我国机动车登记制度研究
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摘要
完整的机动车登记制度有三个构成要素:其一,基础要素,即机动车登记机关和机动车登记簿。其二,程序要素,即规范机动车登记机关以及相关人员从事与登记有关行为的程序。其三,结果要素,即机动车登记程序运行后产生的法律事实及其法律效力。这三个要素紧密关联,相互协作,才能使之正常运作。长期以来,由于历史与现实、观念与体制等原因,该制度在我国却未得到应有的重视。在这种背景下,笔者从机动车登记的基本理论出发,对我国机动车登记制度的历史和现状做一个整体的描述,并结合国内车管所的工作流程及相关机动车登记法规,在全面分析机动车登记机关、登记所需资料、登记簿的本质属性和功用后对机动车登记程序作出一个基本的建构。物权是民事权利中最重要的权利之一,作为一种绝对权、对世权,其特点决定了物权在因法律行为发生变动时必须采取特定的公示方式。虽然大陆法系国家都承认登记是机动车物权的公示方式,但由于各国在法传统、法思维、法环境等方面的差异,在物权变动要件上做出或重形式或重意思的立法选择,导致登记在机动车物权变动中有不同效力。事实上,物权登记效力的选择,既与国家希望在物权交易领域体现的法律的价值有关,又与一国凭借登记制度实现其负载的功能的实力有关。结合我国实际来看,登记要件主义的物权登记立法例虽在一定程度上能保证交易的安全,但其高昂的成本不适应目前中国的国情;登记对抗主义尊重当事人的意思自治,在合理界定登记物权对抗力的前提下同样能起到保护交易的作用,并且具有成本低、效率高等优点,故登记对抗主义更适应我国立法需要。与登记对抗主义一致,登记只有具备公信力,才能更好的保护交易安全,因此在我国应当赋予机动车物权登记以公信力。本文在参考日本法中有关登记对抗力的学说观点的基础上,提出我国登记物权所能对抗第三人范围的限制标准。
我国现行立法主要存在如下问题:登记信息公开制度不完善、物权登记效力不明,缺乏登记错误救济制度等。基于这些问题,本文以现实国情为出发点,从观念和立法两方面提出了相应对策。登记信息公开制度在实践操作中难以得到落实,因此区分信息公开的内容、确定信息公开的对象、规范信息公开程序是促进信息公开的重要手段。机动车物权登记虽然被确定为登记对抗主义,但在登记与占有关系上仍然不明确其效力。由于登记有公共权力的介入,因而其效力应优于占有。登记错误是程序结果异化的表现,“徒法不足以自行”,由于程序的主导者和相关当事人的影响,程序运行中不可避免的产生一些不能正确反映真实权利的各种错误结果。所以落实登记机关及相关人的责任是一种行之有效的补救措施。
The integrated motor vehicle registration system is composed of three elements: first, the basic element, namely the register office and register book; second, the procedure element, which is about standardizing the items of motor vehicle registration for register office and its personnel; third, the result element, namely the legal practice and legal effect after motor vehicle registration procedure works. Only when these three elements correlate closely and coordinate harmoniously can the motor vehicle registration system work normally. However, because of some causes such as history and reality, concept and system, this system hasn't been paid due attention to in China for a long time. Under such background, the author, from the basic theory of motor vehicle registration, makes an overall description of the history and the present state of motor vehicle registration system in China. Besides, combining the working procedure of domestic traffic office and the related regulations of motor vehicle registration, he comprehensively analyses the motor vehicle registration office, the data needed when registering, the nature and function of register book, and concludes a fundamental construction of motor vehicle registration process. Real Right is one of the most important civil rights, being absolute and to the world, which decides that a particular publication way must be adopted when it changes because of legal acts. Although every country under Continent Law admits that registration is the publication way of motor vehicle real registration, because of the differences in legal tradition, legal thought and legal environment and so on, they make form-oriented or meaning-oriented legislation choices concerning the essential condition of real right alteration, which leads to different effects given to registration in motor vehicle real right alteration. In fact, the choice of real right registration effect, on the one hand, concerns with the law value that a country hopes to embody in real right trading field; on the other hand, also concerns with the strength that a country realize its functional loads by means of registration system. Combining our country's reality, although the real right registration legislation of the registration-effective principles can, to some extent, ensure the safety of trading, its expensive cost is inadaptable to China's current national conditions; while registration-antagonism respects the concerned party's autonomy, it also can protect the trading under the precondition of rational definition of registration real right resisting force, besides, it has advantages of low cost and effectiveness and so on. Therefore, this article reaches the conclusion that registration-antagonism is more adaptable to Chinese legislative needs. On the basis of referring to the theory of registration-antagonism in Japan Law, it also puts forward the limiting standards of the scope of the third person to whom China's registration real right can resist. Meanwhile, In accordance with registration-antagonism, only when the registration is public-believed, the trade safety can be better protected. Therefore, public believing force should be given to motor vehicle real right registration in China. On the basis of referring to the theory of registration-antagonism in Japan Law, this article puts forward the limiting standards of the scope of the third person to whom China's registration real right can resist.
