移动自组织网络MAC层能量消耗和路由算法研究
|
摘要
移动自组织网络是由一组带有无线收发装置的移动节点组成的，无需基础设施支持的动态可重构多跳自组织网络，能够在不能或不便利用现有网络基础设施的情况下快速展开。它拓宽了移动通信网络的应用场合，可以广泛应用于战场、抢险救灾、应对突发事件、会议或集会等无法得到有线网络支持或只是临时需要通信的环境，是下一代网络的重要组成部分。移动自组织网络所具有的分布式、自组织、多跳、动态拓扑、时变信道、资源受限等特点，给网络协议的设计带来了很大的挑战。本文围绕移动自组织网络的MAC协议和路由算法进行了研究，主要研究了移动自组织网络的MAC层能量消耗模型和基于时隙预约的节能管理模式，以及基于能量有效的伪流言路由算法、基于链路稳定性的伪流言路由算法、路由局部修复算法等。
移动自组织网络的寿命很大程度上依赖于节点电池能量的有效利用，设计能量有效的算法来延长网络寿命成为其核心的问题。在第二章中首先建立了MAC层的能量消耗模型，模型包括了节点的发送、接收、空闲和睡眠等状态，考虑了整个网络中所有节点的干扰，分析了冲突引起的重传以及节点偷听导致的能量消耗。在此模型基础上，分析了减少能量消耗的策略，提出了一种基于时隙预约的节能管理模式，传输只在预约的时隙进行，节点在参与通信时保持苏醒而在其余时隙进入睡眠状态，减少了隐藏终端和暴露终端带来的冲突，减少了MAC层的能量消耗。
在使用洪泛的路由协议中，很多路由消息的传输是多余的，而流言机制可以显著减少冗余路由消息的发送。第三章在MAC层的能量消耗模型和流言机制的基础上提出了一种基于能量有效的伪流言路由算法。它通过让剩余能量较多的节点优先参与路由建立过程以平衡网络的能量消耗和保证业务的顺利传输，并限制其余节点的参与来节约能量和带宽资源。分析和仿真实验都表明该算法能降低路由控制开销、减少能量消耗，并实现了能量的平衡消耗，延长了网络的运行寿命。
为了适应网络拓扑的动态变化，减少路由的失效，需要能发现寿命更长的稳定路由。由于边缘效应，最短路径路由的寿命较短，在节点分布密集的网络中表现更为明显。第四章分析了移动自组织网络中链路和路径有效性的统计特性，并在此基础上提出了一种基于链路稳定性的伪流言路由算法。该路由算法可以发现更稳定的路由，并减少路由控制开销，能较好地适应网络拓扑的动态变化，显著地提高了网络的性能。
当多跳路径失效时，路由协议需要对其进行修复，而已有的修复机制会引起很多的开销和很长的端到端时延。第五章针对已有修复机制的不足，提出了一种新的路由局部修复算法，将修复尽量限制在断链的局部范围内，以减少对链路断裂的反应时间和降低路由维护的开销，而且不用考虑失效链路在整个路径上的相对位置，都可以对其进行修复，提高了修复失效路径的能力，有利于提高MANET的可扩展性。仿真表明，这种新的路由局部修复算法明显地提高了网络分组成功接收率和端到端时延等多方面的性能。
最后对全文进行了总结，回顾了前面所述的研究工作，并根据目前的情况对未来的研究热点问题作了展望。
Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET), which consists of a group of mobile nodes equipped with transceivers, is a dynamic reconstructable multi-hop network without the support of fixed infrastructures. It can be rapidly deployed in places where the networking infrastructure neither available nor economical to build. It expands the using of mobile communication networks and can be used widely in tactical battlefield, civilian emergency communication, meetings or conventions. MANET has some characteristics such as distributed, self-organizing, multi-hop, dynamic topology, time-variant channels and limited resources etc., which pose lots of challenges on its protocols. The medium access control (MAC) and multi-hop routing are key technologies in MANET. The dissertation mainly does research on the following content: the energy consumption model of MAC protocol, Slot-Reservation Power Saving Mode (SR-PSM) algorithm, Energy-Efficient based Pseudo Gossip Routing (EEPGR) algorithm, Link Stability based Pseudo Gossip (LSPG) routing algorithm and a new local route repair algorithm.
An energy consumption model of MAC protocol is presented for MANET in chapter 2. The MAC modeling includes all operation modes of nodes such as transmission, reception, idle and sleep states. Moreover, the energy consumed in overhearing state and retransmission due to collision is considered. The model takes into account the interference of nodes in the entire system. Based on the analytical model, a Slot-Reservation Power Saving Mode (SR-PSM) algorithm is proposed, in which the transmission will only cocure in the reserved time slots and nodes are just awake when they are a part of a transmission and turn into sleep mode during the remaining time. The mechanism can avoid collisions due to hidden terminal and exposed terminal problems and save more energy than Power Saving Mode (PSM).
In routing protocols that use flooding, many routing messages are propagated unnecessarily. Gossiping can be used to significantly reduce the number of routing messages sent. Based on the energy consumption model in MAC protocol and gossip scheme, an Energy-Efficient based Pseudo Gossip Routing (EEPGR) algorithm is presented for MANET in chapter 3. In EEPGR, nodes with more residual energy take priority of participating in routing to balance the energy consumption over the network, meanwhile, the others are confined to save energy and bandwidth resource. The simulations show that EEPGR can decrease the routing overhead, reduce and balance energy consumption and then prolong the network lifetime, so it is feasible and preferable for MANET.
When a route is broken for node mobility, route recovery and maintenance are executed. However, these procedures consume many resources and lead to increased delay. To minimize route breaking, it's important to find a route that lasts longer time. Shortest path route has short lifetime especially in highly dense MANET due to the edge effect. In chapter 4, the statistic results of link and path availability properties in MANET are derived. According to the analysis, a pseudo gossip routing algorithm based on the link stability is proposed. This routing algorithm can select reliable path that can last longer by using fewer routing messages as to be shown by the simulation results.
If multi-hop route is failed, routing protocol should maintain it. The previous route repair mechanism causes high control overhead and long packet delay. The problem worsens when mobility is high and many real-time applications do not tolerate such long delays. In chapter 5, a new idea on local route repair which confine the repair to the vicinity of broken links is proposed to decrease the reaction time of route breakage and the overhead of route maintenance. Furthermore, the approach can repair failure links without taking into account of their relative position on the whole path. It improves obviously the ability of dealing with failure links in MANET. Simulations show that the new local route repair algorithm resulted in significant performance improvement, such as packet delivery ratio and end-to-end packet delay.
Finally, chapter 6 summarizes the dissertation, reviews the above research work and presents the future research directions.
