非恒定流作用下丁坝水毁试验研究
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摘要
丁坝是航道整治的常用工程措施之一,但建成运行后往往在汛期出现水毁现象,需要经常性维护,为了减少后期维护量,急需要开展非恒定流条件下的丁坝水毁研究。本文在长江上游来流过程特征分析的基础上,采用概化水槽的定、动床模型试验,研究了7种非恒定流条件下丁坝周围的水力要素的变化过程,以及坝体周围的冲刷坑发展过程、丁坝的水毁过程,分析了丁坝水毁机理,并进行了对应恒定流的对比试验,研究成果可供丁坝优化设计及维护管理参考。论文取得的主要成果有：
(1)长江上游天然年日均流量过程是一个非对称、非平衡的随机过程,具有单峰、双峰和多峰型态特征,一般峰数越少,最大峰值越大。本文利用一维一阶概率模型确定了不同频率洪水过程。
(2)根据原型河道特点与丁坝特征,进行了水槽与丁坝概化设计。采用非恒定流控制与量测试验系统,实现了日均非恒定流量过程的控制与水位、流速过程的量测。
(3)枯季流量较小时,丁坝多处于非淹没状态,坝头冲刷坑较小、坝体完好：随着流量增加,水流漫过坝顶,坝上下游出现大水位差,同时坝头前沿出现跌水,坝上下游及坝头前沿比降很大,但坝顶流速较小,易损部位主要在坝头；洪峰来临时,坝头前沿纵向水面比降较大、流速梯度较大,但坝顶流速及比降甚至超过坝头及主流区的流速和比降,易损部位主要在坝头与坝身。因坝头大流速水流持续作用的时间长,坝顶汛期水流作用力较大,坝头与坝身均为坝体易损部位,是丁坝结构设计和维护中应加强和重点防范的部位。
(4)非恒定流条件下,坝体周围水面比降极值出现时间在流量极值出现之前,且同流量下涨水期纵比降要大于落水期纵比降；坝头极限冲深、范围及坝体的水毁程度远大于径流总量相同下的恒定流水体的作用。
(5)随着流量增加,坝头流速增大,坝头冲刷坑逐步发展,坝头块石因失去河床的依托,开始失稳滑落；当首次洪峰来临、流速陡增,冲刷坑发展迅速,坝头、背水坡和坝顶往往出现突发性的块石坍塌水毁；随着后续水流的涨跌,坝头冲刷坑的发展相对平缓。
(6)坝体水毁是周围河床变形与汛期流量增大的自身适应性反应；坝头螺旋流、主流、翻坝水流的综合作用下,坝顶处流速与比降迅速增大,坝头涡体随着下潜水流运动到坝头与坝面后破碎、撞击、分离,形成很大的能量,脉动流速很大,使坝头松动的块石直接被水流带走,形成突发性坝体溃缺。
The spur dike is commonly used as one of the engineering measures of channel regulation, but it is often destroyed by flow in the flood season when running, so regular maintenance is required. In order to reduce the amount of post-maintenance it is urgently needed to carry out research of the failure of spur dike under unsteady flow conditions. Based on the analysis of flow process feature upper reaches of the Yangtze River and using fixed bed and movable bed test of generalized sink, the change process of the hydraulic elements, the spur dike destroyed, the reason of groin destroyed and the development of the scour hole around the spur dike are researched under seven unsteady flow processes. And carry out the comparative tests between the constant flow with the unsteady flow. The achievements provide reference for optimization designing groins. The main results obtained in the paper like the following:
(1) The natural annual daily-average discharge hydrograph upper reaches of the Yangtze River is a non-symmetric and unbalanced random process with a single peak or bimodal or multimodal Morphology. Generally the peak number is much fewer and the maximum value of the peak is much greater. The different frequency flood process is established according to one-dimensional first-order probabilistic model.
