黄河口湿地保护区沉积环境与生境初步研究
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摘要
黄河三角洲湿地是世界上最年轻、最具特色的湿地,湿地类型比较丰富。本文收集了8个时期的黄河三角洲遥感数据,旨在揭示黄河三角洲1976年以来海岸线冲淤变化规律和河口保护区生境演替规律。目前黄河三角洲湿地受气候变化、自然灾害、黄河断流、人类活动、海平面上升、海岸侵蚀、地下海水入侵等影响,生态环境比较脆弱。为此国家自2002年实施的黄河调水调沙工程就是借助自然的力量,依靠大型水库的人工调节,制造可冲刷下游河床的“人造洪水”,改变主河槽的淤塞状态,给河口湿地带来新的生机,是一项伟大的湿地修复工程。
本文在对黄河三角洲野外调查的基础上,结合黄河变迁等历史资料,将现代黄河三角洲表层沉积物沉积环境分为7个区,针对1区清水沟流路,将下伏地层沉积物沉积环境进一步划分为5个亚区,并通过3个剖面揭示了河口保护区湿地沉积体系由不同时代和不同沉积相形成的沉积物相互交错迭置,沉积相态演替较复杂的垂向沉积特征。
TM 3(R)-4(G)-2(B)的波段组合方式有助于提取黄河三角洲海岸线,TM 4(R)-5(G)-3(B)波段组合方式有助于提取黄河三角洲湿地保护区湿地类型信息。1976年-2006年,黄河三角洲北部刁口流路低潮线以上面积减少423km~2,三角洲南部海岸面积减少65km~2,清水沟流路面积增加296km~2。距黄河水的远近,土壤盐分含量是控制河口湿地保护区植被宏观分布的重要因素,黄河断流和黄河调水调沙工程对河口保护区湿地类型的变化影响很大。
2007年第六次调水调沙期间,河槽受到冲刷,过流能力增大,河槽形态得到调整,河势向有利的方向发展。通过实测资料对比估算黄河下游河道冲刷的临界流量为2600m~3/s。2007年6月30日-2007年7月5日,大约有5.6×107m~3泥沙,1.12×10~9 Kg沙子流入湿地,大大改善了湿地的生态环境。但到2007年10月底,Q4和C2断面河道淤积情况较调水调沙前略有改善,Q7断面已全面回淤,恢复到原来的水平。
Wetland of the Yellow River delta is the youngest and the most characterful wetland in the world. The type of wetland is quite rich, and the area change is unstable.We have collected 8 time of Yellow River delta remote sensing data, in order to identify alluvion and erosion of Yellow River delta from 1976 as well as entironment succession in estuary reserve. At present the Yellow River delta wetland is affected by the climatic change, the natural disaster, drying up of Yellow River, the human’s activity, sea level rising, coastal erosion, underground sea water invasion, the ecological environment is quite frail. So governmental entities have carried out Yellow River water and sediment regulation from 2002 which depends on the power of nature in order to erode the riverbed ,and it brings the new vitality for the estuary mouth wetland which is an item of great wetland repair project..
Based on fieldwork in Yellow River delta and historical data of Yellow River variance, the modern Yellow River delta surface layer deposit environment is divided into 7 deposition areas. In view of 1 deposition area, the further division is 5 sub-areas.We realize that Yellow River mouth wetland deposition system through 3 section planes is composed of deposition of the different time ,and the deposition succession is complex.
The TM 3(R)-4(G)-2(B) band combination mode is helpful to obtain the Yellow River delta coastline, the TM 4(R)-5(G)-3(B) band combination mode is helpful to obtain the typy of the Yellow River delta wetland.From 1976 to 2006, the area of Diaokou promontory in north of the Yellow River delta reduced 423km~2 above the low-tidal level, the area of south seacoast reduces 65km~2, and Qingshuigou promontory increased 296km~2.The distance to the Yellow River water and the soil salinity content dominated macroscopic distribution of the estuary wetland protectorate vegetation.Drying up of Yellow River and Yellow River water and sediment regulation play an important role in the typy of the Yellow River delta change.
