住房抵押贷款保险合同研究
摘要
住房问题是人口膨胀、社会经济发展的必然产物，除了人地矛盾之外，在购房者中青年人居多，由于工作经验少、资金准备不足，面临着没有足够资金支付房价的窘境。客观上促进了住房消费抵押的流行。在发达国家，这种住房贷款方式非常盛行，几乎构成了房地产产业发展的基石。我国从1992年开始起步引进住房抵押贷款消费方式，并逐渐成为居民住房消费的重要工具。目前我国住房的高资金投入与居民普遍的低收入形成了鲜明的供需矛盾，并且“超前消费”已深深嵌入居民的住房消费观念中，这些都推动了住房抵押贷款的快速发展。
住房抵押贷款保险在我国出现十几年的发展历程表明，虽然住房抵押贷款保险作为新鲜事物已经被广大居民消费者所普遍接受，但是自从住房抵押贷款保险产生以来就引来众多的争议与无休止的辩论，国内外学者在这一问题上难以达成共识。一方面，我国的住房抵押贷款保险在实际操作过程中也相继暴露出一些问题，另一方面，理论上的莫衷一是，必然会带来司法实践中的混乱。
本课题研究也就是在这样的大背景下提出的，对住房抵押贷款保险合同认识上的模糊和分歧的澄清并且为我国住房抵押贷款保险在实际操作过程中所遇到的问题提供对策才是本课题研究意义之所在。
本课题的研究主要运用了定性分析法、分类分析法、比较分析法、实证分析法等研究方法，进行科学研究的，在研究路径上，以保险学、金融学、房地产学和法学对住房抵押贷款保险的相关论述和解释作为研究的理论基础；以住房抵押贷款保险合同的性质、特征、种类、主体、客体、条款、纠纷解决机制为研究对象，着重研究其法律属性；以理论联系实际，通过对住房抵押贷款保险合同的理论分析，重点解决实际操作过程中所面临的问题为研究的最终落脚点。
同国外住房消费贷款几十年的发展历史相比，我国无论在立法方面，还是在实务方面，住房抵押贷款保险业务均存在诸多缺陷。具体说来，在立法方面，住房抵押贷款保险作为当前我国最为典型的保证保险，在保证保险的相关法律、法规上却涉及很少，即使有相关规定也粗枝大叶，并没有真正系统化、科学化。因此，住房抵押贷款保险作为一种保险，应该由保险法律来规制更为科学和合理，相关内容应在《保险法》中来完善。在具体操作实务上，我国住房抵押贷款保险在强制购买、保险合同受益人、保险金额、厘定保险费率和缴费方式、保险期限、保险责任上均存在着问题甚至缺陷。笔者建议要改变国内这一现状不仅要在保险法中增设保证保险方面的具体规定，而且保险公司还应当制定完善的住房抵押贷款保险合同条款，同时致力于开发、设计新险种，以满足市场和广大居民需求。
Housing problem is the essential product of population expansion and social economic development. Besides the contradiction between population and lands, the youth who are the main body of house purchase are embarrassed to purchase any houses as they are lacks of enough capitals. This kind of reality has accelerated the popularity of housing mortgage consumption. In the developed countries, this kind of mortgage are really common and has become the foundation of Real-estate industry , while in China, it was brought in since the year 1992, and gradually take the play of the main tool for citizens' Housing consumption. At present, for the obvious supply and demand contradiction of large capita investment and ordinary low income of citizen, the much deeper impression of pre-consume way of life, which have promoted the rapid development of housing mortgage.
The development course of housing mortgage insurance within decades in China has embodies that even the housing mortgage insurance as the new object has already accepted by massive common citizen, it also has brought out the serious and endless debate the scholars home an d abroad haven't agreed on this controversy ,On the one hand ,there are plenty of problems exposed in the practical process of housing mortgage insurance in China ;On the another hand, the academic controversy has caused the chaos of judicial practices positively.
The study is cultivating in such kind of background. To clarify the disagreement and ambiguity of the understanding of housing mortgage insurance and put forward the eligible suggestions to solve the difficulties met in the practical process of housing mortgage insurance in China is the true sense of this study.
