组与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05)。结果提示,在阴离子型DCAD日粮基础上补钙对维持围产期奶牛血钙水平效果不明显。
没有奶牛发生产乳热或真胃移位。试验1组奶牛低血钙发病头数显著低于对照组(0 vs.4；P<0.05),试验2组奶牛胎衣不下发病头数显著低于对照组(1 vs.6；P<0.05)。在阴离子型DCAD日粮基础上补钙与阴离子型DCAD日粮对改善奶牛健康效果相当(对照组、试验1组、试验2组分别有14、4、4头奶牛患病)。日粮处理对各组奶牛DMI、奶产量、奶成分没有显著的影响(P>0.05)。
本试验结果表明,在阴离子型DCAD日粮(-100mmol/kg DM)基础上补钙也可诱发围产期奶牛体内轻度代谢性酸中毒,但对维持奶牛血钙稳恒、改善健康没有进一步的效果。
试验三研究了不同DCAD水平对泌乳盛期奶牛血液酸碱平衡、血清矿物质含量及生产性能的影响。试验采用3×3复拉丁方设计,将15头条件相似的泌乳盛期奶牛(产后20-50 d)分为3组：对照组、试验1组、试验2组,每组5头,设计DCAD水平分别为+250、+400、+550 mmol/kg DM(实际测定为+242、+389、+538 mmol/kg DM)。试验结果表明,奶牛血液酸碱平衡、血清矿物质含量、奶产量均不受DCAD的影响(P>0.05)。
试验四对浙江省6个有代表性的大型牧场奶牛日粮主要常用饲料原料Na、K、Cl、S含量及其CAD盈亏状况进行了调研,并计算了典型DCAD水平。
奶牛精料混合料主要原料玉米、豆粕、麸皮的CAD平均值分别为26、275、147 mmol/kg DM,以豆粕最高,麸皮次之,玉米最低。干奶期和泌乳盛期奶牛精料混合料的CAD平均值分别为227、323 mmol/kg DM,干奶期精料混合料CAD值较低。奶牛粗饲料主要原料全株青贮玉米、羊草干草、苜蓿干草的CAD平均值分别为-50、95、429 mmol/kg DM,以苜蓿干草最高,羊草干草次之,全株青贮玉米最低。
模拟的典型干奶期和泌乳盛期奶牛日粮的CAD平均值分别为74、214mmol/kg DM,干奶期DCAD水平较泌乳盛期DCAD水平低。
综上所述,围产期奶牛采食CAD水平为-100～-50 mmol/kg DM的日粮可诱发体内轻度代谢性酸中毒、维持血钙稳恒、改善健康,但不会影响生产性能；在阴离子型DCAD日粮基础上补钙(30 g/d),对改进上述指标效果不明显；泌乳盛期奶牛血液酸碱平衡、血清矿物质含量、奶产量不受DCAD水平的影响。六个接受大型调研牧场典型干奶牛DCAD平均水平为正值,应添加阴离子盐降低DCAD水平,泌乳盛期奶牛DCAD水平较为适宜。
Dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) has been drawing much attention by dairy nutritionists with the progressive achievement in dairy cow nutrition. It is defined as the difference between the milliequivalents of major cations and major anions in the diet. In the current work, the effects of varying DCAD and Ca supplementatiaon on fluid acid-base balance, blood minerals profiles, health status, and lactational performance were evaluated in multiparous Holstein cows during periparturient (Trials 1 and 2) and peak-lactating periods (Trial 3). Following that, the cation-anion difference (CAD) was investigated for feedstuffs collected from six large-scale dairy farms in Zhejiang province. The DCAD levels in typical diets were also estimated (Trial 4).
Trial 1 was conducted to examine the effects of reducing DCAD on fluid acid-base balance, blood minerals concentrations, health status, and subsequent lactational performance. Forty clinically healthy pregnant Holstein dry cows on d 21 prepartum were randomly allocated to four blocks of 10 according to the predicted calving date (21±2 days), age (5-8 years), parity (≥3), and their previous 305-d equivalent milk yield (7584±642 kg/head) using randomized block design; and were fed one of four DCAD diets:+150,+50,-50, and-150 mmol/kg DM. The actually determined DCAD values were+127,+30,-63, and-154 mmol/kg DM, respectively.
