陡坡段桩柱式桥梁桩基设计计算方法及试验研究
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摘要
随着西部大开发的进一步推进，山区高速公路与铁路发展迅速，当其穿越山岭地带时，为保护现有的生态人文环境，应避免对山体大切大挖，从而在某些特殊路段不得不沿陡坡采用全高架桥或半路半桥的结构形式。桩柱式桥梁桩基是我国西部山区桥梁建设中广泛采用的一种基础形式，但相应的桩基设计与施工尚缺乏规范或经验指导。因此，对陡坡段桩柱式桥梁桩基承载机理、受力与变形计算以及稳定性分析等问题展开深入系统的研究为当前我国山区桥梁建设过程中急需解决的关键问题之一。为此，本文结合国家自然科学基金、交通部西部交通建设科技项目“高陡横坡条件下桩柱式桥梁设计与施工技术研究”以及湖南省研究生科研创新项目“高陡边坡上桥梁双桩结构设计计算方法研究”，针对陡坡段桩柱式桥梁桩基承载机理、受力与变形计算以及稳定分析等问题，从解析方法和模型试验两方面展开深入研究，提出一套完整的陡坡段桩柱式桥梁桩基设计计算方法。
本文首先综合分析了竖向荷载、横向荷载、轴横向荷载以及组合荷载作用下陡坡段桩柱式桥梁桩基的承载机理。进而基于极限平衡理论对边坡稳定性进行分析，获得了坡体剩余下滑力的计算公式；在对基桩微元进行受力分析后，建立了基桩各特征桩段的挠曲变形微分方程，并利用幂级数法求解获得陡坡段桩柱式桥梁基桩内力与位移分析的半解析解。在此基础上进一步开展了影响因素分析，发现：桩顶水平荷载增加时，基桩内力与位移呈线性增长，水平荷载对基桩上段部分影响较大；地基抗力折减越大，基桩的内力和位移增幅越大，桩身最大弯矩由上往下转移；合理选择桩径有利于改善基桩的内力与位移。
其次，基于能量法建立了考虑“陡坡效应”陡坡段桩柱式桥梁基桩屈曲稳定性分析计算模型以及相应的桩-坡体系总势能方程，并借助能量法联立边界条件求解获得了陡坡段桩柱式桥梁基桩屈曲临界荷载及稳定计算桩长计算公式，并通过室内模型试验验证了计算方法的可靠性。进而结合工程实例系统地探讨了墩柱高度、桩柱弹性模量以及边坡坡度对基桩屈曲稳定的影响。
再次，通过对陡坡段桩柱式桥梁双桩基础的结构特点及承载特性进行了详细分析，建立了考虑桩-坡-桩相互作用的陡坡段桩柱式桥梁双桩基础简化计算模型，导得了各特征桩段挠曲变形微分方程式，并利用幂级数法求解获得了陡坡段桩柱式桥梁双桩基础受力与变形分析的半解析解。进而深入分析了前后桩桩间距、坡体剩余下滑力合力以及地基抗力比例系数m对陡坡段桩柱式桥梁双桩基础桩身内力及位移的影响，提出了陡坡段桩柱式桥梁桩基设计计算方法及其详细的设计计算流程。
最后，基于相似理论，设计并完成了陡坡段桩柱式桥梁双桩基础室内模型试验。重点研究了墩柱高度及边坡坡度对陡坡段桩柱式桥梁双桩基础承载机理、破坏模式以及内力与变形的影响，并通过试验实测资料验证了理论计算方法的可靠性和合理性。
With the advance of west development, constructions of expressways andrailways in mountainous region are blooming. When these paths are passing throughmountain area, it should be avoided to cut and trench the mountains overly in order toprotect the existing ecological and culture environment. Structures like trestle andhalf road and half bridge along steep slopes are inevitably set in some specialsegments. Pile-column bridge foundation is a new foundation style widely used inconstructions of bridges in mountainous region of western China and has littleguidance of specifications and experience regarding to its design and calculation. It isan urgent problem in construction of bridges in mountainous region to give a deep andsystematic investigation of some involved issues of pile-column foundation in steepslopes such as bearing mechanism, calculations of internal forces and deformation,stability analysis and others. In order to solve the abovementioned issues, this workwas devoted into the establishment of a complete design and calculation method forpile-column bridge foundation in steep slopes by analytical methods and model tests,combining with Western Transportation Construction Project of TransportationMinistry “Design and Construction Technology for Bridge Pile-column Foundation inHigh and Steep Cross Slope” and Graduate Students Research Innovation Project“Design and Calculation Method of Bridge Double Pile Structure in High and SteepSlope”.
