村镇庭院降雨径流水质与污染特征的研究
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摘要
水资源短缺是全球性的问题,雨水作为一种经济有效的水资源正在逐步推广。作为一个农业大国,我国农村水资源的缺乏问题相较于城市水资源更甚,对村镇降雨径流的水质和径流特征分析也已成为不可忽视的研究方向。
在大量查阅国内外文献及应用实例的基础上,选取北京两个典型村镇的庭院为研究对象,监测2009年-2010年2个雨季的10场降雨事件的屋面和庭院径流的水质、污染物浓度等,分析测试了庭院内屋面降雨径流和庭院地表降雨径流的主要污染物种类、浓度范围、颗粒物粒度分布和各种污染物指标的相关性规律。结合基础数据计算屋面和庭院降雨的污染物事件平均浓度和污染负荷,同时研究屋面和庭院降雨径流的初期冲刷效应,提出屋面及庭院降雨径流的回用方式。
结果表明,屋面雨水水质符合生活杂用水、景观水体的补充水的水质标准。SS是屋面降雨径流的主要污染物。屋面径流的TP、TN、SS、COD的EMC均值为0.057mg/L、4.195mg/L、49.124mg/L、28.517mg/L。村镇屋面降雨径流污染存在明显的初期冲刷效应。占总径流量30%的初期降雨径流运移了69.7%的悬浮颗粒物。庭院雨水的水质较差,无法满足生活杂用水等的水质标准。SS在庭院降雨径流中也是主要的污染物。全硬化面庭院径流的TP、TN、SS、COD的EMC均值分别为21.53mg/L、38.289mg/L、8.353mg/L、1.141mg/L,半硬化面庭院径流的TP、TN、SS、COD的EMC均值为49.02 mg/L、154.983 mg/L、6.831 mg/L、0.704 mg/L。全硬化面庭院的SS和COD浓度低于半硬化面庭院。庭院径流存在初期冲刷,但半硬化庭院的初期效应并不明显。村镇屋面雨水可以通过单体庭院的屋面收集系统存储雨水,经过简单沉淀处理即可作为冲厕、绿化以及回用于景观水体等。全硬化面的庭院降雨径流可以通过管道收集储蓄,简单沉淀处理即可作为中水使用。半硬化面的庭院降雨径流可以排入沟渠与路面降雨径流一起补充景观用水
Water shortage is a global problem. The rain water is being extended gradually as cost-effective water resource. China is a large agricultural country. The rural areas are shorter of water resources compared to urban areas. Research about rural runoff feature and runoff water quality analysis has also become interesting.
After investigating many literatures and a large number of application examples, our study selected two typical Beijing villages as the research objects. We monitored the water quality and concentrations of pollutants of roof and courtyard rainfall runoff which were collected in 10 rainfall events in rainy season of 2009-2010.Our study analyzed the main types of pollutants, concentration range, particle size distribution and various pollutants indexes and their dependency rules in roof runoff and courtyard runoff. We calculated mean concentrations and pollution load in roof and courtyard rainfall events on the basis of these data. Meanwhile, we investigated the initial flushing effect of the roof and courtyard rainfall runoff and proposed the reuse methods of roof and courtyard rainfall runoff.
The quality of roof runoff water can meet quality standards of water for life and landscape added water.SS is the main pollutant that caused pollution of roof runoff. The mean EMC value of TP, TN, SS and COD in roof runoff is 0.057mg/L,4.195mg/L, 49.124mg/L,28.517mg/L, respectively. The initial flushing effect is widespread in roof runoff pollution of villages. SS is obvious in the initial flushing effect of the roof runoff. The early runoff which is 30% of the total runoff migrated contaminants whose mass is 69.7% of total suspended particulate matter. The water quality of courtyard rainfall runoff is bad, thus cannot meet the quality standards of water for life. SS is also a major pollutant in the courtyard runoff. The mean EMC value of TP, TN, SS and COD in hardened courtyard runoff is 21.53mg/L、38.289mg/L、8.353mg/L、1.141mg/L, and the mean EMC value of TP, TN, SS and COD in semi-hardened courtyard runoff is49.02 mg/L、154.983 mg/L、6.831 mg/L、0.704 mg/L. The concentrations of SS and COD are much lower in hardened courtyard compared to semi-hardened courtyard. Initial flushing existed in courtyard runoff, but the initial flushing effect is not obvious in semi-hardened courtyard.
Rainwater can be stored using roof collection system in single village courtyard and can be used as toilet flushing, greening water and landscape recycling water after simple sedimentation process. The quality of runoff water in hardened courtyard is good and can be collected through pipe system as recycled water after simple sedimentation process. Runoff water in semi-hardened courtyard is bad in quality and runoff is also less so that can be discharged into drains and used as landscape added water together with road runoff water.
