渤海、黄海海域山东沿岸海洋木生真菌的分类研究
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摘要
本文是关于我国海洋真菌种类、形态及分类的首篇研究论文，报道了我国渤海和黄海海域山东沿岸的海洋木生真菌的种类及分布情况。
海洋真菌是一类生态群，由于其特殊的生存环境，以前对其研究较少。随着人们对海洋认识的深化，海洋生物的研究将成为二十一世纪生物研究的热点之一。海洋微生物作为虽然微小但却蕴藏着巨大潜力的生物而渐被人们认识和关注。目前世界已发现海洋微生物一千五百余种，其中高等海洋真菌444种，并已发现由这些海洋微生物产生的独特的生物活性物质上百余种。若想获得更多有价值的生物活性物质，研究和发现海洋真菌是首要任务。调查渤海、黄海海域海洋真菌的种类、分布及多样性是本论文研究的主要目的。
三年研究期间，从青岛、黄岛、胶州湾、海阳、乳山、荣成、威海、刘公岛、牟平、烟台、蓬莱、龙口、招远、莱州等附近海岸选十四个点，进行了海洋漂流木、潮间带固着木的采集，装入无菌的塑料袋中带回实验室，采用直接检查法和湿室诱培法进行检查，共检查了1000余份漂流木及固着木，得到了海洋木生真菌40属、49种，其中子囊菌32种，担子菌1种，半知菌16种；共有中国新记录属8个，新种12个，中国新记录种15个，中国已报道种17个，不确定种5个；其中有7个种首次在海洋环境中报道。
中国新记录属为：圆孢壳属Amylocarpus、安尼斯壳属Anisostagma、毛孢壳属Capillataspora、树球壳属Dryosphaera、海壳属Halosphaeria、拟海壳属Halosphaeriopsis、尼亚腹孢属Nia、叶生壳属Floricola。
中国已报道的属有：沙生菌属Arenariomyces、拟海巢属Ceriosporopsis、毛壳菌属Chaetomium、花冠菌属Corollospora、海球菌属Halosarpheia、海木生菌属Lignincola、路霉属Lulworthia、透孢黑团壳属Massarina、暗球腔菌属Phaeosphaeria、泡孢壳属Phomatospora、格孢腔菌属Pleospora、光黑壳属Preussia、桨孢属Remispora、鱼雷孢属Torpedospora、疣孢壳属Verruculina、柄孢壳属Zopfiella、大单孢属Aplosporella、极孢属Cacumisporium、海卷孢属Cirrenalia、色二孢属Diplodia、附球菌属Epicoccum、黑团孢属Periconia、葡萄状穗霉属Stachybotrys、匍柄霉属Stemphylium、四绺孢属Tetraploa、色串孢属Torula、短梗蠕孢属Trichocladium、沃德霉属Wardomyces、涛旋孢属Zalerion、链格孢属Alternaria、蛹孢贝壳属Ostreichnion、茎点霉属Phoma(为仅在香港报道)。
渤海、黄海海域山东沿岸海洋木生真菌的分类研究
新种为:刺圆抱壳AmytocarPus echinulata、橄榄色安尼斯壳菌Anisostagma
oli~um、炬焰拟海巢菌。/iosP~is刀。脚ma、蓬莱海球菌枷z口‘口塑heiaPe次岁aiensis、
中华海木生菌Lignincola chinensis、尖顶路霉Lulworthia conica、东方透抱黑团壳
几白“arina orientalis、蠕抱暗球腔菌phaeo胡haeria helminthorioi滋、、中国暗球腔菌
Phaeo胡haeria sinensis、烟台桨抱菌RemisP口ra yantaiensis、黄绿庆抱壳菌Verruc耐ina
刀口vo一virens、球极抱菌CacumisPorium globosum。
中国新记录种为:皮生毛抱壳。，l’llatasPora cortic口la、海浮树球壳菌。尽osPhaera
navigans、附枝海壳菌HalosPhaeria冈卑，endiculata、中生拟海壳菌HatosPhaerioPsis
mediosetigera、海岸暗球腔菌PhaeosPhaeria口rae一maris、散生暗球腔菌PhaeosPhaeria
胡口汀口、香蒲暗球腔菌尸加eo胡haeria抑har。、椰生泡抱壳Ph口malosP口ra叹沙icola、兔
光黑壳尸理ussia lerorina、凤头桨抱菌RemisPora galerita、须尼亚腹饱菌Nia vibrissa、
矩饱大单抱菌APtosP口rella subhyaline、条纹叶生壳Floricola striata、水冬麦甸柄霉
Ste呷hyliumtr卿ochinicola、莫斯沃德霉环公介勿州少‘es moseri。
中国已报道的种有17个:三叉沙生菌Arenario阴少ce，tr如rcata、滨拟海巢菌
CertosP口尹qp‘15 halima、球毛壳菌Chaetomium加bosum、海花冠菌CorollosPora maritim“、
光滑海木生菌Lignincola laevis、枯叶格抱腔菌尸leosPora herbarum、放射鱼雷饱菌
TorPedosPora radiata、阔足柄抱壳菌孟砚了2八ella latiPes、大头海卷抱Cirrenalia
macrocePhala、平截色二抱D加lddia mutila、黑色附球菌EPicoccumnl’grum、多育黑团抱
Periconia prol沪ca、黑葡萄状穗霉Stac匆hotrysa介a、芒四络抱Tetroploa aristata、四季