Feeding of reduced DCAD resulted in continuous decline (P<0.05) in urinary and blood pH values. The blood HCO3- concentrations were unaffected by dietary treatments (P>0.05). The DCAD had significant correlation with urinary pH (P< 0.0001; r2=0.85), significant but low correlation with blood pH (P<0.01; r2=0.28), and non-significant determinant coefficient with HCO3- concentration (P>0.1; r2= 0.09). Urinary pH exhibited significant correlation with blood pH (P<0.0001; r= 0.52). It is indicated that feeding of reduced DCAD may induce mild metabolic acidosis in dairy cow.
Cows fed diets of-50 and-150 DCAD produced higher concentration of plasma calcium than those on+50 and+150 DCAD diets (P<0.05), with little difference (P >0.05) among other diets. Diet-150 DCAD induced higher (P<0.05) plasma magnesium level than other three DCAD diets. Plasma phosphorus value was unaffected (P>0.05) by dietary treatments. The nadir of plasma calcium on the day of calving was lower (P<0.05) than the peak level on d 14 prepartum. It is suggested that blood calcium homeostasis can be maintained in dairy cow fed diets with low CAD.
No case of milk fever occurred within any treatments. Hypocalcemia case tended to decrease for cows consuming diets of-50 (0%) and-150 DCAD (0%) over those receiving diets of+150 (20%) and+50 (30%). Retained placenta incidence was significantly lower (P<0.05) in cows offered-50 (0%) and-150 DCAD (0%) than those on diets of+150 DCAD (40%). The prevalence of disorders tended to be lower in the group of cows fed-50 or-150 DCAD diets (total disorders:10,7,3 and 2 for the+150,+50,-50 and-150 DCAD diets, respectively). The dry matter intake, milk yield and compositions of fat, protein, and lactose were not-significantly (P>0.05) different among four dietary treatments.
It is suggested that feeding negative DCAD in late gestation period can induce mild metabolic acidosis and is beneficial for blood calcium homeostasis and improvement of health status in dairy cows.
The work in trial 2 was aimed to evaluate the effect on fluid acid-base balance, serum minerals level, health status, and subsequent lactational performance in periparturient dairy cow fed diets with low CAD. and calcium supplementation. Thirty-six clinically healthy pregnant Holstein dry cows on d 20 prepartum were assigned to three blocks of 12 cows based on their age (4-6 year), parity number (2-4), and previous 305-d equivalent milk yield (7428±770 kg/head) using randomized block design. The cows were randomly allocated to one of three diets with expected CAD levels at+150 (HD),-100 (LD), and-100 mmol/kg DM plus calcium (30g/d, LDCA). The actually assessed DCAD levels were+185,-67, and-67 mmol/kg DM; and Ca intake were 100,100, and 130 g/d for for diet HD, LD, and LDCA, respectively.
Feeding of the two LD diets induced lower (P<0.05) urinary and blood pH compared with the HD diet, without significant difference (P>0.05) for blood HCO3-concentration among three diets. However, urinary and blood pH, and blood HCO3-concentrations were not different (P>0.05) for the two LD diets. The DCAD indicated significant correlation with urinary pH (P<0.0001; r2=0.90), significant but low correlation with blood pH (P<0.01; r=0.53), and not-significant correlation with HCO3- concentration (P>0.1; r2=0.02), respectively. A significant correlation was observed (P<0.0001; r=0.77) between urinary and blood pH. Both of the two LD diets resulted in mild metabolic acidosis in dairy cow.
Serum calcium level was higher (P<0.05) in cows fed LD diet than in cows on diets HD and LDCA, with little difference between diets HD and LDCA (P>0.05). Cows fed LDCA diet had higher (P<0.05) serum magnesium concentration compared with those on LD diet. Diet LD resulted in higher (P<0.05) serum phosphorus value relative to diet HD. The lowest serum calcium levels were observed on d 0.5 postpartum for all cows. Feeding of diet LD induced higher serum calcium concentration (P<0.05) compared with that of diet HD on d 0.5 and d 2 postpartum, but no effect (P>0.05) was observed for additional supplementation of calcium in diet LDCA relative to diet HD. It is suggested that calcium supplementation to diet low DCAD had little improvement in blood calcium homeostasis for periparturient dairy cow.
No milk fever and displaced abomasum occurred within all cows. Hypocalcemia cases were higher (P<0.05) for cows fed diet HD (33%) compared with those on diet LD (0%). Diet LDCA reduced (P<0.05) retained placenta incidence (8%) over diet HD (50%). The similar decreased disorder was observed in the two LD diets, with total 14,4, and 4 for diets HD, LD, and LDCA, respectively. Dietary treatments had little effect (P>0.05) on DMI, milk yield and compositions.