(2) According to the characteristics of the prototype river and the spur dike, the sink and groin for test is generalized. Using the controlling and inspection system of unsteady flow, the average daily unsteady flow process controlling and water level, flow rate of the process measurement is achieved.
(3)When it is dry season, the spur dike usually is in non-submerged state, the scour hole is smaller and the spur dike is perfect.With the flow rate increasing, the flow submerges over the top of the dam. There is a large difference between the downstream and the upstream of the spur dike and waterfall appearing the frontier of the groin at the same time. The hydraulic inclination upstream and downstream and the frontier of the spur dike is larger but the flow rate is smaller on the top of the groin, and the more vulnerable parts is the head of the spur dike.; When it is flood season, the hydraulic inclination and flow rate of the frontier of the spur dike are always larger but the flow rate and hydraulic inclination of the top of the spur dike are often larger than those of the head of the spur dike and the mainstream, so the more vulnerable parts is mainly the body of the spur dike. Thus the frontier of the spur dike is sustained the high-speed flow for a long time and the top of the spur dike is suffered the larger flow force, the frontier and body of the spur dike are all the vulnerable parts. Which are the parts that should be enhanced whin designning structure of spur dike.
(4) Under unsteady flow conditions, the maximum of hydraulic inclination around the spur dike appears earlier than that of the discharge, and the hydraulic inclination of the rising limb is larger than that of the drop. Ultimate scour depth and range of the frontier of the spur dike and the degree of spur dike destroyed are much greater than that of the corresponding constant flow.
(5) When the flow increasing, flow velocity and scour hole of the groin head are rising and gradually developing individually. The rock block of the spur dike will begin slipping instability due to losing the backing of the riverbed. When the first flood peak arriving, the flow rate increases sharply, the scour hole develops rapidly, the downstream slope and the frontier and the top of the spur dike will suddenly collapse by flow attacking; With the subsequent flow up and down, the scour hole develops relatively slowly.
(6) The spur dike is destroyed which response to the riverbed deformation and flow increasing during flood season; The combined effects of the spiral flow of the groin head and mainstream flow and the running-over-groin flow make the flow rate and hydraulic inclination of the top of the spur dike increase rapidly, the vortex follows the diving flow and arrives the head and surface of the spur dike, and forms a lot of energy when crushing, impacting and separating. The spur dike suddenly collapses because the loose stone was dragged away by flow directly due to the large fluctuating velocity.
(1)长江上游天然年日均流量过程是一个非对称、非平衡的随机过程,具有单峰、双峰和多峰型态特征,一般峰数越少,最大峰值越大。本文利用一维一阶概率模型确定了不同频率洪水过程。
(2)根据原型河道特点与丁坝特征,进行了水槽与丁坝概化设计。采用非恒定流控制与量测试验系统,实现了日均非恒定流量过程的控制与水位、流速过程的量测。
(3)枯季流量较小时,丁坝多处于非淹没状态,坝头冲刷坑较小、坝体完好：随着流量增加,水流漫过坝顶,坝上下游出现大水位差,同时坝头前沿出现跌水,坝上下游及坝头前沿比降很大,但坝顶流速较小,易损部位主要在坝头；洪峰来临时,坝头前沿纵向水面比降较大、流速梯度较大,但坝顶流速及比降甚至超过坝头及主流区的流速和比降,易损部位主要在坝头与坝身。因坝头大流速水流持续作用的时间长,坝顶汛期水流作用力较大,坝头与坝身均为坝体易损部位,是丁坝结构设计和维护中应加强和重点防范的部位。
(4)非恒定流条件下,坝体周围水面比降极值出现时间在流量极值出现之前,且同流量下涨水期纵比降要大于落水期纵比降；坝头极限冲深、范围及坝体的水毁程度远大于径流总量相同下的恒定流水体的作用。
(5)随着流量增加,坝头流速增大,坝头冲刷坑逐步发展,坝头块石因失去河床的依托,开始失稳滑落；当首次洪峰来临、流速陡增,冲刷坑发展迅速,坝头、背水坡和坝顶往往出现突发性的块石坍塌水毁；随着后续水流的涨跌,坝头冲刷坑的发展相对平缓。
(6)坝体水毁是周围河床变形与汛期流量增大的自身适应性反应；坝头螺旋流、主流、翻坝水流的综合作用下,坝顶处流速与比降迅速增大,坝头涡体随着下潜水流运动到坝头与坝面后破碎、撞击、分离,形成很大的能量,脉动流速很大,使坝头松动的块石直接被水流带走,形成突发性坝体溃缺。