禾生色串饱Torula herbarumf quaternella、梨形短梗蠕抱菌Trichocladium achrasPorum、
海涛旋抱Zalerson maritimum。
在海洋环境中首次发现的种有7个:蛹抱贝壳属Ostreichnion sP.、散生暗球腔菌
Phae口sPhaeriasP~、兔光黑壳乃℃ussia lePorina、矩抱大单抱菌APlosPorella:ub声lyalin。、
平截色二抱DIPtodia mutila、黑色附球菌EPicoccum nigrum、四季禾生色串抱Torula
herbarumf quaternella;
未定名种有:链格抱属Alternaria sP.、安尼斯壳属Anisostagma sP.、蛹抱贝壳属
Os舰ichnion sp.、茎点霉属Phoma sp.、疵抱壳属Verruculina sp.。
本研究的主要成果及对海洋真菌的属种级分类标准的新认识和观点如下:
1.首次较全面地研究了渤海及黄海海域山东沿
The present dissertation is the first studies on marine lignicolous fungi in China, mainly deals with the morphology and distribution of marine fungi from Shandong coast, Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea.
Marine fungi is not a taxonomic group, but an ecological group, which seldom to be studied because of its special habitat. Following the new century coming, marine is becoming the important source to mankind and the marine microorganism is also becoming one of the key researches in the organism studies. Marine microorganism is the potential organism that contains tremendously active substances and deserves to be researched. About 1500 marine microorganism is now found in marine and the marine higher fungi are about 444. It is the most important mission to be investigated and found marine fungi if we want to gain more valuable active substances from these tiny organism. So the main purpose of the present dissertation is to investigate the species and distribution of marine fungi in China Sea.
During the past three years, about 1000 driftwoods and intertidal woods in the sea were collected from Qingdao, Huangdao, Jiaozhouwan, Haiyang, Rushan, Rongcheng, Weihai, Liugongdao, Mouping, Yantai, Penglai, Longkou, Zhaoyuan, Laizhou, which were selected as the studied spot. The specimens were brought back to the laboratory in the sterile snap-lock plastic bags and were examined directly while it is still fresh and moist under the stereo-microscope or incubated in the moist boxes. From these collections, we identified 40 genera and 49 species of marine lignicolous fungi from Shandong coast, which belongs to ascomycota (32), basidiomycota (1) , anamorphic fungi (16) respectively. Among them, 12 taxa are identified as new species, 15 taxa are regarded as the new record for China, 17 taxa have been reported in China, 5 taxa are uncertain species; 7 species are found in sea for the first time.