It is inferred that calcium supplementation (30 g/d) to-100 DCAD diet could also induced mild metabolic acidosis, but had no further improvement in maintenance of blood calcium homeostasis and health status for periparturient dairy cows.
The objective of trial 3 was to assess the effects of varying DCAD levels on blood acid-base balance, serum minerals concentrations, and lactational performance in dairy cows during the peak-lactating period (DIM=20-50). Fifteen clinically healthy Holstein cows were allocated to three blocks of five cows according to their age (4-6 yr), parity (2-4), and previous 305-d milk yield (7571±784 kg/head); and were fed one of three DCAD levels at +250,+400, and +550 mmol/kg DM using a 3×3 quintuplicate Latin square design. The actually measured DCAD values were +242, +389, and +538 mmol/kg DM, respectively. Blood pH and HCO3- concentration, serum minerals, and lactation performance were unaffected (P>0.05) by DCAD alterations.
In trial 4, the CAD (Na+K-Cl-S) levels were calculated for the commonly used feedstuffs collected from six representative large-scale dairy farms in Zhejiang province of China, and the DCAD levels were estimated for the typical diet.
Corn grain, soybean meal, and wheat bran were the main ingredients in concentrate mixture and their CAD levels were 26,275, and 147 mmol/kg DM, respectively. The CAD levels in concentrate mixture for dry and peak-lactating period were 227 and 323 mmol/kg DM, respectively.
Whole corn silage, Chinese wild ryegrass hay, and alfalfa hay were the main roughage ingredients and their CAD values were-50,95, and 429 mmol/kg DM, respectively.
The typical DCAD levels in concentrate mixture for dry and peak-lactating periods were 74 and 214 mmol/kg DM, respectively. The DCAD level in dry period was lower than that in peak-lactating period.
In summary, feeding of negative DCAD ranged from-100 to-50 to periparturient dairy cows could induce mild metabolic acidosis, increase blood calcium concentration, and improve health status without significant influence on lactating performance. Calcium supplementation (30 g/d) to the negative DCAD did not show further improvement in the above-mentioned parameters. There were no significant effects of positive DCAD on blood pH and HCO3- concentration, serum minerals, and lactation performance. From the average DCAD level in the six investigated dairy farms, it is suggested that anionic salts should be included into the prepartum diet; but there does not seem necessary to DCAD alteration for dairy cows in peak-lactating period.
本研究系统地探讨了不同DCAD水平及补Ca对经产荷斯坦奶牛围产期(试验一、试验二)和泌乳盛期(试验三)体液酸碱平衡、血液矿物质、健康及生产性能的影响；在此基础上,对浙江省6个大型牧场奶牛日粮组分阴阳离子差(CAD)盈亏状况进行了调研,计算了典型DCAD水平(试验四)。
试验一研究了降低DCAD水平对围产期奶牛体液酸碱平衡、血液矿物质含量、健康及生产性能的影响。试验采用随机区组设计,将40头条件相似、处于产前21天的奶牛分为4组：对照组、试验1组、试验2组和试验3组,每组10头；设计奶牛DCAD水平分别为+150、+50、-50、-150 mmol/kg DM(实际测定为+127、+30、-63、-154 mmol/kg DM)。试验结果如下。
随着DCAD水平降低,奶牛尿液pH值、血液pH值显著下降(P<0.05),血液HC03-浓度呈下降趋势(P>0.05)。DCAD水平与尿液pH、血液pH、血液HC03-的决定系数(r2)分别为0.85(P<0.0001)、0.28(P<0.01)、0.09(P>0.1),尿液pH与血液pH的相关系数(r)为0.52(P<0.0001)。可见,降低DCAD水平诱发了奶牛轻度代谢性酸中毒。