This study has utilized the qualitative analysis, classification, comparative analysis and exemplification ways to do the scientific research. On the study path, the relative elaboration and explanation of Insurance Science Finance Science and Real-estate Study are the theoretical basis ; while the nature, features, main body, object, provision, classification ,dispute solving system are the study objects, especially, the law nature of housing mortgage insurance. Through the theoretical analysis of housing mortgage insurance contracts, to solve the problems facing in the practical process is the aim of this study.
Comparing with the decades of historical developments of housing mortgage insurance abroad, there are lots of defects whether in legislation or practical courses of housing mortgage insurance. Specifically speaking, in its legislation, housing mortgage insurance as the most typical guarantee insurance are seldom mentioned in relative law and regulations. Even mentioned, it hasn't elaborated in a system scientifically. So housing mortgage insurance should be regulated much more scientific and reasonable according to the insurance law, and the contents relevant to housing mortgage insurance should also be improved. In the practical process, a large number of problems and defects are existed, so in order to improve the current statement, not only is it needs to formulate the regulations of guarantee insurance in the Insurance Law ,but also the insurance company should design the perfect housing mortgage insurance provisions, Meanwhile, the insurance company ought to make effort to develop and design new types of insurance to meet the market and dweller's massive needs.
住房抵押贷款保险在我国出现十几年的发展历程表明，虽然住房抵押贷款保险作为新鲜事物已经被广大居民消费者所普遍接受，但是自从住房抵押贷款保险产生以来就引来众多的争议与无休止的辩论，国内外学者在这一问题上难以达成共识。一方面，我国的住房抵押贷款保险在实际操作过程中也相继暴露出一些问题，另一方面，理论上的莫衷一是，必然会带来司法实践中的混乱。
本课题研究也就是在这样的大背景下提出的，对住房抵押贷款保险合同认识上的模糊和分歧的澄清并且为我国住房抵押贷款保险在实际操作过程中所遇到的问题提供对策才是本课题研究意义之所在。
本课题的研究主要运用了定性分析法、分类分析法、比较分析法、实证分析法等研究方法，进行科学研究的，在研究路径上，以保险学、金融学、房地产学和法学对住房抵押贷款保险的相关论述和解释作为研究的理论基础；以住房抵押贷款保险合同的性质、特征、种类、主体、客体、条款、纠纷解决机制为研究对象，着重研究其法律属性；以理论联系实际，通过对住房抵押贷款保险合同的理论分析，重点解决实际操作过程中所面临的问题为研究的最终落脚点。
同国外住房消费贷款几十年的发展历史相比，我国无论在立法方面，还是在实务方面，住房抵押贷款保险业务均存在诸多缺陷。具体说来，在立法方面，住房抵押贷款保险作为当前我国最为典型的保证保险，在保证保险的相关法律、法规上却涉及很少，即使有相关规定也粗枝大叶，并没有真正系统化、科学化。因此，住房抵押贷款保险作为一种保险，应该由保险法律来规制更为科学和合理，相关内容应在《保险法》中来完善。在具体操作实务上，我国住房抵押贷款保险在强制购买、保险合同受益人、保险金额、厘定保险费率和缴费方式、保险期限、保险责任上均存在着问题甚至缺陷。笔者建议要改变国内这一现状不仅要在保险法中增设保证保险方面的具体规定，而且保险公司还应当制定完善的住房抵押贷款保险合同条款，同时致力于开发、设计新险种，以满足市场和广大居民需求。
Housing problem is the essential product of population expansion and social economic development. Besides the contradiction between population and lands, the youth who are the main body of house purchase are embarrassed to purchase any houses as they are lacks of enough capitals. This kind of reality has accelerated the popularity of housing mortgage consumption. In the developed countries, this kind of mortgage are really common and has become the foundation of Real-estate industry , while in China, it was brought in since the year 1992, and gradually take the play of the main tool for citizens' Housing consumption. At present, for the obvious supply and demand contradiction of large capita investment and ordinary low income of citizen, the much deeper impression of pre-consume way of life, which have promoted the rapid development of housing mortgage.
The development course of housing mortgage insurance within decades in China has embodies that even the housing mortgage insurance as the new object has already accepted by massive common citizen, it also has brought out the serious and endless debate the scholars home an d abroad haven't agreed on this controversy ,On the one hand ,there are plenty of problems exposed in the practical process of housing mortgage insurance in China ;On the another hand, the academic controversy has caused the chaos of judicial practices positively.