Because of the sixth Yellow River water and sediment regulation in 2007, the riverbed was scoured, the flood carrying capactity was enlarged, the shape of riverbed was adjusted, and the river developed well.In contrast to the actual data ,we estimate that 2600m~3/s is the critical discharge when the Yellow River downstream river course is scoured.from June 30 to July 5 in 2007,about 5.6×107m~3 of bedload and 1.12×10~9 Kg of sand inflooded wetland,which improved the wetland ecological environment greatly.But to at the end of October, 2007, river course siltation situation of Q4 and the C2 cross section improved less slightly than that of water and sediment regulation before, and the Q7 cross section which have already comprehensive backsilted, returned to the original level.
本文在对黄河三角洲野外调查的基础上,结合黄河变迁等历史资料,将现代黄河三角洲表层沉积物沉积环境分为7个区,针对1区清水沟流路,将下伏地层沉积物沉积环境进一步划分为5个亚区,并通过3个剖面揭示了河口保护区湿地沉积体系由不同时代和不同沉积相形成的沉积物相互交错迭置,沉积相态演替较复杂的垂向沉积特征。
TM 3(R)-4(G)-2(B)的波段组合方式有助于提取黄河三角洲海岸线,TM 4(R)-5(G)-3(B)波段组合方式有助于提取黄河三角洲湿地保护区湿地类型信息。1976年-2006年,黄河三角洲北部刁口流路低潮线以上面积减少423km~2,三角洲南部海岸面积减少65km~2,清水沟流路面积增加296km~2。距黄河水的远近,土壤盐分含量是控制河口湿地保护区植被宏观分布的重要因素,黄河断流和黄河调水调沙工程对河口保护区湿地类型的变化影响很大。
2007年第六次调水调沙期间,河槽受到冲刷,过流能力增大,河槽形态得到调整,河势向有利的方向发展。通过实测资料对比估算黄河下游河道冲刷的临界流量为2600m~3/s。2007年6月30日-2007年7月5日,大约有5.6×107m~3泥沙,1.12×10~9 Kg沙子流入湿地,大大改善了湿地的生态环境。但到2007年10月底,Q4和C2断面河道淤积情况较调水调沙前略有改善,Q7断面已全面回淤,恢复到原来的水平。
Wetland of the Yellow River delta is the youngest and the most characterful wetland in the world. The type of wetland is quite rich, and the area change is unstable.We have collected 8 time of Yellow River delta remote sensing data, in order to identify alluvion and erosion of Yellow River delta from 1976 as well as entironment succession in estuary reserve. At present the Yellow River delta wetland is affected by the climatic change, the natural disaster, drying up of Yellow River, the human’s activity, sea level rising, coastal erosion, underground sea water invasion, the ecological environment is quite frail. So governmental entities have carried out Yellow River water and sediment regulation from 2002 which depends on the power of nature in order to erode the riverbed ,and it brings the new vitality for the estuary mouth wetland which is an item of great wetland repair project..
Based on fieldwork in Yellow River delta and historical data of Yellow River variance, the modern Yellow River delta surface layer deposit environment is divided into 7 deposition areas. In view of 1 deposition area, the further division is 5 sub-areas.We realize that Yellow River mouth wetland deposition system through 3 section planes is composed of deposition of the different time ,and the deposition succession is complex.
The TM 3(R)-4(G)-2(B) band combination mode is helpful to obtain the Yellow River delta coastline, the TM 4(R)-5(G)-3(B) band combination mode is helpful to obtain the typy of the Yellow River delta wetland.From 1976 to 2006, the area of Diaokou promontory in north of the Yellow River delta reduced 423km~2 above the low-tidal level, the area of south seacoast reduces 65km~2, and Qingshuigou promontory increased 296km~2.The distance to the Yellow River water and the soil salinity content dominated macroscopic distribution of the estuary wetland protectorate vegetation.Drying up of Yellow River and Yellow River water and sediment regulation play an important role in the typy of the Yellow River delta change.