The main problems existing in China's current legislation are as follows: the system of publicizing registration information is imperfect, real right registration effect is unclear, lack of relief system against registration error and so on. Based on these problems, this article takes the current national conditions as starting point and puts forward corresponding countermeasures in terms of concept and legislation. As the system of publicizing registration information can hardly be carried out in practice, to distinguish the content of exoteric information, to confirm its object and to standardize its process has become an important manner to promote the publication of information. Although motor vehicle real right registration is defined as registration-antagonism, its effect on the relationship between registration and occupancy is unclear. Because registration is usually interposed by public authorities, its effect should excel occupancy. Registration error is due to procedural result. "The law cannot go into force by itself." Due to the influence of executants and concerned party, it is inevitable to come into various fault results during procedure working which cannot correctly reflect the real rights. Consequently, a practical and effective remedial measure is to implement the responsibility system of registration office and relevant people.
我国现行立法主要存在如下问题:登记信息公开制度不完善、物权登记效力不明,缺乏登记错误救济制度等。基于这些问题,本文以现实国情为出发点,从观念和立法两方面提出了相应对策。登记信息公开制度在实践操作中难以得到落实,因此区分信息公开的内容、确定信息公开的对象、规范信息公开程序是促进信息公开的重要手段。机动车物权登记虽然被确定为登记对抗主义,但在登记与占有关系上仍然不明确其效力。由于登记有公共权力的介入,因而其效力应优于占有。登记错误是程序结果异化的表现,“徒法不足以自行”,由于程序的主导者和相关当事人的影响,程序运行中不可避免的产生一些不能正确反映真实权利的各种错误结果。所以落实登记机关及相关人的责任是一种行之有效的补救措施。
The integrated motor vehicle registration system is composed of three elements: first, the basic element, namely the register office and register book; second, the procedure element, which is about standardizing the items of motor vehicle registration for register office and its personnel; third, the result element, namely the legal practice and legal effect after motor vehicle registration procedure works. Only when these three elements correlate closely and coordinate harmoniously can the motor vehicle registration system work normally. However, because of some causes such as history and reality, concept and system, this system hasn't been paid due attention to in China for a long time. Under such background, the author, from the basic theory of motor vehicle registration, makes an overall description of the history and the present state of motor vehicle registration system in China. Besides, combining the working procedure of domestic traffic office and the related regulations of motor vehicle registration, he comprehensively analyses the motor vehicle registration office, the data needed when registering, the nature and function of register book, and concludes a fundamental construction of motor vehicle registration process. Real Right is one of the most important civil rights, being absolute and to the world, which decides that a particular publication way must be adopted when it changes because of legal acts. Although every country under Continent Law admits that registration is the publication way of motor vehicle real registration, because of the differences in legal tradition, legal thought and legal environment and so on, they make form-oriented or meaning-oriented legislation choices concerning the essential condition of real right alteration, which leads to different effects given to registration in motor vehicle real right alteration. In fact, the choice of real right registration effect, on the one hand, concerns with the law value that a country hopes to embody in real right trading field; on the other hand, also concerns with the strength that a country realize its functional loads by means of registration system. Combining our country's reality, although the real right registration legislation of the registration-effective principles can, to some extent, ensure the safety of trading, its expensive cost is inadaptable to China's current national conditions; while registration-antagonism respects the concerned party's autonomy, it also can protect the trading under the precondition of rational definition of registration real right resisting force, besides, it has advantages of low cost and effectiveness and so on. Therefore, this article reaches the conclusion that registration-antagonism is more adaptable to Chinese legislative needs. On the basis of referring to the theory of registration-antagonism in Japan Law, it also puts forward the limiting standards of the scope of the third person to whom China's registration real right can resist. Meanwhile, In accordance with registration-antagonism, only when the registration is public-believed, the trade safety can be better protected. Therefore, public believing force should be given to motor vehicle real right registration in China. On the basis of referring to the theory of registration-antagonism in Japan Law, this article puts forward the limiting standards of the scope of the third person to whom China's registration real right can resist.