The study is cultivating in such kind of background. To clarify the disagreement and ambiguity of the understanding of housing mortgage insurance and put forward the eligible suggestions to solve the difficulties met in the practical process of housing mortgage insurance in China is the true sense of this study.
This study has utilized the qualitative analysis, classification, comparative analysis and exemplification ways to do the scientific research. On the study path, the relative elaboration and explanation of Insurance Science Finance Science and Real-estate Study are the theoretical basis ; while the nature, features, main body, object, provision, classification ,dispute solving system are the study objects, especially, the law nature of housing mortgage insurance. Through the theoretical analysis of housing mortgage insurance contracts, to solve the problems facing in the practical process is the aim of this study.
Comparing with the decades of historical developments of housing mortgage insurance abroad, there are lots of defects whether in legislation or practical courses of housing mortgage insurance. Specifically speaking, in its legislation, housing mortgage insurance as the most typical guarantee insurance are seldom mentioned in relative law and regulations. Even mentioned, it hasn't elaborated in a system scientifically. So housing mortgage insurance should be regulated much more scientific and reasonable according to the insurance law, and the contents relevant to housing mortgage insurance should also be improved. In the practical process, a large number of problems and defects are existed, so in order to improve the current statement, not only is it needs to formulate the regulations of guarantee insurance in the Insurance Law ,but also the insurance company should design the perfect housing mortgage insurance provisions, Meanwhile, the insurance company ought to make effort to develop and design new types of insurance to meet the market and dweller's massive needs.
引文
① 季爱东．住房金融新业务与法规[M]．北京：中国金融出版社，2004．41-42．
② 闲房抵押贷款与期房抵押贷款不同，期房抵押贷款所涉及的是一种权益(房屋期权)，而现房抵押贷款的标的是实实在在的不动产。
① 庹国柱．保险学[M]．北京：首都经贸大学出版社，2004．23．
② 陈钊．住房抵押贷款理论与实践[M]．上海：复旦大学出版社，2000．46．自然风险是造成房屋财产损失的自然现象、物理现象，如台风、洪水、地震、火山爆发、冰雹等不可抗力的自然灾害。社会风险造成的房屋财产损失是指由于个人或团体行为(例如盗窃、纵火、战争、罢工等)造成损失机会的风险。经济风险造成的房屋财产损失是指由于价格波动、市场需求变化以及通货膨胀等导致的抵押房屋大幅度贬值，不足以抵偿贷款。
③ 陈钊．住房抵押贷款理论与实践[M]．上海：复旦大学出版社，2000．46．借款人人身风险是指借款人因不幸事故、意外伤害、疾病等原因导致死亡、伤残而丧失或部分丧失工作能力导致余下贷款无法偿还的风险。社会风险是指借款人所在单位的倒闭、撤销、被兼并、政策性裁员等个人无法抗拒的原因而失业或造成收入下降，致使借款人无法继续归还购房贷款。道德风险是指由于借款人故意违约，拖欠偿还贷款，不足额偿还贷款，或者损害抵押权，甚至根本就不打算偿还贷款形成的风险。
④ 通常资产的流动性与期限呈反方向变动，期限越长，流动性越低。
① 曹建元．房产保险[M]上海：上海财经大学出版社，2001．31．
② 曹建元．房产保险[M]上海：上海财经大学出版社，2001．32．
① 庹国柱．保险学[M]．北京：首都经贸大学出版社，2004．24．