试验2组、试验3组奶牛血浆钙水平显著高于对照组和试验1组(P<0.05),其它各组差异不显著(P>0.05)；试验3组奶牛血浆镁含量显著高于其它各组(P<0.05)；各组奶牛血浆磷水平不受DCAD的影响(P>0.05)。各组奶牛血浆钙含量均以产犊当天最低,但试验2组、试验3组在产犊临近几天较对照组高(P<0.05)。降低DCAD水平可维持奶牛血钙稳恒。
没有奶牛发生产乳热。试验2组、试验3组奶牛低血钙发病头数(0、0)较对照组、试验1组低(2、3),胎衣不下发病头数(0、0)显著低于对照组(4；P<0.05)。降低DCAD水平有利于改善奶牛健康(对照组、试验1组、试验2组、试验3组奶牛发病总头数分别为10、7、3、2)。不同DCAD水平对奶牛干物质采食量(DMI)、奶产量、奶成分没有产生差异显著的影响(P>0.05)。
从本试验结果可见,干奶后期低DCAD水平日粮可诱发奶牛体内轻度代谢性酸中毒,维持血钙稳恒,进而降低疾病发生率,改善健康。
试验二研究了在阴离子型DCAD日粮基础上补Ca对围产期奶牛体液酸碱平衡、血液矿物质含量、健康及生产性能的影响。试验选取条件相似、处于干奶后期(产前20天)的奶牛36头,按随机区组设计分为3组：对照组、试验1组、试验2组,每组12头；设计奶牛DCAD水平分别为+150、-100、-100mmol/kgDM(实际测定为+185、-67、-67mmol/kg DM), Ca采食量分别为84、84、114g/d(实际测定水平为100、100、130g/d)。
与对照组相比,试验1组、试验2组奶牛尿液pH值、血液pH值显著降低(P<0.05),血液HC03-浓度差异不大(P>0.05)；试验1组、试验2组各体液酸碱平衡指标水平接近,差异不显著(P>0.05)。DCAD水平与尿液pH、血液pH、血液HC03-的决定系数(r2)分别为0.92(P<0.0001)、0.57(P<0.01)、0.02(P>0.1),尿液pH与血液pH的相关系数(r)为0.77(P<0.0001)。可见,两组阴离子型DCAD日粮均诱发了奶牛轻度代谢性酸中毒。
试验1组奶牛血清钙含量显著高于对照组和试验2组(P<0.05),对照组和试验2组差异不显著；血清磷水平显著高于对照组(P<0.05)；试验2组血清镁浓度较试验1组高(P<0.05)。产犊后0.5天,各组奶牛血浆钙含量均为最低值,但试验1组产后0.5天、第2天血清钙水平显著高于对照组(P<0.05),试验2组与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05)。结果提示,在阴离子型DCAD日粮基础上补钙对维持围产期奶牛血钙水平效果不明显。
没有奶牛发生产乳热或真胃移位。试验1组奶牛低血钙发病头数显著低于对照组(0 vs.4；P<0.05),试验2组奶牛胎衣不下发病头数显著低于对照组(1 vs.6；P<0.05)。在阴离子型DCAD日粮基础上补钙与阴离子型DCAD日粮对改善奶牛健康效果相当(对照组、试验1组、试验2组分别有14、4、4头奶牛患病)。日粮处理对各组奶牛DMI、奶产量、奶成分没有显著的影响(P>0.05)。
本试验结果表明,在阴离子型DCAD日粮(-100mmol/kg DM)基础上补钙也可诱发围产期奶牛体内轻度代谢性酸中毒,但对维持奶牛血钙稳恒、改善健康没有进一步的效果。
试验三研究了不同DCAD水平对泌乳盛期奶牛血液酸碱平衡、血清矿物质含量及生产性能的影响。试验采用3×3复拉丁方设计,将15头条件相似的泌乳盛期奶牛(产后20-50 d)分为3组：对照组、试验1组、试验2组,每组5头,设计DCAD水平分别为+250、+400、+550 mmol/kg DM(实际测定为+242、+389、+538 mmol/kg DM)。试验结果表明,奶牛血液酸碱平衡、血清矿物质含量、奶产量均不受DCAD的影响(P>0.05)。
试验四对浙江省6个有代表性的大型牧场奶牛日粮主要常用饲料原料Na、K、Cl、S含量及其CAD盈亏状况进行了调研,并计算了典型DCAD水平。
奶牛精料混合料主要原料玉米、豆粕、麸皮的CAD平均值分别为26、275、147 mmol/kg DM,以豆粕最高,麸皮次之,玉米最低。干奶期和泌乳盛期奶牛精料混合料的CAD平均值分别为227、323 mmol/kg DM,干奶期精料混合料CAD值较低。奶牛粗饲料主要原料全株青贮玉米、羊草干草、苜蓿干草的CAD平均值分别为-50、95、429 mmol/kg DM,以苜蓿干草最高,羊草干草次之,全株青贮玉米最低。
模拟的典型干奶期和泌乳盛期奶牛日粮的CAD平均值分别为74、214mmol/kg DM,干奶期DCAD水平较泌乳盛期DCAD水平低。
综上所述,围产期奶牛采食CAD水平为-100～-50 mmol/kg DM的日粮可诱发体内轻度代谢性酸中毒、维持血钙稳恒、改善健康,但不会影响生产性能；在阴离子型DCAD日粮基础上补钙(30 g/d),对改进上述指标效果不明显；泌乳盛期奶牛血液酸碱平衡、血清矿物质含量、奶产量不受DCAD水平的影响。六个接受大型调研牧场典型干奶牛DCAD平均水平为正值,应添加阴离子盐降低DCAD水平,泌乳盛期奶牛DCAD水平较为适宜。
Dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) has been drawing much attention by dairy nutritionists with the progressive achievement in dairy cow nutrition. It is defined as the difference between the milliequivalents of major cations and major anions in the diet. In the current work, the effects of varying DCAD and Ca supplementatiaon on fluid acid-base balance, blood minerals profiles, health status, and lactational performance were evaluated in multiparous Holstein cows during periparturient (Trials 1 and 2) and peak-lactating periods (Trial 3). Following that, the cation-anion difference (CAD) was investigated for feedstuffs collected from six large-scale dairy farms in Zhejiang province. The DCAD levels in typical diets were also estimated (Trial 4).
