基于生态学理论的营口市水源镇土地利用规划研究
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摘要
近年来,随着人们生态意识的提高,生态学及其相关理论已经被广泛应用到城市建设的各个领域,本文尝试在营口市水源镇总体规划过程中,将生态学理论与土地利用相结合,进行一定深度的研究。
针对当前我国城市建设过程中土地资源利用与环境保护两大课题,论文在探讨了城镇土地利用可持续发展理论及其与生态学方法内在契合的基础上,以生态承载力分析、生态适宜度分析、生态敏感度分析及景观生态分析等生态学方法为切入点,尝试将生态理念纳入城市建设中,在自然与城市共生的前提下,寻求促进城镇功能区之间以及城镇与外围环境的和谐与平衡。
论文在对营口市水源镇生态调研的基础上,对自然环境和建设环境进行了综合分析。针对分析中存在的问题利用生态承载力及生态足迹的方法对水源镇土地的生态容量进行了测算,在其基础上计算区域人口规模、城市的人口及用地规模;利用生态敏感度分析的方法找出水源镇内土地利用的非敏感区,在其基础上选择城市的建设用地;利用生态适宜度分析的方法对纳入城市建设的用地进行生态适宜度分析,在其基础上按照适宜区优先布局的原则,来对土地的不同功能区进行合理布局,创建人与自然和谐共生的人居环境;利用景观生态学的方法分析了水源镇土地的生态要素,在其基础上构筑了水源镇的生态特色景观格局。
为了保证规划的可实施性,论文还提出了城镇建设过程中生态优先的实施措施。
In recent years, with the increasing of people’s ecological consciousness, ecology together with its relevant theories have been widely applied to all the fields of urban constructions. This thesis aims to establish a method of land application for Shuiyuan Town in Yingkou through the combination of ecological theories with land use theories.
In the face of the dual tasks of land resource use and environmental protection in Chinese urban construction, this thesis, on the basis of the evaluations on urban land sustainable use theory and its inner coinage with ecological methods, tries to input ecological theories to the field of urban construction with the purpose of pursuing the harmony and balance between urban functional areas and their surrounding circumstances on the premise of the symbiosis of the nature and the city.
This thesis carries out a comprehensive analysis on the natural and building environment of Shuiyuan Town after the study of its ecological surroundings. Several ecological theories have been applied in order to solve the existing problems. Firstly, the ecological footprint theory has been used to estimate the number of people there. Secondly, with the ecological sensitivity analysis, the ecological sensitivity zone has been selected accordingly. Thirdly, based on the result of ecological feasibility estimation, different functional areas of land-use have been laid out in order to establish a harmonious environment between nature and human being. Finally, the theory of landscape ecology analysis has been used to analyze the ecological characteristics of the land in Shuiyuan Town, which serves the basis to create its characteristic landscape pattern.
To ensure the feasibility of the planning, this article also puts forward the measures of putting the ecology at the priority place in the process of urban construction.
针对当前我国城市建设过程中土地资源利用与环境保护两大课题,论文在探讨了城镇土地利用可持续发展理论及其与生态学方法内在契合的基础上,以生态承载力分析、生态适宜度分析、生态敏感度分析及景观生态分析等生态学方法为切入点,尝试将生态理念纳入城市建设中,在自然与城市共生的前提下,寻求促进城镇功能区之间以及城镇与外围环境的和谐与平衡。
论文在对营口市水源镇生态调研的基础上,对自然环境和建设环境进行了综合分析。针对分析中存在的问题利用生态承载力及生态足迹的方法对水源镇土地的生态容量进行了测算,在其基础上计算区域人口规模、城市的人口及用地规模;利用生态敏感度分析的方法找出水源镇内土地利用的非敏感区,在其基础上选择城市的建设用地;利用生态适宜度分析的方法对纳入城市建设的用地进行生态适宜度分析,在其基础上按照适宜区优先布局的原则,来对土地的不同功能区进行合理布局,创建人与自然和谐共生的人居环境;利用景观生态学的方法分析了水源镇土地的生态要素,在其基础上构筑了水源镇的生态特色景观格局。
为了保证规划的可实施性,论文还提出了城镇建设过程中生态优先的实施措施。
In recent years, with the increasing of people’s ecological consciousness, ecology together with its relevant theories have been widely applied to all the fields of urban constructions. This thesis aims to establish a method of land application for Shuiyuan Town in Yingkou through the combination of ecological theories with land use theories.