移动自组织网络的寿命很大程度上依赖于节点电池能量的有效利用，设计能量有效的算法来延长网络寿命成为其核心的问题。在第二章中首先建立了MAC层的能量消耗模型，模型包括了节点的发送、接收、空闲和睡眠等状态，考虑了整个网络中所有节点的干扰，分析了冲突引起的重传以及节点偷听导致的能量消耗。在此模型基础上，分析了减少能量消耗的策略，提出了一种基于时隙预约的节能管理模式，传输只在预约的时隙进行，节点在参与通信时保持苏醒而在其余时隙进入睡眠状态，减少了隐藏终端和暴露终端带来的冲突，减少了MAC层的能量消耗。
在使用洪泛的路由协议中，很多路由消息的传输是多余的，而流言机制可以显著减少冗余路由消息的发送。第三章在MAC层的能量消耗模型和流言机制的基础上提出了一种基于能量有效的伪流言路由算法。它通过让剩余能量较多的节点优先参与路由建立过程以平衡网络的能量消耗和保证业务的顺利传输，并限制其余节点的参与来节约能量和带宽资源。分析和仿真实验都表明该算法能降低路由控制开销、减少能量消耗，并实现了能量的平衡消耗，延长了网络的运行寿命。
为了适应网络拓扑的动态变化，减少路由的失效，需要能发现寿命更长的稳定路由。由于边缘效应，最短路径路由的寿命较短，在节点分布密集的网络中表现更为明显。第四章分析了移动自组织网络中链路和路径有效性的统计特性，并在此基础上提出了一种基于链路稳定性的伪流言路由算法。该路由算法可以发现更稳定的路由，并减少路由控制开销，能较好地适应网络拓扑的动态变化，显著地提高了网络的性能。
当多跳路径失效时，路由协议需要对其进行修复，而已有的修复机制会引起很多的开销和很长的端到端时延。第五章针对已有修复机制的不足，提出了一种新的路由局部修复算法，将修复尽量限制在断链的局部范围内，以减少对链路断裂的反应时间和降低路由维护的开销，而且不用考虑失效链路在整个路径上的相对位置，都可以对其进行修复，提高了修复失效路径的能力，有利于提高MANET的可扩展性。仿真表明，这种新的路由局部修复算法明显地提高了网络分组成功接收率和端到端时延等多方面的性能。
最后对全文进行了总结，回顾了前面所述的研究工作，并根据目前的情况对未来的研究热点问题作了展望。
Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET), which consists of a group of mobile nodes equipped with transceivers, is a dynamic reconstructable multi-hop network without the support of fixed infrastructures. It can be rapidly deployed in places where the networking infrastructure neither available nor economical to build. It expands the using of mobile communication networks and can be used widely in tactical battlefield, civilian emergency communication, meetings or conventions. MANET has some characteristics such as distributed, self-organizing, multi-hop, dynamic topology, time-variant channels and limited resources etc., which pose lots of challenges on its protocols. The medium access control (MAC) and multi-hop routing are key technologies in MANET. The dissertation mainly does research on the following content: the energy consumption model of MAC protocol, Slot-Reservation Power Saving Mode (SR-PSM) algorithm, Energy-Efficient based Pseudo Gossip Routing (EEPGR) algorithm, Link Stability based Pseudo Gossip (LSPG) routing algorithm and a new local route repair algorithm.
An energy consumption model of MAC protocol is presented for MANET in chapter 2. The MAC modeling includes all operation modes of nodes such as transmission, reception, idle and sleep states. Moreover, the energy consumed in overhearing state and retransmission due to collision is considered. The model takes into account the interference of nodes in the entire system. Based on the analytical model, a Slot-Reservation Power Saving Mode (SR-PSM) algorithm is proposed, in which the transmission will only cocure in the reserved time slots and nodes are just awake when they are a part of a transmission and turn into sleep mode during the remaining time. The mechanism can avoid collisions due to hidden terminal and exposed terminal problems and save more energy than Power Saving Mode (PSM).
In routing protocols that use flooding, many routing messages are propagated unnecessarily. Gossiping can be used to significantly reduce the number of routing messages sent. Based on the energy consumption model in MAC protocol and gossip scheme, an Energy-Efficient based Pseudo Gossip Routing (EEPGR) algorithm is presented for MANET in chapter 3. In EEPGR, nodes with more residual energy take priority of participating in routing to balance the energy consumption over the network, meanwhile, the others are confined to save energy and bandwidth resource. The simulations show that EEPGR can decrease the routing overhead, reduce and balance energy consumption and then prolong the network lifetime, so it is feasible and preferable for MANET.
When a route is broken for node mobility, route recovery and maintenance are executed. However, these procedures consume many resources and lead to increased delay. To minimize route breaking, it's important to find a route that lasts longer time. Shortest path route has short lifetime especially in highly dense MANET due to the edge effect. In chapter 4, the statistic results of link and path availability properties in MANET are derived. According to the analysis, a pseudo gossip routing algorithm based on the link stability is proposed. This routing algorithm can select reliable path that can last longer by using fewer routing messages as to be shown by the simulation results.
If multi-hop route is failed, routing protocol should maintain it. The previous route repair mechanism causes high control overhead and long packet delay. The problem worsens when mobility is high and many real-time applications do not tolerate such long delays. In chapter 5, a new idea on local route repair which confine the repair to the vicinity of broken links is proposed to decrease the reaction time of route breakage and the overhead of route maintenance. Furthermore, the approach can repair failure links without taking into account of their relative position on the whole path. It improves obviously the ability of dealing with failure links in MANET. Simulations show that the new local route repair algorithm resulted in significant performance improvement, such as packet delivery ratio and end-to-end packet delay.
Finally, chapter 6 summarizes the dissertation, reviews the above research work and presents the future research directions.
引文
[1] Yeh J H, Chen J C, Lee C C. WLAN standards. Potentials, IEEE. Oct-Nov. 2003, 22(4): 16-22.
[2] Haartsen J C, The Bluetooth radio system, IEEE Personal Commun.. Feb. 2000: 28-36.
[3] Abichar Z, Peng Y L, Chang J M. WiMAX: The Emergence of Wireless Broadband. IT Professional. July-Aug. 2006, 8(4): 44-48.
[4] Win M Z. Spectral density of random UWB signals. IEEE Communications Letters. Dec. 2002. 6(12): 526-528.
[5] 刘军．无线自组网MAC协议及路由算法研究：[博士学位论文]，电子科技大学，2007：1-40．
[6] Macker J P, Corson M S. Mobile Ad Hoc networking and the IETF. ACM Mobile Computing and Communications Review, July 1998, 2(1): 9-14.
[7] 史美林，英春．自组网路由协议综述．通信学报，2001，22(11)：93-103．
[8] 蔡一兵．无线自组网MAC及路由技术研究：[博士学位论文]，中国科学院，2006：1-32．
[9] Jubin J, Tornow J D. The DARPA packet radio network protocols. Proceeding of the IEEE, 1987, 75(1): 21-32.
[10] Leiner B M, Nielsen D L, Tobagi F A. Issues in Packet Radio Network Design. Proceedings IEEE, 1987, 75(1): 21-32.
[11] Fifer W, Bruno F. The low-cost packet radio. Proceedings of the IEEE. 1987, 75(1): 33-42.
[12] Leiner B, Ruth R, Sastry A R. Goals and challenges of the DARPA GloMo Program. IEEE Personal Communications, 1996, 3(6): 34-43.
[13] MANET Working Group. http://www.ietf.org.
[14] ANSI/IEEE Std 802.11. 1999 Edition.