The main problems existing in China's current legislation are as follows: the system of publicizing registration information is imperfect, real right registration effect is unclear, lack of relief system against registration error and so on. Based on these problems, this article takes the current national conditions as starting point and puts forward corresponding countermeasures in terms of concept and legislation. As the system of publicizing registration information can hardly be carried out in practice, to distinguish the content of exoteric information, to confirm its object and to standardize its process has become an important manner to promote the publication of information. Although motor vehicle real right registration is defined as registration-antagonism, its effect on the relationship between registration and occupancy is unclear. Because registration is usually interposed by public authorities, its effect should excel occupancy. Registration error is due to procedural result. "The law cannot go into force by itself." Due to the influence of executants and concerned party, it is inevitable to come into various fault results during procedure working which cannot correctly reflect the real rights. Consequently, a practical and effective remedial measure is to implement the responsibility system of registration office and relevant people.
引文
[1]《中华人民共和国物权法》第23条。
[2]《中华人民共和国物权法》第14条。
[1]《中华人民共和国道路交通安全法》第119条第3项。
[1]指产权不发生移转而产权人更改名称或姓名而向登记机关办理更换名字的登记。
[2]《中华人民共和国机动车登记规定》第33条。
[1]参见《中华人民共和国机动车登记办法》第33至40条和《中华人民共和国机动车登记规定》第22至25条。
[1]《中华人民共和国道路交通安全法》第5条。
[2]《中华人民共和国道路交通安全法》第9条。
[1]《辽宁省农机管理条例》第11、15、16条。
[2]笔者于2007年8月8日到长沙市车管所进行调研,值班工作人员介绍,事实上已有文件收回了此项委托权限,但由于各种原因,所以至今还未开展此项登记工作。
[1]《机动车登记规定》第3条。
[1]中国社会科学院语言研究所.现代汉语词典.北京:人民日报出版社,2004,227
[2]公安部交通管理局.中华人民共和国道路交通安全法学习读本.北京:中国人民公安大学出版社,2003,18
[3]Paul Jackson and David C Wilde(eds.).The Reform of Property Law.Ashgate Publishing Company,1997,57
[4]王利明.关于物权法草案中确立的不动产物权变动模式.法学研究,2005,(8):4-8
[5]屈茂辉.动产物权登记制度研究.河北法学,2006,(5):9-16
[6]孙宪忠.中国物权法总论.北京:法律出版社,2004,62
[7]李双元,温世扬.比较民法学.武汉:武汉大学出版社,1998,274-276
[8]Jens Hausmann.The Value of Public-Notice Filing Under Uniform Commercial Code Article 9;A Comparison with the German Legal System of Securities in Personal Property,25 Ga.J.Int' l&Comp.L.427,1996,187-207
