论残疾人就业权的法律保障
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摘要
残疾人就业权,即残疾人获得就业机会的权利,是指有就业资格的残疾人,能够获得从事有报酬或收入的职业性劳动机会的权利,其包括职业获得权、工作自由权、就业平等权、职业安定权和公共就业保障权等五大权利。劳动就业权是劳动关系中劳动权的基础和前提,没有劳动就业权,其他后续的劳动权利就无从谈起。因此,保障残疾人就业权是解决残疾人就业问题的前提,也是残疾人改善生活状况、提高社会地位、参与社会生活的基础。
残疾人由于受生理或心理上的限制,在就业市场中处于弱势地位,他们的就业权益往往难以得到实现,法律保障成为使残疾人就业权实现的最有效、最基本的手段。我国政府历来重视残疾人就业问题,特别是十一届三中全会以后,我国政府加大了就业权法律保障制度的建设,至今已初步建立起了一个以宪法为核心的适应市场经济要求的,保障残疾人劳动就业权的法律框架。但由于该立法体系不完善,法律内容滞后,强制力不足,使得残疾人就业权的实现遭遇到了不少困难和阻力。
真正保障残疾人就业权,首先要抛弃“旧残疾人观”,以“新残疾人观”为主导,重构残疾人就业权保障法制建设的理念。以职业获得权为轴心构建残疾人就业调控法;以工作自由权为轴心构建残疾人就业管理法;以就业平等权为轴心构建残疾人反就业歧视法(形式平等权为主);以职业安定权为轴心构建残疾人就业保障法(实质平等权为主);以公共就业保障权为轴心构建就业服务法和失业保险法等公共就业保障法,建立科学的残疾人就业权法律保障体系,使残疾人的就业权得以实现。
The employment right for the disabled is that a disabled person entitled to gain a right for labor remuneration, including five rights: vocational obtaining, freedom in competition, equality on employment, vocational security and public guarantee to employment. The right to employment is the basis and premise of the right to work, no the right and no the rest right to work. Therefore, safeguarding the right of employment for the disabled, the key is the prerequisite to settle the employment for disabled persons, which may improve the condition, promote the social position, and participate in social life.
The disabled lie in disadvantaged site in employment owing to a physical or intellectual limitation, and they often can not enjoy full right of employment. Legal guarantee of the disabled employment acts as the basic and efficient means to achieve their rights. Our government has always laid great emphasis upon the employment for the disabled. Especially since The Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee, the legal safeguarding system for the disabled has been developing fast. Up to now, our country has initially established the legal frame of guaranteeing disabled persons' employment rights to meet market economy's demand. However, achieving the employment rights encounter difficulties and resistance, resulting from the imperfect contents, awkward legislation and lacking of legal force in the law frame.
To reconstruct the idea of the science legal guaranteeing system, first of all, changing the old mind and setting up the new mind for the disabled, the employment rights of the group can effectively be safeguarded. Enacting employment controlled regulations around the axis of the vocational obtaining right for the disabled; enacting employment administration laws around the axis of the right to freedom for the group; enacting the disabled's Employment Non-Discrimination Act around the axis of the equal right (stress should be put on the formal equal right); making laws on employment protection of disabled persons around the axis of the vocational secure right (stress should be put on the substantive equal right), and making the employment service regulations and unemployment insurance regulations and etc. around the axis of public guarantee right to employment, at the result, the science legal guarantee system will be established, and completely safeguard the disabled's employment rights.