[15] 郑相全等编著．无线自组网技术实用教程[M]．北京：清华大学出版社．2004年6月出版．
[16] Bharghavan V, Demaers A, Shenker S. MACAW: a media access protocol for wireless LAN. ACM SIGCOMM, 1994: 212-225.
[17] Stajano F, Anderson. The resurrecting ducking: security issues for ad-hoc wireless networks. Proc. 7~(th)vInt'l Workshop on Security Protocols, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 1796, Springer-Verlag, 1999: 172-194.
[18] Balfanz D, et al.. Talking to strangers: authentication in ad-hoc wireless networks. Proc. Syrup. Network and Distributed Systems Security (NDSS 2002), Internet Society, 2002: 23-35.
[19] Prakash R. Unidirectional links prove costly in wireless ad-hoc networks. DIMACS Workshop on Mobile Networks and Computers. Seattle, Aug 1999: 15-22.
[20] ByungJ K, Nah O S, Miller L E. On the scalability of Ad Hoc networks. IEEE Communications Letters, Aug 2004, 8(8): 503-505.
[21] 赵志峰，郑少仁．Ad Hoc网络体系结构研究．电信科学，2001，17(1)：9-13．
[22] 王海涛，郑少仁．Ad Hoc传感网络的体系结构及其相关问题．解放军理工大学学报，2003，4(1)：1-6．
[23] 王金龙，王呈贵，吴启晖，等．Ad Hoc移动无线网络．北京：国防工业出版社，2004：1-13．
[24] Haas Z J, Tabrizi S. On some challenges and design choices in ad-hoc. IEEE MILCOM'98. 18-21 Oct. 1998: 187-192.
[25] Savino S P. WAP: wireless application protocol-wireless wave of the future Management of Engineering and Technology. 2001. PICMET'01, Portland International Conference on, 29 July-2 Aug 2001, Volume 1: 178-179.
[26] Chakrabarti S, Mishra A. QoS issues in Ad Hoc wireless networks. IEEE Communications Magazine, Feb 2001, 39(2): 142-148.
[27] Tin-Yu Wu, Ching-Yang Huang, Han-Chieh Chao. A survey of Mobile IP in cellular and Mobile Ad-Hoc Network environments. Ad Hoc Networks, May 2005, 3(3): 351-370.
[28] Gupta P, Kumar P R. The capacity of wireless networks. IEEE Trans. Info. Theory, Mar. 2000, 46(2): 388-404.
[29] Safwat A, Hassanein H, Mouftah H. A MAC-based performance study of energy-aware routing schemes in wireless ad hoc networks. Proceedings of IEEE Globecom 2002.
[30] Belding-Royer E M. Multi-level hierarchies for scalable ad hoc routing. ACM/Kluwer Wireless Network (WINET), Sept. 2003, 9(5): 461-478.
[31] Perkins C E, Belding-Royer E. Ad-Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing[A].Proc IEEE WMCS99[C], New Orleans, LA, Feb 1999: 90-100.
[32] Perkins C E, Belding-Royer E, S Das. Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) Routing[S]. RFC 3561, July 2003.
[33] Suresh Singh, C S Raghavendra. PAMAS-Power Aware Multi-Access protocol with signaling for ad-hoc networks. ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review,1998, 28(3):5-26.
[34] Zheng R, Kravets R. On-Demand Power Management for Ad Hoc Networks. Proceeding of IEEE INFOCOM'03, April 2003, 1(1):481-91.
[35] Chih-Shun H, Yu-Chee T. Cluster-Based Semi-Asynchronous Power-Saving Protocols for Multi-hop Ad Hoc Networks. 2005 IEEE International Conference on Communications, 16-20 May 2005,5:3166-3170.
[36] Goldsmith A J, Wicker S B. Design challenges for energy-constrained Ad Hoc wireless networks. Wireless Communications, Aug. 2002, 9(4):8-27.
[37] Toh C K. Maximum battery life routing to support ubiquitous mobile computing in wireless Ad Hoc networks. IEEE Communication Magazine, June 2001:138-147.
[38] Qing Zh, Lang T, David C. Energy-Aware Adaptive Routing for Large-Scale Ad Hoc Networks: Protocol and Performance Analysis. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, Sept. 2007, 6(9): 1048-1059.
[39] S. Basagni. Mobile Ad Hoc Networking, IEEE Press, 2003.
[40] Al-Karaki J, Kamal A. Routing techniques in wireless sensor networks: a survey. IEEE Wireless Communications, 2004.
[41] Jacquet P, Muhlethaler P, et al.. Optimized link state routing protocol for ad hoc networks[A]. Multi Topic Conference, 2001 IEEE, INMIC 2001 [C], Technology for the 21st Century. Proceedings. IEEE International, 28-30 Dec. 2001: 62-68
[42] Clausen T, Jacquet P. Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (OLSR)[S]. RFC 3626, October 2003.
[43] Bellur B, Ogier R G. A reliable, efficient topology broadcast protocol for dynamic networks[A]. INFOCOM'99[C], Eighteenth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies, Proceedings, IEEE Volume 1, 21-25 March 1999: 178-186.
[44] Ogier R, Templin F, Lewis M. Topology Dissemination Based on Reverse-Path Forwarding (TBRPF)[S]. RFC 3684, Feb. 2004.
[45] Johnson D B, Maltz D A. Dynamic Source Routing in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks [J]. Mobile Computing, T Imielinski, H Korth, Eds, Ch 5, Kluwer, 1996: 153-81.
[46] David B. Johnson, David A. Maltz, Yih-Chun Hu. The Dynamic Source Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (DSR) [Z]. draft-ietf-manet-dsr-10.txt, Internet Draft, IETF MANET Working Group, July 2004.
[47] Chakeres I, Belding-Royer E, Perkins C. Dynamic MANET On-demand (DYMO) Routing[Z]. draft-ietf-manet-dymo-02.txt, Internet Draft, IETF MANET Working Group, June 2005.
[48] Royer E M, Toh C K. A Review of Current Routing Protocols for Ad-Hoc Mobile Wireless Networks[J]. IEEE Personal Communications, Apr 1999: 46-55
[49] Hong X Y, Xu K X, Gerla M. Scalable routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks[J]. IEEE Network, Volume 16, Issue 4, July-Aug 2002: 11-21.
[50] Pei G, Gerla M, Chen T W. Fisheye State Routing: A Routing Scheme for Ad Hoc Wireless Networks[A]. Proc ICC2000[C], New Orleans, LA, June 2000.
[51] Murthy S, Garcia-Luna-Aceves J J. An Efficient Routing Protocol for Wireless Networks[J]. ACM Mobile Communication Networks, Oct 1996: 90-100.
[52] Perkins C E, Pravin B. Highly dynamic Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector routing (DSDV) for mobile computers[A]. ACM SIGCOMM'94[C], London, Sep. 1994: 234-244.
[53] Bar-Noy B A, Gopal M. Approximate distributed Bellman-Ford algorithms Awerbuch[J]. IEEE Transactions on Communications, Aug 1994,42(8): 2515-2517.