In the face of the dual tasks of land resource use and environmental protection in Chinese urban construction, this thesis, on the basis of the evaluations on urban land sustainable use theory and its inner coinage with ecological methods, tries to input ecological theories to the field of urban construction with the purpose of pursuing the harmony and balance between urban functional areas and their surrounding circumstances on the premise of the symbiosis of the nature and the city.
This thesis carries out a comprehensive analysis on the natural and building environment of Shuiyuan Town after the study of its ecological surroundings. Several ecological theories have been applied in order to solve the existing problems. Firstly, the ecological footprint theory has been used to estimate the number of people there. Secondly, with the ecological sensitivity analysis, the ecological sensitivity zone has been selected accordingly. Thirdly, based on the result of ecological feasibility estimation, different functional areas of land-use have been laid out in order to establish a harmonious environment between nature and human being. Finally, the theory of landscape ecology analysis has been used to analyze the ecological characteristics of the land in Shuiyuan Town, which serves the basis to create its characteristic landscape pattern.
To ensure the feasibility of the planning, this article also puts forward the measures of putting the ecology at the priority place in the process of urban construction.
引文
1张兵.城市规划实效论.中国人民大学出版社, 1998:195
2 E. William. The Ecology of Sustainable Development. The Ecologist, 1990,20(1):18~23
3 P. Hall. Planning Strategies of Cities and Region. Town & Country Planning, 1995, 64(5):66
4王如松.高效和谐——城市生态调控原则和方法.湖南教育出版社, 1988:23
5杨培峰.城乡空间生态规划理论与方法研究.重庆大学博士论文. 2002:8
6董雅文.城市景观生态.商务印书馆, 1993:23~26
7俞孔坚.景观:文化、生态与感知.科学出版社, 1998:32
8王国恩,殷毅,黄亚平.城市规划中的土地使用规划.湖北科学技术出版社, 1996:45~47
9何芳.土地利用规划.百家出版社, 1994:12
10闫照辉.土地利用过程中的生态整合研究.重庆大学硕士论文. 2004:
15~17
11赵和生.城市规划与城市发展.东南大学出版社, 1999:63
12冯长春,杨志威.欧美城市土地利用理论研究述评.国外城市规划. 1998, (1):2
13邢忠.“边缘效益:——一个广阔的城市规划与设计生态视域.重庆大学博士学位论文. 2000:34~38
14陈易.城市建设中的可持续发展理论.同济大学出版社, 2003:3
15 John Brotchie. The Future of Urban Form: the Impact of New Technology. New York Nichols Pub, USA.1985:102~106
16张安录,杨钢桥.小城镇发展与建设用地管理.城市规划. 2000,(9):51~53
17黄光宇,陈勇.论城市生态化与生态城市.城市环境与城市生态. 1999, (6):7
18黄光宇,陈勇.生态城市理论与规划设计方法.科学出版社, 2002:248
19宋永昌,由文辉,王祥荣.城市生态学.华东师范大学出版社, 1998: 83~88
20徐中民.中国1999年生态足迹计算与发展能力分析.应用生态学报. 2003,14(2):280~285
21张志强,徐中民,程国栋.生态足迹的概念及计算模型.生态经济. 2000(10):8~10
22 W. E. Rees. Ecological Footprint and Appropriated Carrying Capacity: What Urban Economy Leaves Out. Environment and Urbanization. 1992,4(2): 121~130
23 M. Wackernagel. National Natural Capital Accounting with the Ecological Footprint Concept. Ecological Economics. 1999, 29(3):75~390
24 Alan Fricker. The ecological footprint of New Zealand as a step towards sustainability. Ecological Economics. 1998,30(6):559~567
25 M. Wackernagel, W. Rees. Our Ecological Footprint: Reducing Human Impact on the Earth. Gabriola Island: New Society Publishers, 1996:121~128
26 Van vuuren. Ecological footprints of Benin, Bhutan, Costa Rica and the Netherlands. Ecol Econ. 2000,34(3):115~130
27 D. Tilman, D. Wedin. Productivity and sustainability influenced by biodiversity in grass land ecosystems. Nature. 1997,379:515~525.