① 庹国柱．保险学[M]．北京：首都经贸大学出版社，2004．116．
① 庹国柱．保险学[M]．北京：首都经贸大学出版社，2004．243．
① 中华人民共和国保险法[M]．北京：中国法制出版社，2002．6．
① 曹建元．房产保险[M]上海：上海财经大学出版社，2001．213．
① 季爱东．住房金融新业务与法规[M]．北京：中国金融出版社，2004．131．
① 曹建元．房产保险[M]上海：上海财经大学出版社，2001．245．
① 季爱东．住房金融新业务与法规[M]．北京：中国金融出版社，2D04．167．
① 郑功成，许飞琼．财产保险[M]．北京：中国金融出版社，2005．414．
② 董藩．房地产金融[M]．大连：东北财经大学出版社．2000．121．
① 张洪涛、郑功成．保险学[M]．北京：中国人民大学出版社，2002．114．
① 李玉泉、卞江生．论保证保险[J]保险研究，2004，(5)：18．
① 殷红、张卫东．房地产金融[M]．北京：首都经济贸易大学出版社，2002．146．
② 中华人民共和国保险法[M]．北京：中国法制出版社，2002．2．
① 中华人民共和国保险法[M]．北京：中国法制出版社，2002．6．
① 李玉泉、卞江生．论保证保险[J]．保险研究，2004，(5)：18．
② 梁冰、周洪生．保证保险合同若干问题谈[J]．法律适用，2004，(1)：26．
① 李玉泉、卞江生．论保证保险[J]．保险研究，2004，(5)：18．
[1] 徐卫东．保险法论[M]．长春：吉林大学出版社，2000．
[2] 陈耀东．商品房买卖法律问题专论[M]．北京：法律出版社，2003．
[3] 王萍．保险利益研究[M]．北京：机械工业出版社，2004．
[4] 贾林青主编．保险法[M]．北京：中国人民大学出版社，2004．
[5] 於向平、邱艳．房地产法律制度研究[M]．北京：北京大学出版社，2004．
[6] 曾宪伟主编．商事法律最新应用与例解[M]．北京：北京大出版社，2004．
[7] 马君潞．加拿大金融市场[M]．北京：中国金融出版社， 2002．
[8] 庹国柱．中国保险业需要买断吗?[J]．上海保险．2002，(7)．
[9] 干世其．购房按揭强制保险若干问题分析[J]．法学．2003，(4)．
[10] 袁宗蔚．保险学一危险与保险[M]．北京：首都经济贸易大学出版社，2002．
[11] 庹国柱：保险学[M]．北京：首都经济贸易大学出版社，2004．
[12] 中华人民共和国保险法[M]．北京：中国法制出版社，2002．
[13] 殷红、张卫东．房地产金融[M]．北京：首都经济贸易大学出版社，2002．
[14] 季爱东．住房金融新业务与法规[M]．北京：中国金融出版社，2004年．
[15] 曹建元．房产保险[M]．上海：上海财经大学出版社，2001．
[16] 张炜．住房金融业务与法律风险控制[M]．北京：法律出版社，2004．
[17] 蔡德容．潘军．住房金融创新研究[M]．大连：东北财经出版社，2002．
[18] 陈钊．住房抵押贷款理论与实践[M]．上海：复旦大学出版社，2000．
[19] 柳经纬．担保法．厦门：厦门大学出版社，2003．
[20] 苏号朋．担保法及其司法解释的应用与例解．北京：中国民主法制出版社，2001．
[21] 白非．担保法．杭州：浙江大学出版社，2004．
[22] 张炜．保险：垄断还是欺诈?[J]．中国经济时报，2002-04-27．
[23] 刘水杏．王国军．论中国房地产保险发展的误区[J]．中国房地产金融，2000，(11)．
[24] 尹灵芝．张晓玲．李志坡．我国现行住房抵押贷款保险的问题与改革对策[J]．中国房地产金融，2002，(5)
[25] 庹国柱．中国保险业需要垄断吗?[J]．上海保险，2002，(7)．
[26] 吴占权．汤明远。住房抵押贷款保险的风险防控[J]．农村金融研究，2005，(11)．
[27] 罗兆文．住房抵押保险函待完善[J]．商业经济，2005，(9)．
[28] 何惠珍．现阶段我国个人住房抵押贷款保证保险的困境与对策分析[J]．商场现代化．，2005，(5)．
[29] Empowering Subprime Borrowers: Mandatory Unsecured Credit Payoffs as Finance Charges Steven R. Shappe Trustees of Indiana UniversityIndiana Law Journal80 Ind. L. J. 517.
[30] National Ingratitude: The Egregious Deficiencies of the United States' Housing Programs for Veterans and the "Public Scandal" of Veterans' Homelessness Florence Wagman Roisman, The Trustee of Indiana University Indiana Law Review38 Ind. L. Rev. 103.
[31] Hidden Costs to Homeowners: The Prevalent Non-Disclosure of Yield Spread Premiums in Mortgage Loan Transactions By: Peter J. Hong, J. Dand Marcos Reza, Loyola University of Chicago LoyolaConsumer Law.Review18 Loy. Consumer L. Rev. 131.
[32] The Home Ownership and Equity Protection Act of 1994: Extending Liability for Predatory Subprime Loans to Secondary Mortage Market Participants, By Lisa Keyfetz. Loyola University of Chicago Loyola Consumer Law Review18 Loy. Consumer L. Rev. 151.