[54] Bhagwat P, Perkins C E. Highly dynamic destination-sequenced distance-vector routing (DTDV) for mobile computers[A]. In Proceedings of the SIGCOMM '94 Conference on Communications Architectures[C], Protocols and Applications, 1994:234-244.
[55] Pei G, et al. A Wireless Hierarchical Routing Protocol with Group Mobility[A]. IEEE Proc WCNC '99[C], New Orleans, LA, Sept. 1999.
[56] Cesar S, Ram R. Hazy Sighted Link State routing protocol (HSLS)[A]. BBN Technical Memorandum[C], No. 1301, Aug. 2001.
[57] Gerla M, Tsai J T. Multicluster, Mobile, Multimedia Radio Network[J]. ACM Wireless Networks, 1995,1(3): 255-265.
[58] M Spohn, J J Garcia-Luna-Aceves, D Beyer. Source tree adaptative routing (STAR) protocol[Z]. http://search.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-ietf-manet-star-00.txt, IEEE Internet Draft, Oct. 1999.
[59] 卢开澄,卢华明.图论及其应用(第二版) [M]. M. 北京,清华大学出版社, 1995.8:81-85.
[60] Park V, Corson M. A highly adaptive distributed routing algorithm for mobile wireless networks[A]. Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM'97[C], Apr. 1997: 1405-1413.
[61] Toh C K. Associativity-Based Routing for ad-hoc mobile networks [J]. Wireless Personal Communications. Mar. 1997, 4(2): 1-36.
[62] Dube R, Rais C D, Wang K Y, et al. Signal Stability-Based Adaptive Routing (SSA) for ad hoc mobile networks [J]. IEEE Personal Communications. 1997, 4(1):36-45.
[63] Marina M, Das S. On-Demand Multi-Path Distance Vector Routing in Ad Hoc Networks[A]. Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Network Protocols (ICNP'01)[C], Nov. 2001: 14-23.
[64] Guo S. Oliver W Y. Performance of Backup Source Routing (BSR) in mobile ad hoc networks[A]. Proc 2002 IEEE Wireless Networking Conference[C], 2002: 440-444.
[65] Yih C H, David B J, David A M. Flow State in the Dynamic Source Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks[Z]. Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-manet-dsrflow-OO.txt, Feb. 2001.
[66] Su W, Gerla M. IPv6 Flow Handoff in Ad-Hoc Wireless Networks Using Mobility Prediction[A]. Proceedings of IEEE GLOBECOM'99[C], Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,Dec. 1999:271-275.
[67] Corson M S, Ephremides A. A Distributed Routing Algorithm for Mobile Wireless Networks[J]. ACM/Baltzer Wireless Networks, Feb. 19951(1): 61-81.
[68] Christian T, Richard G. Lightweight Underlay Network Ad hoc Routing (LUNAR)[DB/OL]. http://www.docs.uu.se/selnet/lunar/.
[69] Haas Z J, Pearlman M R, Samar P. Zone Routing Protocol(ZRP)[Z]. IETF Internet Draft, draft-ietf-manet-zrp-04.txt, July 2002.
[70] JIANG M, Li J, TAY Y C. Cluster Based Routing Protocol (CBRP) Functional Specification[Z]. Internet Draft, draft-ietf-manet-cbrp.txt, June 1999.
[71] Conti M, Maselli G, Turi G, Giordano S. Cross-layering in mobile ad hoc network design[J]. IEEE Computer, Feb 2004, 37(2): 48-51.
[72] Zhou A, Hassanein H. Load-balanced wireless Ad Hoc routing[A]. Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering[C], Vol. 2, May 2001: 1157-1161.
[73] Khunboa C, Simon R. Mobile ad hoc multicasting to support distributed virtual environments. Performance, Computing, and Communications, 2004 IEEE International Conference on, 2004: 653-659.
[74] Deng H M, Li W, Pagrawal D. Routing Security in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks[J]. IEEE Commun, Oct. 2002: 142-148.
[75] Sun Y, Elizabeth M B, Perkins C E. Internet Connectivity for Ad hoc Mobile Networks[J]. International Journal of Wireless Information Networks special issue on Mobile Ad hoc Networks, 9(2), April 2002: 75-88.
[76] Wang H W, Wang Y H. Energy-Efficient Routing Algorithms for Wireless ad-hoc Networks. The 18~(th) Annual IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC'07), 2007.
[77] Ye W, Heidemann J, Estrin D. An Energy-efficient MAC Protocol for wireless sensor networks. Proceeding of the 21~(st) International Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies (INFOCOM 2002), New York, NY USA, June 2002.
[78] Subbarao M W. Dynamic power conscious routing for MANETs: An initial approach. IEEE VTC[C], Amsterdam, 1999: 1232-1237.
[79] Toh C K. Maximum battery life routing to support ubiquitous mobile computing in wireless ad hoc networks [J]. IEEE Communications Magazine, 2001, 39(6): 2-11.
[80] 顾燕，沈连丰，叶芝慧等．移动自组织网络中一种能量有效的跨层协议[J]．东南大学学报，2006，36(6)：875-879．
[81] 陈晋伦，蒋挺，周正．一种具有能量感知的多路径Ad hoc路由算法[J]．电子与信息学报，2006，28(7)：1298-1302．
[82] Ding P, Holliday J, Celik A. Modeling the performance of a wireless node in multihop ad-hoc networks. Proc. of the IEEE International Conference on Wireless Networks Communications and Mobile Computing, Kaanapali Beach, Hawaii, June 2005.
[83] Ye W, Heidemann J, Estrin D. An Energy-efficient MAC Protocol for wireless sensor networks. Proceeding of the 21~(st) International Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies (INFOCOM 2002), New York, NY USA, June 2002.
[84] Venkatesh R, Katia O. Garcia-Luna-Aceves energy-efficient, collision-free medium access control for wireless sensor networks. SenSys'03, Los Angeles, California, USA, Nov. 2003: 5-7.
[85] IEEE standard for wireless LAN-medium access control and physical layer specification, part 11. IEEE Press, New York, 1999.
[86] Margi B C, Obraczka K. Instrument network simulators for evaluating energy consumption in power-aware ad-hoc network protocols. IEEE/ACM MASCOTS 2004, Ict 5-7, 2004: 337-346.
[87] Bianchi G. Performance analysis of the IEEE 802.11 distributed coordination function. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, March 2000, 18(3): 535-547.
[88] Chen J C, Sivalingam K M, et al. Scheduling multimedia services for a low-power MAC in wireless and mobile ATM networks. IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, 1999, 1(2): 187-201.
[89] Chen B, Jamieson K, Balakrishnan H, et al. Span: An energy-effenicient coordination algorithm for topology maintenance in ad hoc wireless networks. Wireless Networks, 2002, 8(5): 481-494.
[90] 刘月阳．无线分布式网络中给予能量的路由算法和MAC算法研究：[博士学位论文]，北京邮电大学，2006，1-24．
[91] Singh S, Woo M, Raghavendra C S. Power-aware routing in mobile ad hoc networks. Proceedings of Mobicom'98, 1998.
[92] Cao L J, Teresa D, Wang Y. Performance evaluation of energy efficient ad hoc routing protocols. Performance, Computing, and Communications Conference,2007. IPCCC 2007. April, 2007:306-313.