The bearing mechanism of pile-column foundation subjected to vertical loads,lateral and lateral loads, axial loads and combined loads were analyzed respectively.Calculation formula for the sliding force of slope was derived by stability analysisbased on the limit equilibrium theory. Mechanical analysis of pile element wasperformed to establish the differential equations of flexible deformation for eachcharacteristic segment of pile shaft. Power series approach was employed to solve theequations to obtain the semi-analytical solution of internal force and displacement ofpile-column bridge foundation. On this basis, analysis for the influence factorsindicates that the internal force and displacement increase linearly with the increaseof lateral loads on the pile top, and the lateral loads affect more on the upper segmentof the shaft; and that with the reduction of ground resistance, the increments of theinternal force and displacement ascends and the location of maximum bending moment moves downwards; and that a rational selection of pile diameter benefits todecrease the values of internal force and displacement.
An analytical calculation model for the bulking stability of pile-column bridgefoundation in steep slopes was constructed by energy theory considering the “steepslope effect”, and the corresponding total potential equation of pile-slope system wasderived. By solving this equation using energy approach and boundary conditions, thecomputational formulas for bulking critical loads and computed stability length wereobtained. The reliability of this technique was verified by laboratory model test.Influences of pier height, modulus of elasticity of pile-column and slope inclinationon the bulking stability were discussed systematically incorporating with practicalcases.
By deep analysis on the structural properties and bearing characteristic of dualpile foundation of pile-column bridge double piles in steep slope, its simplecalculation model was established taking the pile-slope-pile interaction into account.The derived differential equation of flexible deformation for each characteristicsegment of pile shaft was solved for the semi-analytical solution involving themechanical and deformational analysis of dual pile foundation. The influence of thespace between front pile and back pile, the resultant remaining slide force andproportional coefficient of ground resistance coefficient on the internal force anddisplacement of dual pile foundation were explored. Thus the design and calculationmethod for pile-column bridge foundation in steep slope was proposed as well as itsdetailed design circuit.
On the basis of similarity theory, the laboratory model test of double pilefoundation for pile-column bridge in steep slope was designed and accomplished.Most attention was paid on the influence of the pier height and slope inclination onthe bearing mechanism, failure modes, internal force and deformation of dual pilefoundation. The reliability and rationality of this theoretical calculation method wasevaluated and verified by comparing with the measured data.
本文首先综合分析了竖向荷载、横向荷载、轴横向荷载以及组合荷载作用下陡坡段桩柱式桥梁桩基的承载机理。进而基于极限平衡理论对边坡稳定性进行分析，获得了坡体剩余下滑力的计算公式；在对基桩微元进行受力分析后，建立了基桩各特征桩段的挠曲变形微分方程，并利用幂级数法求解获得陡坡段桩柱式桥梁基桩内力与位移分析的半解析解。在此基础上进一步开展了影响因素分析，发现：桩顶水平荷载增加时，基桩内力与位移呈线性增长，水平荷载对基桩上段部分影响较大；地基抗力折减越大，基桩的内力和位移增幅越大，桩身最大弯矩由上往下转移；合理选择桩径有利于改善基桩的内力与位移。
其次，基于能量法建立了考虑“陡坡效应”陡坡段桩柱式桥梁基桩屈曲稳定性分析计算模型以及相应的桩-坡体系总势能方程，并借助能量法联立边界条件求解获得了陡坡段桩柱式桥梁基桩屈曲临界荷载及稳定计算桩长计算公式，并通过室内模型试验验证了计算方法的可靠性。进而结合工程实例系统地探讨了墩柱高度、桩柱弹性模量以及边坡坡度对基桩屈曲稳定的影响。
再次，通过对陡坡段桩柱式桥梁双桩基础的结构特点及承载特性进行了详细分析，建立了考虑桩-坡-桩相互作用的陡坡段桩柱式桥梁双桩基础简化计算模型，导得了各特征桩段挠曲变形微分方程式，并利用幂级数法求解获得了陡坡段桩柱式桥梁双桩基础受力与变形分析的半解析解。进而深入分析了前后桩桩间距、坡体剩余下滑力合力以及地基抗力比例系数m对陡坡段桩柱式桥梁双桩基础桩身内力及位移的影响，提出了陡坡段桩柱式桥梁桩基设计计算方法及其详细的设计计算流程。
最后，基于相似理论，设计并完成了陡坡段桩柱式桥梁双桩基础室内模型试验。重点研究了墩柱高度及边坡坡度对陡坡段桩柱式桥梁双桩基础承载机理、破坏模式以及内力与变形的影响，并通过试验实测资料验证了理论计算方法的可靠性和合理性。