Twelve new species are Amylocarpus echinulata, Anisostagma olivaceum, Ceriosporosis flamma, Halosarpheia penglaiensis, Lignincola chinensis, Lulworthia conica, Massarina orientalis, Phaeosphaeria helminthorioides, Phaeosphaeria sinensis, Remispora yantaiensis, Verruculinaflavo-virens, Cacumisporium globosum.
The newly recorded genera and species for China are 8 and 15, respectively, they are Capillataspora corticola, Dryosphaera navigans, Halosphaeria appendiculata, Halosphaeriopsis mediosetigera, Phaeosphaeria orae-maris, Phaeosphaeria sparsa,
Phaeosphaeria typharum, Phomatospora nypicola, Preussia leporina, Remispora galerita, Nia vibrissa, Aplosporella subhyaline, Floricola striata, Stemphylium triglochinicola, Wardomyces moseri.
Seventeen species have been previously reported from China, they are Arenariomyces trifurcata, Ceriosporopsis halima, Chaetomium globosum, drrenalia macrocephala, Corollospora maritime, Diplodia mutila, Epicoccum nigrum, Lignincola laevis, Periconia prolifica, Pleospora herbarum, Stachybotrys atra, Tetraploa aristata, Torpedospora radiata, Torula herbarum f. quaternella, Trichocladium achrasporum, Zalerion maritimum, Zopfiella latipes.
Among them, 7 species are found in sea for the first time, they are Ostreichnion sp., Phaeosphaeria sparsa, Preussia leporina, Aplosporella subhyaline, Diplodia mutila, Epicoccum nigrum, Torula herbarum f. quaternella.
The uncertain species are Alternaria sp., Anisostagma sp., Ostreichnion sp., Phoma sp., Verruculina sp..
The main achievements of this dissertation and some valuable taxonomic viewpoints concerning with this fungal group were concluded as follow:
1. It is comprehensively investigated the marine lignicolous fungi from Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea of China in Shandong coast and thoroughly described the morphology and distributions of these fungi for the first time. It is considered that this research contributed to the diversity of organism in our country.
2. Fourty genera and 49 species of marine lignicolous fungi are reported, among them 12 are new species, 15 are new report for China and 7 species are found in the marine for the first time. The characte
海洋真菌是一类生态群，由于其特殊的生存环境，以前对其研究较少。随着人们对海洋认识的深化，海洋生物的研究将成为二十一世纪生物研究的热点之一。海洋微生物作为虽然微小但却蕴藏着巨大潜力的生物而渐被人们认识和关注。目前世界已发现海洋微生物一千五百余种，其中高等海洋真菌444种，并已发现由这些海洋微生物产生的独特的生物活性物质上百余种。若想获得更多有价值的生物活性物质，研究和发现海洋真菌是首要任务。调查渤海、黄海海域海洋真菌的种类、分布及多样性是本论文研究的主要目的。
三年研究期间，从青岛、黄岛、胶州湾、海阳、乳山、荣成、威海、刘公岛、牟平、烟台、蓬莱、龙口、招远、莱州等附近海岸选十四个点，进行了海洋漂流木、潮间带固着木的采集，装入无菌的塑料袋中带回实验室，采用直接检查法和湿室诱培法进行检查，共检查了1000余份漂流木及固着木，得到了海洋木生真菌40属、49种，其中子囊菌32种，担子菌1种，半知菌16种；共有中国新记录属8个，新种12个，中国新记录种15个，中国已报道种17个，不确定种5个；其中有7个种首次在海洋环境中报道。