[93] Rappaport T. Wireless Communications: Principles and Practices. Prentice Hall,1996.
[94] Scoot K, Bambos N. Routing and Channel Assignment for Low Power Transmission in PCS. In Proc. ICUPC96, volume 2, Oct. 1996:498-502.
[95] Subbarao M. Dynamic power-consious routing for manets: an initial approach. 50~(th) IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC'99), vol. 2, Amsterdam, Sep.1999:1232-1237.
[96] Gupta N, Das S R. Energy-aware on-demand routing for mobile Ad Hoc network. [EB/OL]. http:// crewman.uta.edu/-choi/energy.pdf.
[97] Banerjee S, Misra A. Minimum energy paths for reliable communication in multi-hop wireless networks [A]. MobilHoc 2002:146-156.
[98] Singh S, Woo M, Raghavendra C. Power-aware routing in mobile ad hoc networks.MobiCom'98: Proceedings of the 4~(th) annual ACM/IEEE international conference on Mobile computing and networking. New York, USA,1998:181-190.
[99] Toh C K. Maximum battery life routing to support ubiquitous mobile computing in wireless ad hoc networks. IEEE Communications Magazine, 39(6), June 2001:138-147.
[100] Cho W, Kim S L. A fully distributed routing algorithm for maximizing lifetime of a wireless ad hoc network, in 4th International Workshop on Mobile and Wireless Communications Network, Sep. 2002: 670-674.
[101] Li L Y, Zheng F, Li C L, Yuan P Y. An energy constrained routing protocol for MANET. Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics, Hong Kong, Aug. 2007:3205-3210.
[102] Kim D, Garcia-Luna-Aceves J, Obraczka K, et al. Routing mechanisms for mobile ad hoc networks based on the energy drain rate. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, 2003, 2(2): 161-173.
[103] Maleki M, Dantu K, Pedram M. Lifetime prediction routing in mobile ad hoc networks. IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking, 2003, WCNC 2003, vol. 2, New Orleans, Mar 2003: 1185-1190.
[104] Maleki M, Dantu K, Pedram M. Power-aware source routing protocol for mobile Ad hoc networks [A]. Proc. of the 2002 International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design [C], California, USA, Aug. 2002: 72-75.
[105] Hass Z J, Halpern J Y, Li L. Gossip-based ad hoc routing [J]. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking. 2006, 14(3): 479-491.
[106] Meester R, Roy R. Continuum percolation [M]. Cambridge University, 1996.
[107] Broth J, Maltzd A, et al. A Performance Comparison of Multi-hop Wireless Ad Hoc Network Routing Protocols. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (ACM MOBICOM'98), Oct. 1998: 85-97.
[108] Feeney L M, Nilsson M. Investigating the energy consumption of a wireless network interface in an ad hoc networking environment [C]. Twentieth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies. Proc. of the IEEE vol. 3, April 2001: 1548-1557.
[109] 王建新，邓曙光，陈松乔，等．移动自组网络中一种基于选播策略的路由恢复方法[J]．通信学报，2003，24(10)：172-176．
[110] 杨盘隆，田畅，倪明放．具有灰色预测功能的ad hoc网络稳定路由算法．应用科学学报，Mar．2006，24(2)：145-149．
[111] Wei X H, Chen G L, Wan Y Y, et al. Longest lifetime path in mobile ad hoc networks [J]. Journal of Software. 2006, 17(3): 498-508.
[112] Agarwal S, Ahija A, Singh JP, Shorey R. Route-Lifetime assessment based routing (RABR) protocol for mobile ad hoc networks. In: Proc. of the IEEE ICC. 2000. 1697-1701.
[113] Dajiang H, Shengming J, Jianqiang R. A link availability prediction model for wireless ad hoc networks. In: Proc. of the ICDCS Workshop on Wirelwss Networks and Mobile Computing. 2000.
[114] Jiang S, He D, Rao J. A prediction-based link availability estimation for mobile ad hoc networks. In: Proc. of the 20~(th) IEEE INFOCOM. 2001: 1745-1752.
[115] 王洪波，张尧学，王晓辉，郭国强．无线自组网中基于移动预测与功率调整的适应性分簇算法．软件学报，2002，13(9)：1741-1756．
[116] Gerharz M, de Waal, Frank M, Martini P. Link stability in mobile wireless ad hoc networks. In: Proc. of the 27~(th) Annual IEEE Conf. on Local Computer Networks (LCN 2002). 2002.
[117] McDonald A B, Znati T F. A Path availability model for wireless ad-hoc networks. In: Proc. of the IEEE WCNC. IEEE, 1999:35-40.
[118] Yu D, Li H, Gruber I. Path availability in ad hoc network [A]. Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Telecommunications (ICT'2003) [C]. Tahiti, French, 2003.
[119] Chung W H. Probabilistic analysis of routes on mobile ad hoc networks [J]. IEEE Communications Letters. 2004, 8(8):506-508.
[120] LIM G, Shin K, Lee S, et al. Link stability and route lifetime in ad hoc wireless networks [A]. Proceedings of the International Conference on Parallel Processing Workshop (ICPPW'02) [C]. Vancouver, Canada, 2002:116-123.
[121] Jabbari B, Zhou Y, Hillier F. Random walk modeling of mobility in wireless networks [A]. Proceedings of the 48th IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference [C]. Ottawa, Canada, 1998:639-643.
[122] Avin C, Ercal G. Bounds on the mixing time and partial cover of ad-hoc and sensor networks [A]. Proceedings of the Second European Workshop on Wireless Sensor Networks [C]. Istanbul, Turkey, 2005:1-12.
[123] LIM G, Shin K, Kim J S, et al. Signal strength-based link stability estimation in ad hoc wireless nnetworks [J]. IEE Electronics Letters. 2003, 39(5): 485-486.
[124] Corson S, Macker J. Mobile Ad hoc Networking (MANET): Routing Protocol Performance Issues and Evaluation Considerations. IETF rfc2501, Jan. 1999.
[125] Gui C, Mohapatra P. SHORT: Self-Healing and optimizing routing techniques for mobile ad hoc networks [C]. Mobihoc, Annapolis, 2003.
[126] Liu G P, Wong K J, et al. PATCH: A novel local recovery mechanism for mobile Ad-hoc networks [C]. IEEE VTC, USA, 2003.
[2] Haartsen J C, The Bluetooth radio system, IEEE Personal Commun.. Feb. 2000: 28-36.
[3] Abichar Z, Peng Y L, Chang J M. WiMAX: The Emergence of Wireless Broadband. IT Professional. July-Aug. 2006, 8(4): 44-48.
[4] Win M Z. Spectral density of random UWB signals. IEEE Communications Letters. Dec. 2002. 6(12): 526-528.
[5] 刘军．无线自组网MAC协议及路由算法研究：[博士学位论文]，电子科技大学，2007：1-40．
[6] Macker J P, Corson M S. Mobile Ad Hoc networking and the IETF. ACM Mobile Computing and Communications Review, July 1998, 2(1): 9-14.
