企业网络形成的动因分析法及其战略应用研究
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摘要
如果我们将企业网络视为当前一种企业战略的形式，则本文关注的核心就是以其形成的动因为基础的所谓企业网络在动态演进过程中形成企业战略趋势的动因分析法，故此以下将简称为“动因分析法”。
对于深入理解创造企业网络的综合治理的形式所需要的条件来说，本文所描述的动因分析法是具有一定重要意义的。动因分析法是在整合有关企业战略和经济学理论文献的前提下才得以产生的。运用网络组织来实现战略目的的企业战略，我们姑且称之为“企业的网络战略”。动因分析法为企业网络的战略设定了一种全方位的学术研究视角。
动因分析将企业网络动因的类型区分为网络经济型，竞争力型和市场结构型三种。动因分析中的这三种动因类型是将参与者动因和环境变量作为关键维度加以整合的结果。其中“环境变量”为本文的动因分析理论创造了一个动态演进的观点。本文在结论部分对动因分类重新讨论，并将该理论架构视作研究企业网络演进及其生命周期的推动机制的创新工具。
本文的理论框架是从分析生物制药产业中广泛存在的企业网络现象的实证过程中充实发展出来的。其中包括了从1954年到2001年对于美国主要制药公司市场绩效和合作效率之间关系的历史回顾和实证分析。具有定量和定性数据支持的案例，为本文的动因分析理论架构提供了翔实的依据，同时也阐释了动因分析方法的效力和意义。
其中对于生物制药年产业史的回顾是通过动因分析的观点来辨析的，尤其是紧扣曾经一度转化了产业关系的重大历史事件，使之成为动态演进的标志。实证分析证明，就市场评估和总回报率而言，从1990到2001，美国主要的几家制药公司联盟行为越多，其公司权益上的绩效也越佳。根据统计在合作效率和总投资回报率，以及合作效率和P／E(价格收入比)比值之间，存在显著的线性关联。这种关联的强度在1996到2001年之间急剧增加。
本文还根据经济学和企业战略理论中的资产和企业资产专用性，引入了一个概念：网络资产专用性。网络资产专用性适用于这样一种情况：一项资源或竞争力在属于某一企业网络时，相对于其在外部市场而言，具有更高的价值。针对网络专用资源的投资行为应该在一定意义上可以为企业绩效的各不相同提供解释。
最后要说明的是，本文的理论基础包括企业资源基础理论、竞争力理论、产业组织和网络经济学理论。
This research presents an Analysis of Firm Network, based on the Analysis of motivations of participants. Motivational distinctions provide insights into the conditions under which firms create hybrid governance forms, important for researchers and practitioners. The motivations analysis integrates strategy and economics literatures into a more holistic perspective on network strategy in a scholarly sense.
The Analysis categorizes firm network types into Network Econoimics, Competencies and Market Structure, representing integration between participants and environmental variables as additional dimensions. "Environmental variables" introduces a dynamic, evolutionary aspect. The conclusion reviews the Analysis as a mechanism for investigating the evolution and life cycles of firm networks.
An analysis of alliances within the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries develops the Framework, including a historical discussion from 1954-2001, and an empirical examination of the relationship between Collaboration Rate (CR) and market performance of US pharmaceutical firms. Case examples, supported quantatively and qualitively, provide evidence for the efficacy and implication of the Analysis.
The industry history identifies critical events in terms of the Analysis that have transformed industry relationships. The empirical analysis evidences that from 1990-2001 the equities of large U.S. pharmaceutical firms that allied more also performed better in terms of market valuation and total return. A strong, statistically significant linear relationship exists between CR and both total return and P/E ratios. The strength of the correlation increased dramatically between 1996 and 2001.
The research also introduces network specificity, from asset and firm specificity of the economics and strategy literatures. Network specificity applies where resources or capabilities have greater value as part of a particular network of firms, than in the general marketplace. Investments in network specific resources should provide some explanation for differential firm performance.