中国新记录属为：圆孢壳属Amylocarpus、安尼斯壳属Anisostagma、毛孢壳属Capillataspora、树球壳属Dryosphaera、海壳属Halosphaeria、拟海壳属Halosphaeriopsis、尼亚腹孢属Nia、叶生壳属Floricola。
中国已报道的属有：沙生菌属Arenariomyces、拟海巢属Ceriosporopsis、毛壳菌属Chaetomium、花冠菌属Corollospora、海球菌属Halosarpheia、海木生菌属Lignincola、路霉属Lulworthia、透孢黑团壳属Massarina、暗球腔菌属Phaeosphaeria、泡孢壳属Phomatospora、格孢腔菌属Pleospora、光黑壳属Preussia、桨孢属Remispora、鱼雷孢属Torpedospora、疣孢壳属Verruculina、柄孢壳属Zopfiella、大单孢属Aplosporella、极孢属Cacumisporium、海卷孢属Cirrenalia、色二孢属Diplodia、附球菌属Epicoccum、黑团孢属Periconia、葡萄状穗霉属Stachybotrys、匍柄霉属Stemphylium、四绺孢属Tetraploa、色串孢属Torula、短梗蠕孢属Trichocladium、沃德霉属Wardomyces、涛旋孢属Zalerion、链格孢属Alternaria、蛹孢贝壳属Ostreichnion、茎点霉属Phoma(为仅在香港报道)。
渤海、黄海海域山东沿岸海洋木生真菌的分类研究
新种为:刺圆抱壳AmytocarPus echinulata、橄榄色安尼斯壳菌Anisostagma
oli~um、炬焰拟海巢菌。/iosP~is刀。脚ma、蓬莱海球菌枷z口‘口塑heiaPe次岁aiensis、
中华海木生菌Lignincola chinensis、尖顶路霉Lulworthia conica、东方透抱黑团壳
几白“arina orientalis、蠕抱暗球腔菌phaeo胡haeria helminthorioi滋、、中国暗球腔菌
Phaeo胡haeria sinensis、烟台桨抱菌RemisP口ra yantaiensis、黄绿庆抱壳菌Verruc耐ina
刀口vo一virens、球极抱菌CacumisPorium globosum。
中国新记录种为:皮生毛抱壳。，l’llatasPora cortic口la、海浮树球壳菌。尽osPhaera
navigans、附枝海壳菌HalosPhaeria冈卑，endiculata、中生拟海壳菌HatosPhaerioPsis
mediosetigera、海岸暗球腔菌PhaeosPhaeria口rae一maris、散生暗球腔菌PhaeosPhaeria
胡口汀口、香蒲暗球腔菌尸加eo胡haeria抑har。、椰生泡抱壳Ph口malosP口ra叹沙icola、兔
光黑壳尸理ussia lerorina、凤头桨抱菌RemisPora galerita、须尼亚腹饱菌Nia vibrissa、
矩饱大单抱菌APtosP口rella subhyaline、条纹叶生壳Floricola striata、水冬麦甸柄霉
Ste呷hyliumtr卿ochinicola、莫斯沃德霉环公介勿州少‘es moseri。
中国已报道的种有17个:三叉沙生菌Arenario阴少ce，tr如rcata、滨拟海巢菌
CertosP口尹qp‘15 halima、球毛壳菌Chaetomium加bosum、海花冠菌CorollosPora maritim“、
光滑海木生菌Lignincola laevis、枯叶格抱腔菌尸leosPora herbarum、放射鱼雷饱菌
TorPedosPora radiata、阔足柄抱壳菌孟砚了2八ella latiPes、大头海卷抱Cirrenalia
macrocePhala、平截色二抱D加lddia mutila、黑色附球菌EPicoccumnl’grum、多育黑团抱
Periconia prol沪ca、黑葡萄状穗霉Stac匆hotrysa介a、芒四络抱Tetroploa aristata、四季
禾生色串饱Torula herbarumf quaternella、梨形短梗蠕抱菌Trichocladium achrasPorum、
海涛旋抱Zalerson maritimum。
在海洋环境中首次发现的种有7个:蛹抱贝壳属Ostreichnion sP.、散生暗球腔菌
Phae口sPhaeriasP~、兔光黑壳乃℃ussia lePorina、矩抱大单抱菌APlosPorella:ub声lyalin。、
平截色二抱DIPtodia mutila、黑色附球菌EPicoccum nigrum、四季禾生色串抱Torula
herbarumf quaternella;
未定名种有:链格抱属Alternaria sP.、安尼斯壳属Anisostagma sP.、蛹抱贝壳属
Os舰ichnion sp.、茎点霉属Phoma sp.、疵抱壳属Verruculina sp.。
本研究的主要成果及对海洋真菌的属种级分类标准的新认识和观点如下:
1.首次较全面地研究了渤海及黄海海域山东沿
The present dissertation is the first studies on marine lignicolous fungi in China, mainly deals with the morphology and distribution of marine fungi from Shandong coast, Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea.