[33] Modernizing Security in Rents: The New Uniform Assignment of Rents ActR. Wilson Freyermuth Curators of the University of MissouriMissouri Law Review71 Mo. L. Rev. 1.
[1] 李云．浅析我国住房贷款保险中存在的问题及其对策[J]．周末文汇学术导刊，2006，(1)。
[2] 李云．儒家法律思想与现代法制[J]．文史月刊，2006，(7)．
[3] 李云．浅析黑社会性质犯罪[J]．太原大学学报，2006，(3)．
[4] 李云．评析《在华盛顿代表上帝—宗教游说在美国政体中的作用》[J]．沧桑，2007，(4)．
② 闲房抵押贷款与期房抵押贷款不同，期房抵押贷款所涉及的是一种权益(房屋期权)，而现房抵押贷款的标的是实实在在的不动产。
① 庹国柱．保险学[M]．北京：首都经贸大学出版社，2004．23．
② 陈钊．住房抵押贷款理论与实践[M]．上海：复旦大学出版社，2000．46．自然风险是造成房屋财产损失的自然现象、物理现象，如台风、洪水、地震、火山爆发、冰雹等不可抗力的自然灾害。社会风险造成的房屋财产损失是指由于个人或团体行为(例如盗窃、纵火、战争、罢工等)造成损失机会的风险。经济风险造成的房屋财产损失是指由于价格波动、市场需求变化以及通货膨胀等导致的抵押房屋大幅度贬值，不足以抵偿贷款。
③ 陈钊．住房抵押贷款理论与实践[M]．上海：复旦大学出版社，2000．46．借款人人身风险是指借款人因不幸事故、意外伤害、疾病等原因导致死亡、伤残而丧失或部分丧失工作能力导致余下贷款无法偿还的风险。社会风险是指借款人所在单位的倒闭、撤销、被兼并、政策性裁员等个人无法抗拒的原因而失业或造成收入下降，致使借款人无法继续归还购房贷款。道德风险是指由于借款人故意违约，拖欠偿还贷款，不足额偿还贷款，或者损害抵押权，甚至根本就不打算偿还贷款形成的风险。
④ 通常资产的流动性与期限呈反方向变动，期限越长，流动性越低。
① 曹建元．房产保险[M]上海：上海财经大学出版社，2001．31．
② 曹建元．房产保险[M]上海：上海财经大学出版社，2001．32．
① 庹国柱．保险学[M]．北京：首都经贸大学出版社，2004．24．
① 庹国柱．保险学[M]．北京：首都经贸大学出版社，2004．116．
① 庹国柱．保险学[M]．北京：首都经贸大学出版社，2004．243．
① 中华人民共和国保险法[M]．北京：中国法制出版社，2002．6．
① 曹建元．房产保险[M]上海：上海财经大学出版社，2001．213．
① 季爱东．住房金融新业务与法规[M]．北京：中国金融出版社，2004．131．
① 曹建元．房产保险[M]上海：上海财经大学出版社，2001．245．
① 季爱东．住房金融新业务与法规[M]．北京：中国金融出版社，2D04．167．
① 郑功成，许飞琼．财产保险[M]．北京：中国金融出版社，2005．414．
② 董藩．房地产金融[M]．大连：东北财经大学出版社．2000．121．
① 张洪涛、郑功成．保险学[M]．北京：中国人民大学出版社，2002．114．
① 李玉泉、卞江生．论保证保险[J]保险研究，2004，(5)：18．
① 殷红、张卫东．房地产金融[M]．北京：首都经济贸易大学出版社，2002．146．
② 中华人民共和国保险法[M]．北京：中国法制出版社，2002．2．
① 中华人民共和国保险法[M]．北京：中国法制出版社，2002．6．
① 李玉泉、卞江生．论保证保险[J]．保险研究，2004，(5)：18．
② 梁冰、周洪生．保证保险合同若干问题谈[J]．法律适用，2004，(1)：26．
① 李玉泉、卞江生．论保证保险[J]．保险研究，2004，(5)：18．
[1] 徐卫东．保险法论[M]．长春：吉林大学出版社，2000．
[2] 陈耀东．商品房买卖法律问题专论[M]．北京：法律出版社，2003．
[3] 王萍．保险利益研究[M]．北京：机械工业出版社，2004．
[4] 贾林青主编．保险法[M]．北京：中国人民大学出版社，2004．
[5] 於向平、邱艳．房地产法律制度研究[M]．北京：北京大学出版社，2004．
[6] 曾宪伟主编．商事法律最新应用与例解[M]．北京：北京大出版社，2004．
[7] 马君潞．加拿大金融市场[M]．北京：中国金融出版社， 2002．
[8] 庹国柱．中国保险业需要买断吗?[J]．上海保险．2002，(7)．
[9] 干世其．购房按揭强制保险若干问题分析[J]．法学．2003，(4)．
[10] 袁宗蔚．保险学一危险与保险[M]．北京：首都经济贸易大学出版社，2002．