The spur dike is commonly used as one of the engineering measures of channel regulation, but it is often destroyed by flow in the flood season when running, so regular maintenance is required. In order to reduce the amount of post-maintenance it is urgently needed to carry out research of the failure of spur dike under unsteady flow conditions. Based on the analysis of flow process feature upper reaches of the Yangtze River and using fixed bed and movable bed test of generalized sink, the change process of the hydraulic elements, the spur dike destroyed, the reason of groin destroyed and the development of the scour hole around the spur dike are researched under seven unsteady flow processes. And carry out the comparative tests between the constant flow with the unsteady flow. The achievements provide reference for optimization designing groins. The main results obtained in the paper like the following:
(1) The natural annual daily-average discharge hydrograph upper reaches of the Yangtze River is a non-symmetric and unbalanced random process with a single peak or bimodal or multimodal Morphology. Generally the peak number is much fewer and the maximum value of the peak is much greater. The different frequency flood process is established according to one-dimensional first-order probabilistic model.
(2) According to the characteristics of the prototype river and the spur dike, the sink and groin for test is generalized. Using the controlling and inspection system of unsteady flow, the average daily unsteady flow process controlling and water level, flow rate of the process measurement is achieved.
(3)When it is dry season, the spur dike usually is in non-submerged state, the scour hole is smaller and the spur dike is perfect.With the flow rate increasing, the flow submerges over the top of the dam. There is a large difference between the downstream and the upstream of the spur dike and waterfall appearing the frontier of the groin at the same time. The hydraulic inclination upstream and downstream and the frontier of the spur dike is larger but the flow rate is smaller on the top of the groin, and the more vulnerable parts is the head of the spur dike.; When it is flood season, the hydraulic inclination and flow rate of the frontier of the spur dike are always larger but the flow rate and hydraulic inclination of the top of the spur dike are often larger than those of the head of the spur dike and the mainstream, so the more vulnerable parts is mainly the body of the spur dike. Thus the frontier of the spur dike is sustained the high-speed flow for a long time and the top of the spur dike is suffered the larger flow force, the frontier and body of the spur dike are all the vulnerable parts. Which are the parts that should be enhanced whin designning structure of spur dike.
(4) Under unsteady flow conditions, the maximum of hydraulic inclination around the spur dike appears earlier than that of the discharge, and the hydraulic inclination of the rising limb is larger than that of the drop. Ultimate scour depth and range of the frontier of the spur dike and the degree of spur dike destroyed are much greater than that of the corresponding constant flow.
(5) When the flow increasing, flow velocity and scour hole of the groin head are rising and gradually developing individually. The rock block of the spur dike will begin slipping instability due to losing the backing of the riverbed. When the first flood peak arriving, the flow rate increases sharply, the scour hole develops rapidly, the downstream slope and the frontier and the top of the spur dike will suddenly collapse by flow attacking; With the subsequent flow up and down, the scour hole develops relatively slowly.
(6) The spur dike is destroyed which response to the riverbed deformation and flow increasing during flood season; The combined effects of the spiral flow of the groin head and mainstream flow and the running-over-groin flow make the flow rate and hydraulic inclination of the top of the spur dike increase rapidly, the vortex follows the diving flow and arrives the head and surface of the spur dike, and forms a lot of energy when crushing, impacting and separating. The spur dike suddenly collapses because the loose stone was dragged away by flow directly due to the large fluctuating velocity.
引文
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