Marine fungi is not a taxonomic group, but an ecological group, which seldom to be studied because of its special habitat. Following the new century coming, marine is becoming the important source to mankind and the marine microorganism is also becoming one of the key researches in the organism studies. Marine microorganism is the potential organism that contains tremendously active substances and deserves to be researched. About 1500 marine microorganism is now found in marine and the marine higher fungi are about 444. It is the most important mission to be investigated and found marine fungi if we want to gain more valuable active substances from these tiny organism. So the main purpose of the present dissertation is to investigate the species and distribution of marine fungi in China Sea.
During the past three years, about 1000 driftwoods and intertidal woods in the sea were collected from Qingdao, Huangdao, Jiaozhouwan, Haiyang, Rushan, Rongcheng, Weihai, Liugongdao, Mouping, Yantai, Penglai, Longkou, Zhaoyuan, Laizhou, which were selected as the studied spot. The specimens were brought back to the laboratory in the sterile snap-lock plastic bags and were examined directly while it is still fresh and moist under the stereo-microscope or incubated in the moist boxes. From these collections, we identified 40 genera and 49 species of marine lignicolous fungi from Shandong coast, which belongs to ascomycota (32), basidiomycota (1) , anamorphic fungi (16) respectively. Among them, 12 taxa are identified as new species, 15 taxa are regarded as the new record for China, 17 taxa have been reported in China, 5 taxa are uncertain species; 7 species are found in sea for the first time.
Twelve new species are Amylocarpus echinulata, Anisostagma olivaceum, Ceriosporosis flamma, Halosarpheia penglaiensis, Lignincola chinensis, Lulworthia conica, Massarina orientalis, Phaeosphaeria helminthorioides, Phaeosphaeria sinensis, Remispora yantaiensis, Verruculinaflavo-virens, Cacumisporium globosum.
The newly recorded genera and species for China are 8 and 15, respectively, they are Capillataspora corticola, Dryosphaera navigans, Halosphaeria appendiculata, Halosphaeriopsis mediosetigera, Phaeosphaeria orae-maris, Phaeosphaeria sparsa,
Phaeosphaeria typharum, Phomatospora nypicola, Preussia leporina, Remispora galerita, Nia vibrissa, Aplosporella subhyaline, Floricola striata, Stemphylium triglochinicola, Wardomyces moseri.
Seventeen species have been previously reported from China, they are Arenariomyces trifurcata, Ceriosporopsis halima, Chaetomium globosum, drrenalia macrocephala, Corollospora maritime, Diplodia mutila, Epicoccum nigrum, Lignincola laevis, Periconia prolifica, Pleospora herbarum, Stachybotrys atra, Tetraploa aristata, Torpedospora radiata, Torula herbarum f. quaternella, Trichocladium achrasporum, Zalerion maritimum, Zopfiella latipes.
Among them, 7 species are found in sea for the first time, they are Ostreichnion sp., Phaeosphaeria sparsa, Preussia leporina, Aplosporella subhyaline, Diplodia mutila, Epicoccum nigrum, Torula herbarum f. quaternella.
The uncertain species are Alternaria sp., Anisostagma sp., Ostreichnion sp., Phoma sp., Verruculina sp..
The main achievements of this dissertation and some valuable taxonomic viewpoints concerning with this fungal group were concluded as follow:
1. It is comprehensively investigated the marine lignicolous fungi from Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea of China in Shandong coast and thoroughly described the morphology and distributions of these fungi for the first time. It is considered that this research contributed to the diversity of organism in our country.
2. Fourty genera and 49 species of marine lignicolous fungi are reported, among them 12 are new species, 15 are new report for China and 7 species are found in the marine for the first time. The characte
引文
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