[11] 庹国柱：保险学[M]．北京：首都经济贸易大学出版社，2004．
[12] 中华人民共和国保险法[M]．北京：中国法制出版社，2002．
[13] 殷红、张卫东．房地产金融[M]．北京：首都经济贸易大学出版社，2002．
[14] 季爱东．住房金融新业务与法规[M]．北京：中国金融出版社，2004年．
[15] 曹建元．房产保险[M]．上海：上海财经大学出版社，2001．
[16] 张炜．住房金融业务与法律风险控制[M]．北京：法律出版社，2004．
[17] 蔡德容．潘军．住房金融创新研究[M]．大连：东北财经出版社，2002．
[18] 陈钊．住房抵押贷款理论与实践[M]．上海：复旦大学出版社，2000．
[19] 柳经纬．担保法．厦门：厦门大学出版社，2003．
[20] 苏号朋．担保法及其司法解释的应用与例解．北京：中国民主法制出版社，2001．
[21] 白非．担保法．杭州：浙江大学出版社，2004．
[22] 张炜．保险：垄断还是欺诈?[J]．中国经济时报，2002-04-27．
[23] 刘水杏．王国军．论中国房地产保险发展的误区[J]．中国房地产金融，2000，(11)．
[24] 尹灵芝．张晓玲．李志坡．我国现行住房抵押贷款保险的问题与改革对策[J]．中国房地产金融，2002，(5)
[25] 庹国柱．中国保险业需要垄断吗?[J]．上海保险，2002，(7)．
[26] 吴占权．汤明远。住房抵押贷款保险的风险防控[J]．农村金融研究，2005，(11)．
[27] 罗兆文．住房抵押保险函待完善[J]．商业经济，2005，(9)．
[28] 何惠珍．现阶段我国个人住房抵押贷款保证保险的困境与对策分析[J]．商场现代化．，2005，(5)．
[29] Empowering Subprime Borrowers: Mandatory Unsecured Credit Payoffs as Finance Charges Steven R. Shappe Trustees of Indiana UniversityIndiana Law Journal80 Ind. L. J. 517.
[30] National Ingratitude: The Egregious Deficiencies of the United States' Housing Programs for Veterans and the "Public Scandal" of Veterans' Homelessness Florence Wagman Roisman, The Trustee of Indiana University Indiana Law Review38 Ind. L. Rev. 103.
[31] Hidden Costs to Homeowners: The Prevalent Non-Disclosure of Yield Spread Premiums in Mortgage Loan Transactions By: Peter J. Hong, J. Dand Marcos Reza, Loyola University of Chicago LoyolaConsumer Law.Review18 Loy. Consumer L. Rev. 131.
[32] The Home Ownership and Equity Protection Act of 1994: Extending Liability for Predatory Subprime Loans to Secondary Mortage Market Participants, By Lisa Keyfetz. Loyola University of Chicago Loyola Consumer Law Review18 Loy. Consumer L. Rev. 151.
[33] Modernizing Security in Rents: The New Uniform Assignment of Rents ActR. Wilson Freyermuth Curators of the University of MissouriMissouri Law Review71 Mo. L. Rev. 1.
[1] 李云．浅析我国住房贷款保险中存在的问题及其对策[J]．周末文汇学术导刊，2006，(1)。
[2] 李云．儒家法律思想与现代法制[J]．文史月刊，2006，(7)．
[3] 李云．浅析黑社会性质犯罪[J]．太原大学学报，2006，(3)．
[4] 李云．评析《在华盛顿代表上帝—宗教游说在美国政体中的作用》[J]．沧桑，2007，(4)．