Because of the sixth Yellow River water and sediment regulation in 2007, the riverbed was scoured, the flood carrying capactity was enlarged, the shape of riverbed was adjusted, and the river developed well.In contrast to the actual data ,we estimate that 2600m~3/s is the critical discharge when the Yellow River downstream river course is scoured.from June 30 to July 5 in 2007,about 5.6×107m~3 of bedload and 1.12×10~9 Kg of sand inflooded wetland,which improved the wetland ecological environment greatly.But to at the end of October, 2007, river course siltation situation of Q4 and the C2 cross section improved less slightly than that of water and sediment regulation before, and the Q7 cross section which have already comprehensive backsilted, returned to the original level.
引文
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[2]许健民.黄河三角洲(东营市)湿地评价与可持续利用研究.2001.
[3]Carlos M.Duarte,The future of seagrass meadows.Environmental conservation,2002,29(2):192-206
[4]K.S.Edyvane.Coastal and marine wetlands in Gulf St.Vincent,South Australia.Watlands Ecology and Management,1999,7:83-104.
[5]R.J.Nicholls.The Mediterranean:vulnerability to coastal implications of climate change.Ocean and Coastal Management,1996,31(2-3):105-132.
[6]Daniel M.Alongi.Present state and future of the world mangrove forests. Environmental conservation,2002,29(3):331-349
[7]Reed D J.Sea-level rise and coastal marsh sustainability:geological and ecological factors in the Mississippi delta plain.Geomorphology,2002,48(1-3): 233-243
[8]Robert J.Nicholls.Increasing flood risk and wetland losses due to global sea-level rise.Global Environmental Change,1999,9:S69-S87
[9]R.W.Parkinson.Sea-level rise and the fate of tidal wetlands.Journal of Coastal Research,1994,10(4):987-1086.
[10]王宪礼,李秀珍.湿地的国内外研究进展[J].生态学杂志, 1997, 1:58-62
[11]张长春,王光谦,魏加华.基于遥感方法的黄河三角洲生态需水量研究[J].水土保持学报, 2005, 19(1): 150-152.
[12]武洪涛,张震宇,常宗广.小浪底工程对黄河下游湿地生态环境影响预测[J].国土与自然资源研究, 2001(3): 54 -55.
[13]邢尚军,张建锋,宋玉民,等.黄河三角洲湿地的生态功能及生态修复[J].山东林业科技, 2005(2): 69-71.)
[14]陆健健.中国滨海湿地的分类[J].环境导报,1996,(1):1-2.
[15]张晓龙,李培英,李萍,徐兴永.中国滨海湿地研究现状与展望[J].海洋科学进展,2005,23(1):87-95
[16]陈述彭.论现代黄河三角洲持续发展能力,科技导报,1996. 5. 47-50
[17]赵延茂等.黄河三角洲自然保护区科学考察集[M] .北京:林业出版社,1995.
[18]庞家珍,姜明星黄河河口演变(1)-(一)河口水文特征海洋湖沼通报,2003
[19]李希宁,刘曙光,李从先.黄河三角洲冲淤平衡的来沙量临界值分析.人民黄河,2001,23(3).
[20]李殿魁,杨玉珍,程义吉,顾玉荷,杨作升,焦益龄,曹文洪等.延长黄河口清水沟流路行水年限的研究.郑州:黄河水利出版社,2003: 185-199. 336-338
[21]庞家珍,司书亨.黄河河口演变I:近代历史变迁.海洋与湖沼,1979, 10 (2) :136-141
[22]成国栋、薛春汀.黄河三角洲沉积地质学[M].北京:地质出版社,1997
[23]薛春汀、李广雪,NIO S D,Van Dern BERG,J H,Van GELDER A.黄河三角洲黄河海港附近沉积物和沉积序列[J].海洋学报,1993,15(5):79-86.
[24]任于灿,EISMAE,成国栋,李广雪.黄河三角洲下三角洲平原沉积环境[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,1993,13(1):33-40.
[25]周良勇,李广雪,刘健等.黄河三角洲潮滩剖面特征[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2006,26(2):1-8.
[26]陈吉余,黄金森等.中国海岸带地貌[M].北京:海洋出版社,1995:187.
[27]Wright L D .1985.River Deltas R A Jr ed.,Coasstal Sedimentary Environments.Springer-Verlag,New York,Berlin,Heidelberg,Tokyo,1-76.
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