在大量查阅国内外文献及应用实例的基础上,选取北京两个典型村镇的庭院为研究对象,监测2009年-2010年2个雨季的10场降雨事件的屋面和庭院径流的水质、污染物浓度等,分析测试了庭院内屋面降雨径流和庭院地表降雨径流的主要污染物种类、浓度范围、颗粒物粒度分布和各种污染物指标的相关性规律。结合基础数据计算屋面和庭院降雨的污染物事件平均浓度和污染负荷,同时研究屋面和庭院降雨径流的初期冲刷效应,提出屋面及庭院降雨径流的回用方式。
结果表明,屋面雨水水质符合生活杂用水、景观水体的补充水的水质标准。SS是屋面降雨径流的主要污染物。屋面径流的TP、TN、SS、COD的EMC均值为0.057mg/L、4.195mg/L、49.124mg/L、28.517mg/L。村镇屋面降雨径流污染存在明显的初期冲刷效应。占总径流量30%的初期降雨径流运移了69.7%的悬浮颗粒物。庭院雨水的水质较差,无法满足生活杂用水等的水质标准。SS在庭院降雨径流中也是主要的污染物。全硬化面庭院径流的TP、TN、SS、COD的EMC均值分别为21.53mg/L、38.289mg/L、8.353mg/L、1.141mg/L,半硬化面庭院径流的TP、TN、SS、COD的EMC均值为49.02 mg/L、154.983 mg/L、6.831 mg/L、0.704 mg/L。全硬化面庭院的SS和COD浓度低于半硬化面庭院。庭院径流存在初期冲刷,但半硬化庭院的初期效应并不明显。村镇屋面雨水可以通过单体庭院的屋面收集系统存储雨水,经过简单沉淀处理即可作为冲厕、绿化以及回用于景观水体等。全硬化面的庭院降雨径流可以通过管道收集储蓄,简单沉淀处理即可作为中水使用。半硬化面的庭院降雨径流可以排入沟渠与路面降雨径流一起补充景观用水
Water shortage is a global problem. The rain water is being extended gradually as cost-effective water resource. China is a large agricultural country. The rural areas are shorter of water resources compared to urban areas. Research about rural runoff feature and runoff water quality analysis has also become interesting.
After investigating many literatures and a large number of application examples, our study selected two typical Beijing villages as the research objects. We monitored the water quality and concentrations of pollutants of roof and courtyard rainfall runoff which were collected in 10 rainfall events in rainy season of 2009-2010.Our study analyzed the main types of pollutants, concentration range, particle size distribution and various pollutants indexes and their dependency rules in roof runoff and courtyard runoff. We calculated mean concentrations and pollution load in roof and courtyard rainfall events on the basis of these data. Meanwhile, we investigated the initial flushing effect of the roof and courtyard rainfall runoff and proposed the reuse methods of roof and courtyard rainfall runoff.
The quality of roof runoff water can meet quality standards of water for life and landscape added water.SS is the main pollutant that caused pollution of roof runoff. The mean EMC value of TP, TN, SS and COD in roof runoff is 0.057mg/L,4.195mg/L, 49.124mg/L,28.517mg/L, respectively. The initial flushing effect is widespread in roof runoff pollution of villages. SS is obvious in the initial flushing effect of the roof runoff. The early runoff which is 30% of the total runoff migrated contaminants whose mass is 69.7% of total suspended particulate matter. The water quality of courtyard rainfall runoff is bad, thus cannot meet the quality standards of water for life. SS is also a major pollutant in the courtyard runoff. The mean EMC value of TP, TN, SS and COD in hardened courtyard runoff is 21.53mg/L、38.289mg/L、8.353mg/L、1.141mg/L, and the mean EMC value of TP, TN, SS and COD in semi-hardened courtyard runoff is49.02 mg/L、154.983 mg/L、6.831 mg/L、0.704 mg/L. The concentrations of SS and COD are much lower in hardened courtyard compared to semi-hardened courtyard. Initial flushing existed in courtyard runoff, but the initial flushing effect is not obvious in semi-hardened courtyard.
Rainwater can be stored using roof collection system in single village courtyard and can be used as toilet flushing, greening water and landscape recycling water after simple sedimentation process. The quality of runoff water in hardened courtyard is good and can be collected through pipe system as recycled water after simple sedimentation process. Runoff water in semi-hardened courtyard is bad in quality and runoff is also less so that can be discharged into drains and used as landscape added water together with road runoff water.
引文
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