28欧阳志云,王效科,苗鸿.中国生态环境敏感性及其区域差异规律研究.生态学报. 2000, 20(1):9~12
29黄立芸.三峡库区城镇生态环境敏感性规划研究.重庆大学硕士论文. 2005:5~12
30杨志峰,徐俏,何孟常等.城市生态敏感性分析.中国环境科学. 2002,22 (4):360~364
31王雅秋,郑宝源.生态适宜度的模糊数学综合评价.福建环境. 1998,15 (3):7~8
32 N. Hubert. The Role of Land Use Planning in Sustainable Rural Systems. Landscape and Urban Planning. 1998,(4):83~91
33 T. Forman. Land Mosaics: The Ecology of Landscape and Region. Cambridge University Press, 1995:23~31
34 T. Forman. Corridors in Landscape: Their Ecological Structure and Function. Ekologia (CSSR). 1983, (2):375~378
35邬建国.景观生态学:格局、过程、尺度与等级.高等教育出版社, 2000:5~8
36陈文波,肖笃宁,李秀珍.景观指数分类、应用及构建研究.应用生态学报. 2002,13(1):121~125
37顾朝林,张勤.新时期城镇体系规划理论与方法.城市规划汇刊. 1997, (2):14~26
38包浩生,彭补拙.自然资源导论.江苏教育出版社, 1993:12~16
39 Richard Register. Ecocities-Building Cities in Balance with Nature. Berkeley hills Books, Berkeley , California, 2001:17~20
40王如松等.中小城镇可持续发展的生态整合方法.气象出版社, 2003:5~9
41 Giolio Senes, Alessandro Toccolini. Sustainable Land Use Planning in Protected Rural Areas in Italy. Landscape and Urban Planning. 1998, 41:107~117
42 Josef Leitman. Sustaining Cities. The McGraw-Hill Companies, 1999:34~37
43乔欣.城市用地评定中的生态优先原则导入.重庆大学硕士论文. 2004:46~53
44 M. Wackernagel, P. Bello. National Natural Capital Accounting with the Ecological Footprint Concept. Ecol.Econ. 1999,29(3):375~390
45朱英豪,刘斯文,王伟.云南省昆明市生态足迹的计算及分析.辽宁工程技术大学学报(社会科学版). 2007,9(1):30~32
46程全国,吕晓莹,王留锁.基于生态足迹理论的生态承载力分析.辽宁林业科技. 2006, (5):22~23
47黄光宇,陈勇,田玲等.生态规划方法在城市规划中的应用田.城市规划. 1999, 23 (6):48~52
48刘耀林等.城市生态调控方法.气象出版社, 2000:43
49 D.Hu, R.S. Wang. Exploring Eco-construction for Local Sustainability: An Eco-village Study in China Ecological Engineering. 1998, 11:167~176
50陈春辉.哈尔滨地区生态住区设计策略及其评估体系研究.哈尔滨工业大学硕士论文. 2006:6~8
51王祥荣等.中心城生态园区建设规划研究.城市发展研究. 1999,(2):16~18
52张浩,王祥荣.城市绿地的三维生态特征及其生态功能.中国环境科学. 2001,21(2):101~104
53刘滨谊,姜允芳.中国城市绿地系统规划评价指标体系的研究.城市规划汇刊. 2002,(2):27~29
54傅伯杰,陈利顶等.景观生态学原理及应用.科学出版社, 2001:76~89
55 A. G. Campbell, J. F. Franklin. Riparian Vegetation in Oregon's WesternCascade Mountains: Composition, Biomass, and Autumn Phonology. Ecosystem Analysis Studies on Coniferous Forest Biomes. bulletin No.14, University of Washington, wattle, Washington, USA. 1979:68~89
56 S. V. Gregory, F. J. Swanson and W. A. McKee et al. An Ecosystem Perspective of Riparian Zones. Bioscience. 1991,(41):540~551
57 B. M. Lena, Gilles Piney and Ann Fuglsang etc. Structure and Function of Buffer Strips from a Water Quality Perspective in Agriculture Landscapes. Landscape and Urban Planning. 1995,(31):323~331