残疾人由于受生理或心理上的限制,在就业市场中处于弱势地位,他们的就业权益往往难以得到实现,法律保障成为使残疾人就业权实现的最有效、最基本的手段。我国政府历来重视残疾人就业问题,特别是十一届三中全会以后,我国政府加大了就业权法律保障制度的建设,至今已初步建立起了一个以宪法为核心的适应市场经济要求的,保障残疾人劳动就业权的法律框架。但由于该立法体系不完善,法律内容滞后,强制力不足,使得残疾人就业权的实现遭遇到了不少困难和阻力。
真正保障残疾人就业权,首先要抛弃“旧残疾人观”,以“新残疾人观”为主导,重构残疾人就业权保障法制建设的理念。以职业获得权为轴心构建残疾人就业调控法;以工作自由权为轴心构建残疾人就业管理法;以就业平等权为轴心构建残疾人反就业歧视法(形式平等权为主);以职业安定权为轴心构建残疾人就业保障法(实质平等权为主);以公共就业保障权为轴心构建就业服务法和失业保险法等公共就业保障法,建立科学的残疾人就业权法律保障体系,使残疾人的就业权得以实现。
The employment right for the disabled is that a disabled person entitled to gain a right for labor remuneration, including five rights: vocational obtaining, freedom in competition, equality on employment, vocational security and public guarantee to employment. The right to employment is the basis and premise of the right to work, no the right and no the rest right to work. Therefore, safeguarding the right of employment for the disabled, the key is the prerequisite to settle the employment for disabled persons, which may improve the condition, promote the social position, and participate in social life.
The disabled lie in disadvantaged site in employment owing to a physical or intellectual limitation, and they often can not enjoy full right of employment. Legal guarantee of the disabled employment acts as the basic and efficient means to achieve their rights. Our government has always laid great emphasis upon the employment for the disabled. Especially since The Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee, the legal safeguarding system for the disabled has been developing fast. Up to now, our country has initially established the legal frame of guaranteeing disabled persons' employment rights to meet market economy's demand. However, achieving the employment rights encounter difficulties and resistance, resulting from the imperfect contents, awkward legislation and lacking of legal force in the law frame.
To reconstruct the idea of the science legal guaranteeing system, first of all, changing the old mind and setting up the new mind for the disabled, the employment rights of the group can effectively be safeguarded. Enacting employment controlled regulations around the axis of the vocational obtaining right for the disabled; enacting employment administration laws around the axis of the right to freedom for the group; enacting the disabled's Employment Non-Discrimination Act around the axis of the equal right (stress should be put on the formal equal right); making laws on employment protection of disabled persons around the axis of the vocational secure right (stress should be put on the substantive equal right), and making the employment service regulations and unemployment insurance regulations and etc. around the axis of public guarantee right to employment, at the result, the science legal guarantee system will be established, and completely safeguard the disabled's employment rights.
引文
别待遇和歧视对待。
[1]所谓实质平等是指国家针对形式上的平等可能导致的事实上的平等,根据具体情况和实际需要,对在经济、社会、文化等方面与其他人群存在事实上差异的特定人群,采取适当、合理、正当和必要的区别对待。
[2]参见:金英杰.论职业稳定权.http://www.ldbzfx.org/lunwen/126.htm
[3]林嘉,杨飞,林海权.劳动就业法律问题研究.中国劳动社会保障出版社.2005.137
[1]以下资料多来自:覃桂生.残疾人维权常用法律手册.北京:中国检查出版社,2002.