Trial 1 was conducted to examine the effects of reducing DCAD on fluid acid-base balance, blood minerals concentrations, health status, and subsequent lactational performance. Forty clinically healthy pregnant Holstein dry cows on d 21 prepartum were randomly allocated to four blocks of 10 according to the predicted calving date (21±2 days), age (5-8 years), parity (≥3), and their previous 305-d equivalent milk yield (7584±642 kg/head) using randomized block design; and were fed one of four DCAD diets:+150,+50,-50, and-150 mmol/kg DM. The actually determined DCAD values were+127,+30,-63, and-154 mmol/kg DM, respectively.
Feeding of reduced DCAD resulted in continuous decline (P<0.05) in urinary and blood pH values. The blood HCO3- concentrations were unaffected by dietary treatments (P>0.05). The DCAD had significant correlation with urinary pH (P< 0.0001; r2=0.85), significant but low correlation with blood pH (P<0.01; r2=0.28), and non-significant determinant coefficient with HCO3- concentration (P>0.1; r2= 0.09). Urinary pH exhibited significant correlation with blood pH (P<0.0001; r= 0.52). It is indicated that feeding of reduced DCAD may induce mild metabolic acidosis in dairy cow.
Cows fed diets of-50 and-150 DCAD produced higher concentration of plasma calcium than those on+50 and+150 DCAD diets (P<0.05), with little difference (P >0.05) among other diets. Diet-150 DCAD induced higher (P<0.05) plasma magnesium level than other three DCAD diets. Plasma phosphorus value was unaffected (P>0.05) by dietary treatments. The nadir of plasma calcium on the day of calving was lower (P<0.05) than the peak level on d 14 prepartum. It is suggested that blood calcium homeostasis can be maintained in dairy cow fed diets with low CAD.
No case of milk fever occurred within any treatments. Hypocalcemia case tended to decrease for cows consuming diets of-50 (0%) and-150 DCAD (0%) over those receiving diets of+150 (20%) and+50 (30%). Retained placenta incidence was significantly lower (P<0.05) in cows offered-50 (0%) and-150 DCAD (0%) than those on diets of+150 DCAD (40%). The prevalence of disorders tended to be lower in the group of cows fed-50 or-150 DCAD diets (total disorders:10,7,3 and 2 for the+150,+50,-50 and-150 DCAD diets, respectively). The dry matter intake, milk yield and compositions of fat, protein, and lactose were not-significantly (P>0.05) different among four dietary treatments.
It is suggested that feeding negative DCAD in late gestation period can induce mild metabolic acidosis and is beneficial for blood calcium homeostasis and improvement of health status in dairy cows.
The work in trial 2 was aimed to evaluate the effect on fluid acid-base balance, serum minerals level, health status, and subsequent lactational performance in periparturient dairy cow fed diets with low CAD. and calcium supplementation. Thirty-six clinically healthy pregnant Holstein dry cows on d 20 prepartum were assigned to three blocks of 12 cows based on their age (4-6 year), parity number (2-4), and previous 305-d equivalent milk yield (7428±770 kg/head) using randomized block design. The cows were randomly allocated to one of three diets with expected CAD levels at+150 (HD),-100 (LD), and-100 mmol/kg DM plus calcium (30g/d, LDCA). The actually assessed DCAD levels were+185,-67, and-67 mmol/kg DM; and Ca intake were 100,100, and 130 g/d for for diet HD, LD, and LDCA, respectively.