58约翰·O·西蒙兹著.景观设计学——场地规划与设计手册.俞孔坚等译.第三版.中国建筑工业出版社, 2000:153
59崔轶男.哈尔滨太阳岛风景名胜区生态规划研究.哈尔滨工业大学硕士论文. 2006:56~63
60 Franco Archibugi. The Ecological City and City Effect. Athenaeum Press,1997:121~132
61 A. G. Tansey. Greenways as Vehicles for Expression. Landscape and Urban Planning. 1995,(33):317~325
62 J. Richard. Ecosystem Management & Our National Parks: Will Ecosystem Management Become the Guiding Theory for Our National Parks in the 21st Century?. University of Baltimore Journal of Environmental Law, Spring, 2000:35~42
63李如生.美国国家公园管理体制.中国建筑工业出版社, 2005:5~9
2 E. William. The Ecology of Sustainable Development. The Ecologist, 1990,20(1):18~23
3 P. Hall. Planning Strategies of Cities and Region. Town & Country Planning, 1995, 64(5):66
4王如松.高效和谐——城市生态调控原则和方法.湖南教育出版社, 1988:23
5杨培峰.城乡空间生态规划理论与方法研究.重庆大学博士论文. 2002:8
6董雅文.城市景观生态.商务印书馆, 1993:23~26
7俞孔坚.景观:文化、生态与感知.科学出版社, 1998:32
8王国恩,殷毅,黄亚平.城市规划中的土地使用规划.湖北科学技术出版社, 1996:45~47
9何芳.土地利用规划.百家出版社, 1994:12
10闫照辉.土地利用过程中的生态整合研究.重庆大学硕士论文. 2004:
15~17
11赵和生.城市规划与城市发展.东南大学出版社, 1999:63
12冯长春,杨志威.欧美城市土地利用理论研究述评.国外城市规划. 1998, (1):2
13邢忠.“边缘效益:——一个广阔的城市规划与设计生态视域.重庆大学博士学位论文. 2000:34~38
14陈易.城市建设中的可持续发展理论.同济大学出版社, 2003:3
15 John Brotchie. The Future of Urban Form: the Impact of New Technology. New York Nichols Pub, USA.1985:102~106
16张安录,杨钢桥.小城镇发展与建设用地管理.城市规划. 2000,(9):51~53
17黄光宇,陈勇.论城市生态化与生态城市.城市环境与城市生态. 1999, (6):7
18黄光宇,陈勇.生态城市理论与规划设计方法.科学出版社, 2002:248
19宋永昌,由文辉,王祥荣.城市生态学.华东师范大学出版社, 1998: 83~88
20徐中民.中国1999年生态足迹计算与发展能力分析.应用生态学报. 2003,14(2):280~285
21张志强,徐中民,程国栋.生态足迹的概念及计算模型.生态经济. 2000(10):8~10
22 W. E. Rees. Ecological Footprint and Appropriated Carrying Capacity: What Urban Economy Leaves Out. Environment and Urbanization. 1992,4(2): 121~130
23 M. Wackernagel. National Natural Capital Accounting with the Ecological Footprint Concept. Ecological Economics. 1999, 29(3):75~390
24 Alan Fricker. The ecological footprint of New Zealand as a step towards sustainability. Ecological Economics. 1998,30(6):559~567
25 M. Wackernagel, W. Rees. Our Ecological Footprint: Reducing Human Impact on the Earth. Gabriola Island: New Society Publishers, 1996:121~128
26 Van vuuren. Ecological footprints of Benin, Bhutan, Costa Rica and the Netherlands. Ecol Econ. 2000,34(3):115~130
27 D. Tilman, D. Wedin. Productivity and sustainability influenced by biodiversity in grass land ecosystems. Nature. 1997,379:515~525.