[2]所谓法的实质渊源,是指法律规范来源于掌握国家政权的阶级的意志,即表现为“国家意志”的统治阶级意志,其内容是由该阶级的物质生活条件决定的。
[3]形式意义上的法的渊源,是指法律规范水源于何种法的形式
[1]参见:北大残疾女博士求职屡遭拒,曾被誉当代张海迪.北京晨报.http://news.QQ.com.2007-05-23
[1]参见:残疾人组织参与立法体现平等.http://www.sina.com.cn.2006-09-26
[2]参见:《残疾人保障法》修改工作正式启动.中国残疾人
[1]European Convention on Human Rights.European Convention on Human Rights 1950[EB].2005-12-10
[2]从晓峰,庸斌尧.转型期残疾人社会支持的实践模式研究.北京科技大学学报.社会科学版.2003,19(3):3
[3]张琪,吴江等.中国残疾人就业与保障问题研究.中国劳动社会保障出版社.(第1版).2004,2
[4]马克思恩格斯选集(第四卷).北京人民出版社.1972,368
[5]林嘉,杨飞,林海权.劳动就业法律问题研究.中国劳动社会保障出版社.2005,88,109,134,259,77-78
[6]林纪东.比较宪法.台北.五南图书出版公司.1980,247
[7]王世杰,钱端升.比较宪法.北京.中国政法大学出版社.1997,127
[8]石井照久.劳动法.中央劳动法学园.1948,25
[9]Implementation of the World Programme of Action concerning Disabled Persons Report of the secretary-General.(2001).A/56/169
[10]Isaiah Berlin.Equality[A].In:W T Blackstone.The Concept of Equality[M].Minneapolis:Burgess,1969,17
[11]常凯.论市场经济下劳动就业权的性质及其实现方式——兼论就业方式转变.中国劳动.2004,6
[12]龚帆.残疾人劳动就业权保护的比较法和国际法研究.湖南师范大学硕士学位论文.2006,8
[13]刘海年.(经济、社会和文化权利国家公约)研究.中国法制出版社.2000,40-41
[14]王全兴.劳动法(第二版)北京:法律出版社.2004,288,61
[15]黄越钦.劳动法新论.北京:中国政法大学出版社.2003,56
[16]Bruce Porter.Twenty years of Equality Rights:Reclaiming Expectation[J].23 Windsor Y.B.Access Just,2005,145(l):3
[17]邓朴方.残疾人工作概论.1989,序言
[18]刘升平,夏勇.人权与世界.北京:人民法院出版社.1996,1
[19]大须贺明.生存权论,林浩译,北京:法律出版社,2001,21-217
[20]田圣斌,柳红兵.弱势群体的救助方略.铁道警官高等专科学校学报.2006,(4):40
[21]罗尔斯.正义论.中国社会科学出版社.1988,1-2
[22]尹亚姝.我国弱势群体的宪法保护研究.[华东政法学院硕士学位论文].2006,10
[23]李步云,龚向和.人权法的若干理论问题.湖南人民出版社.2007,(1):168
[24]江泽民.全面建设小康社会,开创中国特色社会主义事业新局面.在中国共产党第十六次全国代表大会上的报告.2002-11-8
[25]米也天.澳门民商法.北京:中国政法大学出版社,1996.序言,201
[26]Brian Doyle.Disability,Discrimination and Equal opportunities:A Comparative study of the Employment Rights of Disabled Persons[M].London:Mansell,1995,4
[27]谈文胜,周庆宪.劳务经济之路.长沙市人民政府研究室长沙市劳动和社会保障局.2004,220
[28]我国残疾人事业发展迅速并已取得举世瞩目的成绩.http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2007-05/11/content_611639.htm.2007-05-11
[29]王兴运.弱势群体权益保护法论纲.中国检察出版社.2006,148-150,158
[30]钱鹏江.残疾人就业工作的对策和构想.就业扶贫.2005,37-38
[31]“中国残疾人就业问题研究”课题组.残疾人就业现状与对策.经济研究参考.2003,51
[32]“中国残疾人就业问题研究”课题组.残疾人劳动保障型就业探讨.中国劳动.2003,7
[33]G Quinn and T Degener.Human rights and Disability:the Current Use and Future Potential of United Nations Human Rights Instruments in the Context of Disability[M].New York and Geneva:United Nations,2002,10
[34]王雪梅.残疾人就业问题与就业保障政策思考.北京行政学院学报.2006(2):68-69
[35]张文显.法理学.法律出版社.1997,350
[36]吴秋菊.立法技术探讨.时代法学.2004(4):89-92
[37]万夷芳.国际人权保护中的残疾人问题.[复旦大学硕士学位论文].2006,20
[38]国务院法制办负责人就《钱疾人就业条例》有关问题答中国政府网问.http://www.gov.cn/zwhd/2007-03/06/content_543015.htm.2007-03-06
[39]论经济法的程序理性.http://www.diyifanwen.com/lunwen/jingjifalunwen/040050169.htm.2007-04-09
[40]李德顺.价值论.中国人民大学出版社.1991,275
[41]凯尔森.法与国家的一般理论.中国大百科全书出版社.1996,136
[42]金俭国.外反歧视立法与借鉴.求索.2004,7
[43]雷远龙.浅谈《劳动争议处理法》的立法构想.http://finance.ce.cn/law/ldwq/fgjd/200606/16/t20060616_7385960.shtml.2006-7-8
[44]Thomas Pogge.World Poverty and Human Rights,Polity.2002
[45]沈根荣.国际劳工标准问题及其新发展[J].国际商务研究.2004,3
[46]Matthew Craven.The international Covenant on Economic,Social and Cultural Rights.Clarendon Press.1995.