Feeding of the two LD diets induced lower (P<0.05) urinary and blood pH compared with the HD diet, without significant difference (P>0.05) for blood HCO3-concentration among three diets. However, urinary and blood pH, and blood HCO3-concentrations were not different (P>0.05) for the two LD diets. The DCAD indicated significant correlation with urinary pH (P<0.0001; r2=0.90), significant but low correlation with blood pH (P<0.01; r=0.53), and not-significant correlation with HCO3- concentration (P>0.1; r2=0.02), respectively. A significant correlation was observed (P<0.0001; r=0.77) between urinary and blood pH. Both of the two LD diets resulted in mild metabolic acidosis in dairy cow.
Serum calcium level was higher (P<0.05) in cows fed LD diet than in cows on diets HD and LDCA, with little difference between diets HD and LDCA (P>0.05). Cows fed LDCA diet had higher (P<0.05) serum magnesium concentration compared with those on LD diet. Diet LD resulted in higher (P<0.05) serum phosphorus value relative to diet HD. The lowest serum calcium levels were observed on d 0.5 postpartum for all cows. Feeding of diet LD induced higher serum calcium concentration (P<0.05) compared with that of diet HD on d 0.5 and d 2 postpartum, but no effect (P>0.05) was observed for additional supplementation of calcium in diet LDCA relative to diet HD. It is suggested that calcium supplementation to diet low DCAD had little improvement in blood calcium homeostasis for periparturient dairy cow.
No milk fever and displaced abomasum occurred within all cows. Hypocalcemia cases were higher (P<0.05) for cows fed diet HD (33%) compared with those on diet LD (0%). Diet LDCA reduced (P<0.05) retained placenta incidence (8%) over diet HD (50%). The similar decreased disorder was observed in the two LD diets, with total 14,4, and 4 for diets HD, LD, and LDCA, respectively. Dietary treatments had little effect (P>0.05) on DMI, milk yield and compositions.
It is inferred that calcium supplementation (30 g/d) to-100 DCAD diet could also induced mild metabolic acidosis, but had no further improvement in maintenance of blood calcium homeostasis and health status for periparturient dairy cows.
The objective of trial 3 was to assess the effects of varying DCAD levels on blood acid-base balance, serum minerals concentrations, and lactational performance in dairy cows during the peak-lactating period (DIM=20-50). Fifteen clinically healthy Holstein cows were allocated to three blocks of five cows according to their age (4-6 yr), parity (2-4), and previous 305-d milk yield (7571±784 kg/head); and were fed one of three DCAD levels at +250,+400, and +550 mmol/kg DM using a 3×3 quintuplicate Latin square design. The actually measured DCAD values were +242, +389, and +538 mmol/kg DM, respectively. Blood pH and HCO3- concentration, serum minerals, and lactation performance were unaffected (P>0.05) by DCAD alterations.
In trial 4, the CAD (Na+K-Cl-S) levels were calculated for the commonly used feedstuffs collected from six representative large-scale dairy farms in Zhejiang province of China, and the DCAD levels were estimated for the typical diet.
Corn grain, soybean meal, and wheat bran were the main ingredients in concentrate mixture and their CAD levels were 26,275, and 147 mmol/kg DM, respectively. The CAD levels in concentrate mixture for dry and peak-lactating period were 227 and 323 mmol/kg DM, respectively.
Whole corn silage, Chinese wild ryegrass hay, and alfalfa hay were the main roughage ingredients and their CAD values were-50,95, and 429 mmol/kg DM, respectively.
The typical DCAD levels in concentrate mixture for dry and peak-lactating periods were 74 and 214 mmol/kg DM, respectively. The DCAD level in dry period was lower than that in peak-lactating period.
In summary, feeding of negative DCAD ranged from-100 to-50 to periparturient dairy cows could induce mild metabolic acidosis, increase blood calcium concentration, and improve health status without significant influence on lactating performance. Calcium supplementation (30 g/d) to the negative DCAD did not show further improvement in the above-mentioned parameters. There were no significant effects of positive DCAD on blood pH and HCO3- concentration, serum minerals, and lactation performance. From the average DCAD level in the six investigated dairy farms, it is suggested that anionic salts should be included into the prepartum diet; but there does not seem necessary to DCAD alteration for dairy cows in peak-lactating period.
引文
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