[7] 史美林，英春．自组网路由协议综述．通信学报，2001，22(11)：93-103．
[8] 蔡一兵．无线自组网MAC及路由技术研究：[博士学位论文]，中国科学院，2006：1-32．
[9] Jubin J, Tornow J D. The DARPA packet radio network protocols. Proceeding of the IEEE, 1987, 75(1): 21-32.
[10] Leiner B M, Nielsen D L, Tobagi F A. Issues in Packet Radio Network Design. Proceedings IEEE, 1987, 75(1): 21-32.
[11] Fifer W, Bruno F. The low-cost packet radio. Proceedings of the IEEE. 1987, 75(1): 33-42.
[12] Leiner B, Ruth R, Sastry A R. Goals and challenges of the DARPA GloMo Program. IEEE Personal Communications, 1996, 3(6): 34-43.
[13] MANET Working Group. http://www.ietf.org.
[14] ANSI/IEEE Std 802.11. 1999 Edition.
[15] 郑相全等编著．无线自组网技术实用教程[M]．北京：清华大学出版社．2004年6月出版．
[16] Bharghavan V, Demaers A, Shenker S. MACAW: a media access protocol for wireless LAN. ACM SIGCOMM, 1994: 212-225.
[17] Stajano F, Anderson. The resurrecting ducking: security issues for ad-hoc wireless networks. Proc. 7~(th)vInt'l Workshop on Security Protocols, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 1796, Springer-Verlag, 1999: 172-194.
[18] Balfanz D, et al.. Talking to strangers: authentication in ad-hoc wireless networks. Proc. Syrup. Network and Distributed Systems Security (NDSS 2002), Internet Society, 2002: 23-35.
[19] Prakash R. Unidirectional links prove costly in wireless ad-hoc networks. DIMACS Workshop on Mobile Networks and Computers. Seattle, Aug 1999: 15-22.
[20] ByungJ K, Nah O S, Miller L E. On the scalability of Ad Hoc networks. IEEE Communications Letters, Aug 2004, 8(8): 503-505.
[21] 赵志峰，郑少仁．Ad Hoc网络体系结构研究．电信科学，2001，17(1)：9-13．
[22] 王海涛，郑少仁．Ad Hoc传感网络的体系结构及其相关问题．解放军理工大学学报，2003，4(1)：1-6．
[23] 王金龙，王呈贵，吴启晖，等．Ad Hoc移动无线网络．北京：国防工业出版社，2004：1-13．
[24] Haas Z J, Tabrizi S. On some challenges and design choices in ad-hoc. IEEE MILCOM'98. 18-21 Oct. 1998: 187-192.
[25] Savino S P. WAP: wireless application protocol-wireless wave of the future Management of Engineering and Technology. 2001. PICMET'01, Portland International Conference on, 29 July-2 Aug 2001, Volume 1: 178-179.
[26] Chakrabarti S, Mishra A. QoS issues in Ad Hoc wireless networks. IEEE Communications Magazine, Feb 2001, 39(2): 142-148.
[27] Tin-Yu Wu, Ching-Yang Huang, Han-Chieh Chao. A survey of Mobile IP in cellular and Mobile Ad-Hoc Network environments. Ad Hoc Networks, May 2005, 3(3): 351-370.
[28] Gupta P, Kumar P R. The capacity of wireless networks. IEEE Trans. Info. Theory, Mar. 2000, 46(2): 388-404.
[29] Safwat A, Hassanein H, Mouftah H. A MAC-based performance study of energy-aware routing schemes in wireless ad hoc networks. Proceedings of IEEE Globecom 2002.
[30] Belding-Royer E M. Multi-level hierarchies for scalable ad hoc routing. ACM/Kluwer Wireless Network (WINET), Sept. 2003, 9(5): 461-478.
[31] Perkins C E, Belding-Royer E. Ad-Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing[A].Proc IEEE WMCS99[C], New Orleans, LA, Feb 1999: 90-100.
[32] Perkins C E, Belding-Royer E, S Das. Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) Routing[S]. RFC 3561, July 2003.
[33] Suresh Singh, C S Raghavendra. PAMAS-Power Aware Multi-Access protocol with signaling for ad-hoc networks. ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review,1998, 28(3):5-26.
[34] Zheng R, Kravets R. On-Demand Power Management for Ad Hoc Networks. Proceeding of IEEE INFOCOM'03, April 2003, 1(1):481-91.
[35] Chih-Shun H, Yu-Chee T. Cluster-Based Semi-Asynchronous Power-Saving Protocols for Multi-hop Ad Hoc Networks. 2005 IEEE International Conference on Communications, 16-20 May 2005,5:3166-3170.
[36] Goldsmith A J, Wicker S B. Design challenges for energy-constrained Ad Hoc wireless networks. Wireless Communications, Aug. 2002, 9(4):8-27.
[37] Toh C K. Maximum battery life routing to support ubiquitous mobile computing in wireless Ad Hoc networks. IEEE Communication Magazine, June 2001:138-147.
[38] Qing Zh, Lang T, David C. Energy-Aware Adaptive Routing for Large-Scale Ad Hoc Networks: Protocol and Performance Analysis. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, Sept. 2007, 6(9): 1048-1059.
[39] S. Basagni. Mobile Ad Hoc Networking, IEEE Press, 2003.
[40] Al-Karaki J, Kamal A. Routing techniques in wireless sensor networks: a survey. IEEE Wireless Communications, 2004.
[41] Jacquet P, Muhlethaler P, et al.. Optimized link state routing protocol for ad hoc networks[A]. Multi Topic Conference, 2001 IEEE, INMIC 2001 [C], Technology for the 21st Century. Proceedings. IEEE International, 28-30 Dec. 2001: 62-68
[42] Clausen T, Jacquet P. Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (OLSR)[S]. RFC 3626, October 2003.
[43] Bellur B, Ogier R G. A reliable, efficient topology broadcast protocol for dynamic networks[A]. INFOCOM'99[C], Eighteenth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies, Proceedings, IEEE Volume 1, 21-25 March 1999: 178-186.
[44] Ogier R, Templin F, Lewis M. Topology Dissemination Based on Reverse-Path Forwarding (TBRPF)[S]. RFC 3684, Feb. 2004.
[45] Johnson D B, Maltz D A. Dynamic Source Routing in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks [J]. Mobile Computing, T Imielinski, H Korth, Eds, Ch 5, Kluwer, 1996: 153-81.
[46] David B. Johnson, David A. Maltz, Yih-Chun Hu. The Dynamic Source Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (DSR) [Z]. draft-ietf-manet-dsr-10.txt, Internet Draft, IETF MANET Working Group, July 2004.
[47] Chakeres I, Belding-Royer E, Perkins C. Dynamic MANET On-demand (DYMO) Routing[Z]. draft-ietf-manet-dymo-02.txt, Internet Draft, IETF MANET Working Group, June 2005.
[48] Royer E M, Toh C K. A Review of Current Routing Protocols for Ad-Hoc Mobile Wireless Networks[J]. IEEE Personal Communications, Apr 1999: 46-55
[49] Hong X Y, Xu K X, Gerla M. Scalable routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks[J]. IEEE Network, Volume 16, Issue 4, July-Aug 2002: 11-21.