[47]李佳.我国城市残疾人社会救助的现状分析与对策研究——以济南市为例.[山东大学硕士学位论文].2006,15
[48]许琳.论我国残疾人分散按比例就业.江苏经济探讨(南京).1996,(1):12
[1]所谓实质平等是指国家针对形式上的平等可能导致的事实上的平等,根据具体情况和实际需要,对在经济、社会、文化等方面与其他人群存在事实上差异的特定人群,采取适当、合理、正当和必要的区别对待。
[2]参见:金英杰.论职业稳定权.http://www.ldbzfx.org/lunwen/126.htm
[3]林嘉,杨飞,林海权.劳动就业法律问题研究.中国劳动社会保障出版社.2005.137
[1]以下资料多来自:覃桂生.残疾人维权常用法律手册.北京:中国检查出版社,2002.
[2]所谓法的实质渊源,是指法律规范来源于掌握国家政权的阶级的意志,即表现为“国家意志”的统治阶级意志,其内容是由该阶级的物质生活条件决定的。
[3]形式意义上的法的渊源,是指法律规范水源于何种法的形式
[1]参见:北大残疾女博士求职屡遭拒,曾被誉当代张海迪.北京晨报.http://news.QQ.com.2007-05-23
[1]参见:残疾人组织参与立法体现平等.http://www.sina.com.cn.2006-09-26
[2]参见:《残疾人保障法》修改工作正式启动.中国残疾人
[1]European Convention on Human Rights.European Convention on Human Rights 1950[EB].2005-12-10
[2]从晓峰,庸斌尧.转型期残疾人社会支持的实践模式研究.北京科技大学学报.社会科学版.2003,19(3):3
[3]张琪,吴江等.中国残疾人就业与保障问题研究.中国劳动社会保障出版社.(第1版).2004,2
[4]马克思恩格斯选集(第四卷).北京人民出版社.1972,368
[5]林嘉,杨飞,林海权.劳动就业法律问题研究.中国劳动社会保障出版社.2005,88,109,134,259,77-78
[6]林纪东.比较宪法.台北.五南图书出版公司.1980,247
[7]王世杰,钱端升.比较宪法.北京.中国政法大学出版社.1997,127
[8]石井照久.劳动法.中央劳动法学园.1948,25
[9]Implementation of the World Programme of Action concerning Disabled Persons Report of the secretary-General.(2001).A/56/169
[10]Isaiah Berlin.Equality[A].In:W T Blackstone.The Concept of Equality[M].Minneapolis:Burgess,1969,17
[11]常凯.论市场经济下劳动就业权的性质及其实现方式——兼论就业方式转变.中国劳动.2004,6
[12]龚帆.残疾人劳动就业权保护的比较法和国际法研究.湖南师范大学硕士学位论文.2006,8
[13]刘海年.(经济、社会和文化权利国家公约)研究.中国法制出版社.2000,40-41
[14]王全兴.劳动法(第二版)北京:法律出版社.2004,288,61
[15]黄越钦.劳动法新论.北京:中国政法大学出版社.2003,56
[16]Bruce Porter.Twenty years of Equality Rights:Reclaiming Expectation[J].23 Windsor Y.B.Access Just,2005,145(l):3
[17]邓朴方.残疾人工作概论.1989,序言
[18]刘升平,夏勇.人权与世界.北京:人民法院出版社.1996,1
[19]大须贺明.生存权论,林浩译,北京:法律出版社,2001,21-217
[20]田圣斌,柳红兵.弱势群体的救助方略.铁道警官高等专科学校学报.2006,(4):40
[21]罗尔斯.正义论.中国社会科学出版社.1988,1-2