[9]高山勇一.世界各国汽车登记信息状况.日本现代研究所资料,http://www.cqvip.com.2007-6-30
[10]尹田.论物权的公示与共信原则.民商法论丛(26),北京:金桥文化出版(香港)有限公司,2004,42-51
[11]王泽鉴.民法物权一通则,所有权.北京:中国政法大学出版社,2001,92
[12]理查德·波斯纳.蒋兆康译,法律的经济分析.北京:中国大百科全书出版社,1997,243
[13]Hirsch Wemer Z.Law and Economics,Academic Press,1979,88-92
[14]杜丽红.南京国民政府时期北平的交通管理.北京社会科学.2004,(2):72-80
[15]鲍尔·施蒂尔纳.德国物权法(上册).张双根译,北京:法律出版社,2004,18-22
[16]高山勇一.日本汽车登记信息的管理与利用.海外视角.2003,(5):36-37
[17]王洪亮.不动产物权登记立法研究.法律科学.2000,(2):120-122
[18]汪伟.我国机动车登记制度研究:[安徽大学硕士学位论文].安徽:安徽大学法学院,2005,20-21
[19]王轶.物权变动论.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2001,154
[20]李心淑.机动车交易中的物权变动.河北法学.2003,(5):150-152
[21]董翠香.机动车物权变动及风险承担探析.法学论坛.2003,(6):44-49
[22]张俊浩.民法学原理.北京:中国政法大学出版社,1997,341
[23]梁慧星.制定中国物权法的若干问题.法学研究,2000,(4):11-15,5-11
[24]李凤章,李智.实质审查的缺陷与校正.法治论丛.2003,18(6):10-14
[25]许明月.抵押权制度研究.北京:法律出版社,1998,200-206
[26]王泽鉴.民法学说与判例研究Ⅰ.北京:中国政法大学出版社,1998,242-248
[27]王利明.物权法论.北京:中国政法大学出版社,1998,701-706
[28]田山辉明.物权法.北京:法律出版社,2001,47-51
[29]Jose Maria Alcantara.A Short Primer on the International Convention on Maritime Liens and Mortgages.1993,27 J,Mar.L.& Com.219,1996
[30]Elmer C.Maddy,Acquisition and Ownership of Vessels.47 Tul.L.Rev.489.1973,520-560
[31]王利明.中国物权法草案建议稿及说明.北京:中国法制出版社,2001,161-166
[32]屈茂辉.物权公示方式研究.中国法学.2004,(5):62-71
[33]温世扬,周君.浅议机动车的物权登记制度.法学评论,2006,(5):141-144
[34]Joseph William Singer.Property Law.Aspen Law & Business,2002,766-792
[35]Roger J.Smith.Property Law,Longman,1998,482-452
[36]常鹏翱.物权程序的建构与效应.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005,247-252
[37]HewittD.J.Natural Justice.Butterworths,1972,178-182
[38]王达.物权法中的行政法问题--不动产登记制度的理解及司法实践.人民法院报,2007-3-27
[39]王利明等.中国物权法教程.北京:人民法院出版社,2007,44-49
[40]王轶等.物权法解读与应用.北京:人民出版社,2007,50-55
[41]陈华彬.物权法.北京:法律出版社,2003,122-125
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[43]杨朝晖.道路交通事故中车辆所有人责任问题研究.河北法学,2002,(3):12-16
[44]洪镰德.法律社会学.北京:北京扬智文化事业股份有限公司,2001,75-85
[45]沈中元.中国的汽车化进程与能源政策.中国能源,2004,(6):18-22
[2]《中华人民共和国物权法》第14条。
[1]《中华人民共和国道路交通安全法》第119条第3项。
[1]指产权不发生移转而产权人更改名称或姓名而向登记机关办理更换名字的登记。
[2]《中华人民共和国机动车登记规定》第33条。
[1]参见《中华人民共和国机动车登记办法》第33至40条和《中华人民共和国机动车登记规定》第22至25条。
[1]《中华人民共和国道路交通安全法》第5条。
[2]《中华人民共和国道路交通安全法》第9条。
[1]《辽宁省农机管理条例》第11、15、16条。