[50] Pei G, Gerla M, Chen T W. Fisheye State Routing: A Routing Scheme for Ad Hoc Wireless Networks[A]. Proc ICC2000[C], New Orleans, LA, June 2000.
[51] Murthy S, Garcia-Luna-Aceves J J. An Efficient Routing Protocol for Wireless Networks[J]. ACM Mobile Communication Networks, Oct 1996: 90-100.
[52] Perkins C E, Pravin B. Highly dynamic Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector routing (DSDV) for mobile computers[A]. ACM SIGCOMM'94[C], London, Sep. 1994: 234-244.
[53] Bar-Noy B A, Gopal M. Approximate distributed Bellman-Ford algorithms Awerbuch[J]. IEEE Transactions on Communications, Aug 1994,42(8): 2515-2517.
[54] Bhagwat P, Perkins C E. Highly dynamic destination-sequenced distance-vector routing (DTDV) for mobile computers[A]. In Proceedings of the SIGCOMM '94 Conference on Communications Architectures[C], Protocols and Applications, 1994:234-244.
[55] Pei G, et al. A Wireless Hierarchical Routing Protocol with Group Mobility[A]. IEEE Proc WCNC '99[C], New Orleans, LA, Sept. 1999.
[56] Cesar S, Ram R. Hazy Sighted Link State routing protocol (HSLS)[A]. BBN Technical Memorandum[C], No. 1301, Aug. 2001.
[57] Gerla M, Tsai J T. Multicluster, Mobile, Multimedia Radio Network[J]. ACM Wireless Networks, 1995,1(3): 255-265.
[58] M Spohn, J J Garcia-Luna-Aceves, D Beyer. Source tree adaptative routing (STAR) protocol[Z]. http://search.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-ietf-manet-star-00.txt, IEEE Internet Draft, Oct. 1999.
[59] 卢开澄,卢华明.图论及其应用(第二版) [M]. M. 北京,清华大学出版社, 1995.8:81-85.
[60] Park V, Corson M. A highly adaptive distributed routing algorithm for mobile wireless networks[A]. Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM'97[C], Apr. 1997: 1405-1413.
[61] Toh C K. Associativity-Based Routing for ad-hoc mobile networks [J]. Wireless Personal Communications. Mar. 1997, 4(2): 1-36.
[62] Dube R, Rais C D, Wang K Y, et al. Signal Stability-Based Adaptive Routing (SSA) for ad hoc mobile networks [J]. IEEE Personal Communications. 1997, 4(1):36-45.
[63] Marina M, Das S. On-Demand Multi-Path Distance Vector Routing in Ad Hoc Networks[A]. Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Network Protocols (ICNP'01)[C], Nov. 2001: 14-23.
[64] Guo S. Oliver W Y. Performance of Backup Source Routing (BSR) in mobile ad hoc networks[A]. Proc 2002 IEEE Wireless Networking Conference[C], 2002: 440-444.
[65] Yih C H, David B J, David A M. Flow State in the Dynamic Source Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks[Z]. Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-manet-dsrflow-OO.txt, Feb. 2001.
[66] Su W, Gerla M. IPv6 Flow Handoff in Ad-Hoc Wireless Networks Using Mobility Prediction[A]. Proceedings of IEEE GLOBECOM'99[C], Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,Dec. 1999:271-275.
[67] Corson M S, Ephremides A. A Distributed Routing Algorithm for Mobile Wireless Networks[J]. ACM/Baltzer Wireless Networks, Feb. 19951(1): 61-81.
[68] Christian T, Richard G. Lightweight Underlay Network Ad hoc Routing (LUNAR)[DB/OL]. http://www.docs.uu.se/selnet/lunar/.
[69] Haas Z J, Pearlman M R, Samar P. Zone Routing Protocol(ZRP)[Z]. IETF Internet Draft, draft-ietf-manet-zrp-04.txt, July 2002.
[70] JIANG M, Li J, TAY Y C. Cluster Based Routing Protocol (CBRP) Functional Specification[Z]. Internet Draft, draft-ietf-manet-cbrp.txt, June 1999.
[71] Conti M, Maselli G, Turi G, Giordano S. Cross-layering in mobile ad hoc network design[J]. IEEE Computer, Feb 2004, 37(2): 48-51.
[72] Zhou A, Hassanein H. Load-balanced wireless Ad Hoc routing[A]. Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering[C], Vol. 2, May 2001: 1157-1161.
[73] Khunboa C, Simon R. Mobile ad hoc multicasting to support distributed virtual environments. Performance, Computing, and Communications, 2004 IEEE International Conference on, 2004: 653-659.
[74] Deng H M, Li W, Pagrawal D. Routing Security in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks[J]. IEEE Commun, Oct. 2002: 142-148.
[75] Sun Y, Elizabeth M B, Perkins C E. Internet Connectivity for Ad hoc Mobile Networks[J]. International Journal of Wireless Information Networks special issue on Mobile Ad hoc Networks, 9(2), April 2002: 75-88.
[76] Wang H W, Wang Y H. Energy-Efficient Routing Algorithms for Wireless ad-hoc Networks. The 18~(th) Annual IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC'07), 2007.
[77] Ye W, Heidemann J, Estrin D. An Energy-efficient MAC Protocol for wireless sensor networks. Proceeding of the 21~(st) International Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies (INFOCOM 2002), New York, NY USA, June 2002.
[78] Subbarao M W. Dynamic power conscious routing for MANETs: An initial approach. IEEE VTC[C], Amsterdam, 1999: 1232-1237.
[79] Toh C K. Maximum battery life routing to support ubiquitous mobile computing in wireless ad hoc networks [J]. IEEE Communications Magazine, 2001, 39(6): 2-11.
[80] 顾燕，沈连丰，叶芝慧等．移动自组织网络中一种能量有效的跨层协议[J]．东南大学学报，2006，36(6)：875-879．
[81] 陈晋伦，蒋挺，周正．一种具有能量感知的多路径Ad hoc路由算法[J]．电子与信息学报，2006，28(7)：1298-1302．
[82] Ding P, Holliday J, Celik A. Modeling the performance of a wireless node in multihop ad-hoc networks. Proc. of the IEEE International Conference on Wireless Networks Communications and Mobile Computing, Kaanapali Beach, Hawaii, June 2005.
[83] Ye W, Heidemann J, Estrin D. An Energy-efficient MAC Protocol for wireless sensor networks. Proceeding of the 21~(st) International Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies (INFOCOM 2002), New York, NY USA, June 2002.
[84] Venkatesh R, Katia O. Garcia-Luna-Aceves energy-efficient, collision-free medium access control for wireless sensor networks. SenSys'03, Los Angeles, California, USA, Nov. 2003: 5-7.
[85] IEEE standard for wireless LAN-medium access control and physical layer specification, part 11. IEEE Press, New York, 1999.
[86] Margi B C, Obraczka K. Instrument network simulators for evaluating energy consumption in power-aware ad-hoc network protocols. IEEE/ACM MASCOTS 2004, Ict 5-7, 2004: 337-346.
[87] Bianchi G. Performance analysis of the IEEE 802.11 distributed coordination function. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, March 2000, 18(3): 535-547.