[22]尹亚姝.我国弱势群体的宪法保护研究.[华东政法学院硕士学位论文].2006,10
[23]李步云,龚向和.人权法的若干理论问题.湖南人民出版社.2007,(1):168
[24]江泽民.全面建设小康社会,开创中国特色社会主义事业新局面.在中国共产党第十六次全国代表大会上的报告.2002-11-8
[25]米也天.澳门民商法.北京:中国政法大学出版社,1996.序言,201
[26]Brian Doyle.Disability,Discrimination and Equal opportunities:A Comparative study of the Employment Rights of Disabled Persons[M].London:Mansell,1995,4
[27]谈文胜,周庆宪.劳务经济之路.长沙市人民政府研究室长沙市劳动和社会保障局.2004,220
[28]我国残疾人事业发展迅速并已取得举世瞩目的成绩.http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2007-05/11/content_611639.htm.2007-05-11
[29]王兴运.弱势群体权益保护法论纲.中国检察出版社.2006,148-150,158
[30]钱鹏江.残疾人就业工作的对策和构想.就业扶贫.2005,37-38
[31]“中国残疾人就业问题研究”课题组.残疾人就业现状与对策.经济研究参考.2003,51
[32]“中国残疾人就业问题研究”课题组.残疾人劳动保障型就业探讨.中国劳动.2003,7
[33]G Quinn and T Degener.Human rights and Disability:the Current Use and Future Potential of United Nations Human Rights Instruments in the Context of Disability[M].New York and Geneva:United Nations,2002,10
[34]王雪梅.残疾人就业问题与就业保障政策思考.北京行政学院学报.2006(2):68-69
[35]张文显.法理学.法律出版社.1997,350
[36]吴秋菊.立法技术探讨.时代法学.2004(4):89-92
[37]万夷芳.国际人权保护中的残疾人问题.[复旦大学硕士学位论文].2006,20
[38]国务院法制办负责人就《钱疾人就业条例》有关问题答中国政府网问.http://www.gov.cn/zwhd/2007-03/06/content_543015.htm.2007-03-06
[39]论经济法的程序理性.http://www.diyifanwen.com/lunwen/jingjifalunwen/040050169.htm.2007-04-09
[40]李德顺.价值论.中国人民大学出版社.1991,275
[41]凯尔森.法与国家的一般理论.中国大百科全书出版社.1996,136
[42]金俭国.外反歧视立法与借鉴.求索.2004,7
[43]雷远龙.浅谈《劳动争议处理法》的立法构想.http://finance.ce.cn/law/ldwq/fgjd/200606/16/t20060616_7385960.shtml.2006-7-8
[44]Thomas Pogge.World Poverty and Human Rights,Polity.2002
[45]沈根荣.国际劳工标准问题及其新发展[J].国际商务研究.2004,3
[46]Matthew Craven.The international Covenant on Economic,Social and Cultural Rights.Clarendon Press.1995.
[47]李佳.我国城市残疾人社会救助的现状分析与对策研究——以济南市为例.[山东大学硕士学位论文].2006,15
[48]许琳.论我国残疾人分散按比例就业.江苏经济探讨(南京).1996,(1):12