[2]笔者于2007年8月8日到长沙市车管所进行调研,值班工作人员介绍,事实上已有文件收回了此项委托权限,但由于各种原因,所以至今还未开展此项登记工作。
[1]《机动车登记规定》第3条。
[1]中国社会科学院语言研究所.现代汉语词典.北京:人民日报出版社,2004,227
[2]公安部交通管理局.中华人民共和国道路交通安全法学习读本.北京:中国人民公安大学出版社,2003,18
[3]Paul Jackson and David C Wilde(eds.).The Reform of Property Law.Ashgate Publishing Company,1997,57
[4]王利明.关于物权法草案中确立的不动产物权变动模式.法学研究,2005,(8):4-8
[5]屈茂辉.动产物权登记制度研究.河北法学,2006,(5):9-16
[6]孙宪忠.中国物权法总论.北京:法律出版社,2004,62
[7]李双元,温世扬.比较民法学.武汉:武汉大学出版社,1998,274-276
[8]Jens Hausmann.The Value of Public-Notice Filing Under Uniform Commercial Code Article 9;A Comparison with the German Legal System of Securities in Personal Property,25 Ga.J.Int' l&Comp.L.427,1996,187-207
[9]高山勇一.世界各国汽车登记信息状况.日本现代研究所资料,http://www.cqvip.com.2007-6-30
[10]尹田.论物权的公示与共信原则.民商法论丛(26),北京:金桥文化出版(香港)有限公司,2004,42-51
[11]王泽鉴.民法物权一通则,所有权.北京:中国政法大学出版社,2001,92
[12]理查德·波斯纳.蒋兆康译,法律的经济分析.北京:中国大百科全书出版社,1997,243
[13]Hirsch Wemer Z.Law and Economics,Academic Press,1979,88-92
[14]杜丽红.南京国民政府时期北平的交通管理.北京社会科学.2004,(2):72-80
[15]鲍尔·施蒂尔纳.德国物权法(上册).张双根译,北京:法律出版社,2004,18-22
[16]高山勇一.日本汽车登记信息的管理与利用.海外视角.2003,(5):36-37
[17]王洪亮.不动产物权登记立法研究.法律科学.2000,(2):120-122
[18]汪伟.我国机动车登记制度研究:[安徽大学硕士学位论文].安徽:安徽大学法学院,2005,20-21
[19]王轶.物权变动论.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2001,154
[20]李心淑.机动车交易中的物权变动.河北法学.2003,(5):150-152
[21]董翠香.机动车物权变动及风险承担探析.法学论坛.2003,(6):44-49
[22]张俊浩.民法学原理.北京:中国政法大学出版社,1997,341
[23]梁慧星.制定中国物权法的若干问题.法学研究,2000,(4):11-15,5-11
[24]李凤章,李智.实质审查的缺陷与校正.法治论丛.2003,18(6):10-14
[25]许明月.抵押权制度研究.北京:法律出版社,1998,200-206
[26]王泽鉴.民法学说与判例研究Ⅰ.北京:中国政法大学出版社,1998,242-248
[27]王利明.物权法论.北京:中国政法大学出版社,1998,701-706
[28]田山辉明.物权法.北京:法律出版社,2001,47-51
[29]Jose Maria Alcantara.A Short Primer on the International Convention on Maritime Liens and Mortgages.1993,27 J,Mar.L.& Com.219,1996
[30]Elmer C.Maddy,Acquisition and Ownership of Vessels.47 Tul.L.Rev.489.1973,520-560
[31]王利明.中国物权法草案建议稿及说明.北京:中国法制出版社,2001,161-166
[32]屈茂辉.物权公示方式研究.中国法学.2004,(5):62-71
[33]温世扬,周君.浅议机动车的物权登记制度.法学评论,2006,(5):141-144
[34]Joseph William Singer.Property Law.Aspen Law & Business,2002,766-792
[35]Roger J.Smith.Property Law,Longman,1998,482-452
[36]常鹏翱.物权程序的建构与效应.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005,247-252
[37]HewittD.J.Natural Justice.Butterworths,1972,178-182
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