[88] Chen J C, Sivalingam K M, et al. Scheduling multimedia services for a low-power MAC in wireless and mobile ATM networks. IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, 1999, 1(2): 187-201.
[89] Chen B, Jamieson K, Balakrishnan H, et al. Span: An energy-effenicient coordination algorithm for topology maintenance in ad hoc wireless networks. Wireless Networks, 2002, 8(5): 481-494.
[90] 刘月阳．无线分布式网络中给予能量的路由算法和MAC算法研究：[博士学位论文]，北京邮电大学，2006，1-24．
[91] Singh S, Woo M, Raghavendra C S. Power-aware routing in mobile ad hoc networks. Proceedings of Mobicom'98, 1998.
[92] Cao L J, Teresa D, Wang Y. Performance evaluation of energy efficient ad hoc routing protocols. Performance, Computing, and Communications Conference,2007. IPCCC 2007. April, 2007:306-313.
[93] Rappaport T. Wireless Communications: Principles and Practices. Prentice Hall,1996.
[94] Scoot K, Bambos N. Routing and Channel Assignment for Low Power Transmission in PCS. In Proc. ICUPC96, volume 2, Oct. 1996:498-502.
[95] Subbarao M. Dynamic power-consious routing for manets: an initial approach. 50~(th) IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC'99), vol. 2, Amsterdam, Sep.1999:1232-1237.
[96] Gupta N, Das S R. Energy-aware on-demand routing for mobile Ad Hoc network. [EB/OL]. http:// crewman.uta.edu/-choi/energy.pdf.
[97] Banerjee S, Misra A. Minimum energy paths for reliable communication in multi-hop wireless networks [A]. MobilHoc 2002:146-156.
[98] Singh S, Woo M, Raghavendra C. Power-aware routing in mobile ad hoc networks.MobiCom'98: Proceedings of the 4~(th) annual ACM/IEEE international conference on Mobile computing and networking. New York, USA,1998:181-190.
[99] Toh C K. Maximum battery life routing to support ubiquitous mobile computing in wireless ad hoc networks. IEEE Communications Magazine, 39(6), June 2001:138-147.
[100] Cho W, Kim S L. A fully distributed routing algorithm for maximizing lifetime of a wireless ad hoc network, in 4th International Workshop on Mobile and Wireless Communications Network, Sep. 2002: 670-674.
[101] Li L Y, Zheng F, Li C L, Yuan P Y. An energy constrained routing protocol for MANET. Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics, Hong Kong, Aug. 2007:3205-3210.
[102] Kim D, Garcia-Luna-Aceves J, Obraczka K, et al. Routing mechanisms for mobile ad hoc networks based on the energy drain rate. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, 2003, 2(2): 161-173.
[103] Maleki M, Dantu K, Pedram M. Lifetime prediction routing in mobile ad hoc networks. IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking, 2003, WCNC 2003, vol. 2, New Orleans, Mar 2003: 1185-1190.
[104] Maleki M, Dantu K, Pedram M. Power-aware source routing protocol for mobile Ad hoc networks [A]. Proc. of the 2002 International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design [C], California, USA, Aug. 2002: 72-75.
[105] Hass Z J, Halpern J Y, Li L. Gossip-based ad hoc routing [J]. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking. 2006, 14(3): 479-491.
[106] Meester R, Roy R. Continuum percolation [M]. Cambridge University, 1996.
[107] Broth J, Maltzd A, et al. A Performance Comparison of Multi-hop Wireless Ad Hoc Network Routing Protocols. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (ACM MOBICOM'98), Oct. 1998: 85-97.
[108] Feeney L M, Nilsson M. Investigating the energy consumption of a wireless network interface in an ad hoc networking environment [C]. Twentieth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies. Proc. of the IEEE vol. 3, April 2001: 1548-1557.
[109] 王建新，邓曙光，陈松乔，等．移动自组网络中一种基于选播策略的路由恢复方法[J]．通信学报，2003，24(10)：172-176．
[110] 杨盘隆，田畅，倪明放．具有灰色预测功能的ad hoc网络稳定路由算法．应用科学学报，Mar．2006，24(2)：145-149．
[111] Wei X H, Chen G L, Wan Y Y, et al. Longest lifetime path in mobile ad hoc networks [J]. Journal of Software. 2006, 17(3): 498-508.
[112] Agarwal S, Ahija A, Singh JP, Shorey R. Route-Lifetime assessment based routing (RABR) protocol for mobile ad hoc networks. In: Proc. of the IEEE ICC. 2000. 1697-1701.
[113] Dajiang H, Shengming J, Jianqiang R. A link availability prediction model for wireless ad hoc networks. In: Proc. of the ICDCS Workshop on Wirelwss Networks and Mobile Computing. 2000.
[114] Jiang S, He D, Rao J. A prediction-based link availability estimation for mobile ad hoc networks. In: Proc. of the 20~(th) IEEE INFOCOM. 2001: 1745-1752.
[115] 王洪波，张尧学，王晓辉，郭国强．无线自组网中基于移动预测与功率调整的适应性分簇算法．软件学报，2002，13(9)：1741-1756．
[116] Gerharz M, de Waal, Frank M, Martini P. Link stability in mobile wireless ad hoc networks. In: Proc. of the 27~(th) Annual IEEE Conf. on Local Computer Networks (LCN 2002). 2002.
[117] McDonald A B, Znati T F. A Path availability model for wireless ad-hoc networks. In: Proc. of the IEEE WCNC. IEEE, 1999:35-40.
[118] Yu D, Li H, Gruber I. Path availability in ad hoc network [A]. Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Telecommunications (ICT'2003) [C]. Tahiti, French, 2003.
[119] Chung W H. Probabilistic analysis of routes on mobile ad hoc networks [J]. IEEE Communications Letters. 2004, 8(8):506-508.
[120] LIM G, Shin K, Lee S, et al. Link stability and route lifetime in ad hoc wireless networks [A]. Proceedings of the International Conference on Parallel Processing Workshop (ICPPW'02) [C]. Vancouver, Canada, 2002:116-123.
[121] Jabbari B, Zhou Y, Hillier F. Random walk modeling of mobility in wireless networks [A]. Proceedings of the 48th IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference [C]. Ottawa, Canada, 1998:639-643.
[122] Avin C, Ercal G. Bounds on the mixing time and partial cover of ad-hoc and sensor networks [A]. Proceedings of the Second European Workshop on Wireless Sensor Networks [C]. Istanbul, Turkey, 2005:1-12.
[123] LIM G, Shin K, Kim J S, et al. Signal strength-based link stability estimation in ad hoc wireless nnetworks [J]. IEE Electronics Letters. 2003, 39(5): 485-486.
[124] Corson S, Macker J. Mobile Ad hoc Networking (MANET): Routing Protocol Performance Issues and Evaluation Considerations. IETF rfc2501, Jan. 1999.
[125] Gui C, Mohapatra P. SHORT: Self-Healing and optimizing routing techniques for mobile ad hoc networks [C]. Mobihoc, Annapolis, 2003.
[126] Liu G P, Wong K J, et al. PATCH: A novel local recovery mechanism for mobile Ad-hoc networks [C]. IEEE VTC, USA, 2003.