28欧阳志云,王效科,苗鸿.中国生态环境敏感性及其区域差异规律研究.生态学报. 2000, 20(1):9~12
29黄立芸.三峡库区城镇生态环境敏感性规划研究.重庆大学硕士论文. 2005:5~12
30杨志峰,徐俏,何孟常等.城市生态敏感性分析.中国环境科学. 2002,22 (4):360~364
31王雅秋,郑宝源.生态适宜度的模糊数学综合评价.福建环境. 1998,15 (3):7~8
32 N. Hubert. The Role of Land Use Planning in Sustainable Rural Systems. Landscape and Urban Planning. 1998,(4):83~91
33 T. Forman. Land Mosaics: The Ecology of Landscape and Region. Cambridge University Press, 1995:23~31
34 T. Forman. Corridors in Landscape: Their Ecological Structure and Function. Ekologia (CSSR). 1983, (2):375~378
35邬建国.景观生态学:格局、过程、尺度与等级.高等教育出版社, 2000:5~8
36陈文波,肖笃宁,李秀珍.景观指数分类、应用及构建研究.应用生态学报. 2002,13(1):121~125
37顾朝林,张勤.新时期城镇体系规划理论与方法.城市规划汇刊. 1997, (2):14~26
38包浩生,彭补拙.自然资源导论.江苏教育出版社, 1993:12~16
39 Richard Register. Ecocities-Building Cities in Balance with Nature. Berkeley hills Books, Berkeley , California, 2001:17~20
40王如松等.中小城镇可持续发展的生态整合方法.气象出版社, 2003:5~9
41 Giolio Senes, Alessandro Toccolini. Sustainable Land Use Planning in Protected Rural Areas in Italy. Landscape and Urban Planning. 1998, 41:107~117
42 Josef Leitman. Sustaining Cities. The McGraw-Hill Companies, 1999:34~37
43乔欣.城市用地评定中的生态优先原则导入.重庆大学硕士论文. 2004:46~53
44 M. Wackernagel, P. Bello. National Natural Capital Accounting with the Ecological Footprint Concept. Ecol.Econ. 1999,29(3):375~390
45朱英豪,刘斯文,王伟.云南省昆明市生态足迹的计算及分析.辽宁工程技术大学学报(社会科学版). 2007,9(1):30~32
46程全国,吕晓莹,王留锁.基于生态足迹理论的生态承载力分析.辽宁林业科技. 2006, (5):22~23
47黄光宇,陈勇,田玲等.生态规划方法在城市规划中的应用田.城市规划. 1999, 23 (6):48~52
48刘耀林等.城市生态调控方法.气象出版社, 2000:43
49 D.Hu, R.S. Wang. Exploring Eco-construction for Local Sustainability: An Eco-village Study in China Ecological Engineering. 1998, 11:167~176
50陈春辉.哈尔滨地区生态住区设计策略及其评估体系研究.哈尔滨工业大学硕士论文. 2006:6~8
51王祥荣等.中心城生态园区建设规划研究.城市发展研究. 1999,(2):16~18
52张浩,王祥荣.城市绿地的三维生态特征及其生态功能.中国环境科学. 2001,21(2):101~104
53刘滨谊,姜允芳.中国城市绿地系统规划评价指标体系的研究.城市规划汇刊. 2002,(2):27~29
54傅伯杰,陈利顶等.景观生态学原理及应用.科学出版社, 2001:76~89
55 A. G. Campbell, J. F. Franklin. Riparian Vegetation in Oregon's WesternCascade Mountains: Composition, Biomass, and Autumn Phonology. Ecosystem Analysis Studies on Coniferous Forest Biomes. bulletin No.14, University of Washington, wattle, Washington, USA. 1979:68~89
56 S. V. Gregory, F. J. Swanson and W. A. McKee et al. An Ecosystem Perspective of Riparian Zones. Bioscience. 1991,(41):540~551
57 B. M. Lena, Gilles Piney and Ann Fuglsang etc. Structure and Function of Buffer Strips from a Water Quality Perspective in Agriculture Landscapes. Landscape and Urban Planning. 1995,(31):323~331
58约翰·O·西蒙兹著.景观设计学——场地规划与设计手册.俞孔坚等译.第三版.中国建筑工业出版社, 2000:153
59崔轶男.哈尔滨太阳岛风景名胜区生态规划研究.哈尔滨工业大学硕士论文. 2006:56~63
60 Franco Archibugi. The Ecological City and City Effect. Athenaeum Press,1997:121~132
61 A. G. Tansey. Greenways as Vehicles for Expression. Landscape and Urban Planning. 1995,(33):317~325
62 J. Richard. Ecosystem Management & Our National Parks: Will Ecosystem Management Become the Guiding Theory for Our National Parks in the 21st Century?. University of Baltimore Journal of Environmental Law, Spring, 2000:35~42
63李如生.美国国家公园管理体制.中国建筑工业出版社, 2005:5~9