The resource-based, competencies, governance and relational view strategy literatures, as well as the industrial organization and network economics literatures, providing theoretical grounding.
对于深入理解创造企业网络的综合治理的形式所需要的条件来说，本文所描述的动因分析法是具有一定重要意义的。动因分析法是在整合有关企业战略和经济学理论文献的前提下才得以产生的。运用网络组织来实现战略目的的企业战略，我们姑且称之为“企业的网络战略”。动因分析法为企业网络的战略设定了一种全方位的学术研究视角。
动因分析将企业网络动因的类型区分为网络经济型，竞争力型和市场结构型三种。动因分析中的这三种动因类型是将参与者动因和环境变量作为关键维度加以整合的结果。其中“环境变量”为本文的动因分析理论创造了一个动态演进的观点。本文在结论部分对动因分类重新讨论，并将该理论架构视作研究企业网络演进及其生命周期的推动机制的创新工具。
本文的理论框架是从分析生物制药产业中广泛存在的企业网络现象的实证过程中充实发展出来的。其中包括了从1954年到2001年对于美国主要制药公司市场绩效和合作效率之间关系的历史回顾和实证分析。具有定量和定性数据支持的案例，为本文的动因分析理论架构提供了翔实的依据，同时也阐释了动因分析方法的效力和意义。
其中对于生物制药年产业史的回顾是通过动因分析的观点来辨析的，尤其是紧扣曾经一度转化了产业关系的重大历史事件，使之成为动态演进的标志。实证分析证明，就市场评估和总回报率而言，从1990到2001，美国主要的几家制药公司联盟行为越多，其公司权益上的绩效也越佳。根据统计在合作效率和总投资回报率，以及合作效率和P／E(价格收入比)比值之间，存在显著的线性关联。这种关联的强度在1996到2001年之间急剧增加。
本文还根据经济学和企业战略理论中的资产和企业资产专用性，引入了一个概念：网络资产专用性。网络资产专用性适用于这样一种情况：一项资源或竞争力在属于某一企业网络时，相对于其在外部市场而言，具有更高的价值。针对网络专用资源的投资行为应该在一定意义上可以为企业绩效的各不相同提供解释。
最后要说明的是，本文的理论基础包括企业资源基础理论、竞争力理论、产业组织和网络经济学理论。
This research presents an Analysis of Firm Network, based on the Analysis of motivations of participants. Motivational distinctions provide insights into the conditions under which firms create hybrid governance forms, important for researchers and practitioners. The motivations analysis integrates strategy and economics literatures into a more holistic perspective on network strategy in a scholarly sense.
The Analysis categorizes firm network types into Network Econoimics, Competencies and Market Structure, representing integration between participants and environmental variables as additional dimensions. "Environmental variables" introduces a dynamic, evolutionary aspect. The conclusion reviews the Analysis as a mechanism for investigating the evolution and life cycles of firm networks.
An analysis of alliances within the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries develops the Framework, including a historical discussion from 1954-2001, and an empirical examination of the relationship between Collaboration Rate (CR) and market performance of US pharmaceutical firms. Case examples, supported quantatively and qualitively, provide evidence for the efficacy and implication of the Analysis.
The industry history identifies critical events in terms of the Analysis that have transformed industry relationships. The empirical analysis evidences that from 1990-2001 the equities of large U.S. pharmaceutical firms that allied more also performed better in terms of market valuation and total return. A strong, statistically significant linear relationship exists between CR and both total return and P/E ratios. The strength of the correlation increased dramatically between 1996 and 2001.
The research also introduces network specificity, from asset and firm specificity of the economics and strategy literatures. Network specificity applies where resources or capabilities have greater value as part of a particular network of firms, than in the general marketplace. Investments in network specific resources should provide some explanation for differential firm performance.
The resource-based, competencies, governance and relational view strategy literatures, as well as the industrial organization and network economics literatures, providing theoretical grounding.
引文
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