With the advance of west development, constructions of expressways andrailways in mountainous region are blooming. When these paths are passing throughmountain area, it should be avoided to cut and trench the mountains overly in order toprotect the existing ecological and culture environment. Structures like trestle andhalf road and half bridge along steep slopes are inevitably set in some specialsegments. Pile-column bridge foundation is a new foundation style widely used inconstructions of bridges in mountainous region of western China and has littleguidance of specifications and experience regarding to its design and calculation. It isan urgent problem in construction of bridges in mountainous region to give a deep andsystematic investigation of some involved issues of pile-column foundation in steepslopes such as bearing mechanism, calculations of internal forces and deformation,stability analysis and others. In order to solve the abovementioned issues, this workwas devoted into the establishment of a complete design and calculation method forpile-column bridge foundation in steep slopes by analytical methods and model tests,combining with Western Transportation Construction Project of TransportationMinistry “Design and Construction Technology for Bridge Pile-column Foundation inHigh and Steep Cross Slope” and Graduate Students Research Innovation Project“Design and Calculation Method of Bridge Double Pile Structure in High and SteepSlope”.
The bearing mechanism of pile-column foundation subjected to vertical loads,lateral and lateral loads, axial loads and combined loads were analyzed respectively.Calculation formula for the sliding force of slope was derived by stability analysisbased on the limit equilibrium theory. Mechanical analysis of pile element wasperformed to establish the differential equations of flexible deformation for eachcharacteristic segment of pile shaft. Power series approach was employed to solve theequations to obtain the semi-analytical solution of internal force and displacement ofpile-column bridge foundation. On this basis, analysis for the influence factorsindicates that the internal force and displacement increase linearly with the increaseof lateral loads on the pile top, and the lateral loads affect more on the upper segmentof the shaft; and that with the reduction of ground resistance, the increments of theinternal force and displacement ascends and the location of maximum bending moment moves downwards; and that a rational selection of pile diameter benefits todecrease the values of internal force and displacement.
An analytical calculation model for the bulking stability of pile-column bridgefoundation in steep slopes was constructed by energy theory considering the “steepslope effect”, and the corresponding total potential equation of pile-slope system wasderived. By solving this equation using energy approach and boundary conditions, thecomputational formulas for bulking critical loads and computed stability length wereobtained. The reliability of this technique was verified by laboratory model test.Influences of pier height, modulus of elasticity of pile-column and slope inclinationon the bulking stability were discussed systematically incorporating with practicalcases.
By deep analysis on the structural properties and bearing characteristic of dualpile foundation of pile-column bridge double piles in steep slope, its simplecalculation model was established taking the pile-slope-pile interaction into account.The derived differential equation of flexible deformation for each characteristicsegment of pile shaft was solved for the semi-analytical solution involving themechanical and deformational analysis of dual pile foundation. The influence of thespace between front pile and back pile, the resultant remaining slide force andproportional coefficient of ground resistance coefficient on the internal force anddisplacement of dual pile foundation were explored. Thus the design and calculationmethod for pile-column bridge foundation in steep slope was proposed as well as itsdetailed design circuit.
On the basis of similarity theory, the laboratory model test of double pilefoundation for pile-column bridge in steep slope was designed and accomplished.Most attention was paid on the influence of the pier height and slope inclination onthe bearing mechanism, failure modes, internal force and deformation of dual pilefoundation. The reliability and rationality of this theoretical calculation method wasevaluated and verified by comparing with the measured data.
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