《滇南本草》的整理研究野烟和黄藁本的生药学研究
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摘要
通过本草考证,野烟(西南山梗菜Lobelia sequinii Lévl.et Vant.)和黄藁本(滇芹Sinodielsiayunnanensis Wolff.)均始载于《滇南本草》。药源调查表明,野烟无商品药材流通,而黄藁本有少量商品药材,为云南本地自产自销。
首次对野烟的药材性状、显微特征进行了研究,结果表明野烟药材的鉴别特征为:药材的根粗壮,表面棕黄色,茎直立,扁圆柱形,黄绿色,有纵皱。单叶螺旋状排列生长,绿褐色,展平后披针形,边缘具细锯齿;总状花序生茎顶端,花繁密,偏向一边,淡蓝紫色,有时可见小蒴果,且破碎后有刺鼻的辛辣气。显微鉴别特征为:根横切面及粉末中常见的乳汁管及筛管群;叶下表皮细胞表面有弯曲的角质样线纹,气孔不定式;花粉粒为无色或微黄色,圆球形,具三个萌发孔,粉末中可见种皮厚壁栅状细胞及种皮薄壁栅状细胞。首次对野烟进行化学成分预试,发现主要含有生物碱、还原糖、甙类、酚类、甾醇,三萜、挥发油、油脂、蛋白质及氨基酸等多种成分。首次对野烟进行了药理学研究,发现野烟的60%乙醇提取物具有明显的抗炎、镇痛作用,并有很好的体外抗菌活性。通过测定野烟的小鼠最大给药量对野烟的急性毒性进行了研究,结果表明野烟的小鼠最大给药量大于36.69g/kg体重(210.16g生药/kg体重),毒性反应主要表现为呕吐、俯卧、紫绀、呼吸急促及惊厥。
对黄藁本的药材性状、显微特征进行了研究,结果表明黄藁本药材的性状鉴别特征为:不规则结节状,略呈圆锥状,多弯曲表面黄棕色或综色,具横纹及横向突起的皮孔。显微鉴别特征为:根横切中木栓层部分区域向内凹陷形成褶皱;皮层较宽,分布有众多的大型油室;韧皮薄壁细胞为不规则圆形,可见油室;形成层间断成环;木质部较宽广,导管众多,不整齐地径向排列成行,分布有油室。粉末特征为:油室大型,裂生,多破碎;淀粉粒椭圆形或长圆形,脐点不明显;木栓石细胞,淡黄色,不规则形,壁不甚厚,胞腔较大;木栓细胞无色或浅黄色,类长方形,壁薄;导管众多,为网纹导管。对黄藁本的化学成分进行了预试,其中主要含有氨基酸、多肽、糖类、多糖、甙类、还原糖、黄酮类、蒽醌类化合物、酚性成分、内酯、甾醇、三萜、油脂等多种成分。首次对黄藁本进行了药理学研究,由药效学实验结果可知黄藁本的水提取物具有明显的镇痛、促进小肠蠕动的作用,并确定了黄藁本的小鼠最大给药量大于35.30g/kg体重(236.93g生药/kg体重),无明显毒性反应。
野烟和黄藁本在民间药用功效确切,都是开发价值很高的民族药,笔者对二者进行了系统的生药学研究,为进一步研究和开发利用野烟和黄藁本资源以及《滇南本草》的整理研究提供了可靠的科学依据。
After studying on documents of Yeyan(Lobelia sequinii Lévl.et Vant.)and Huanggaoben(Sinodielsia yunnanensis Wolff.),it has been found that these two herbs first appeared in the Materia Medica of south Yunnan(滇南本草),compiled by Lan Mao(兰茂)in Ming dynasty.By the investigation in producing area,Yeyan was not been found in herb market,but Huanggaoben could be found in some market of Yunnan.
A detail description on plant pattern,crude drug characters and microscopic identification of Yeyan were provided for the first time.Obvious characteristics for its identification were revealed.The crude drug characters are Root thick,with slender fibrous roots,outer surface pale yellow or yellowish-brown,with fine longitudinal striaes,stem straight,cylindrical and slightly flattened,yellowish-green, with longitudinal striaes.Leaves are simple,alternate,blades narrow and lanceolate, margin serrate or doubly serrate.Raceme acrogenous,flowers numerous,lean to one side of axis,corolla purplish-red,violet or sky-blue,Ovules hpogynous,sometimes capsules can be seen.And the odor is Pungent when crude drug has been crushed. The characteristics for microscopic identification:laticifers scattered or arranged in bundle are always present in transverse section of root and powder;bend cutin striae can be find on the surface of epidermis cells of the leaves;stomata are anomocytic type;pollens are achromaticity or straw yellow,pellet,three germinal aperture; palisade sclerenchymatous cells of seed coat and palisade Parenchymatous cells of seed coat can be find in powder.Chemical analysis was carried out,the result show that Yeyan contains alkaloids,reducing sugars,glycosides,hydroxybenzene,sterols, triterpene,volatile oil,lipin,protein,amino acids and so on.To provide scientific basis for clinical using,pharmacology study of Yeyan has been performed for the first time.The result indicated that the extracts of 60%ethanol can relieve pain,anti inflammation and has the effect of antibacterial action.The acute toxicity of this herb has been tested too.
For the crud drug of Huanggaoben,By studing on plant pattern,crude drug characters and microscopic identification,the features for crude drug identification were revealed:abnormity knur,assume taper and bend,outer surface pale brown or yellowish-brown,with transverse striaes and protuberant lenticel.The characteristics for microscopic identification:phellem is sunken in some area,grease chamberpresent in transverse section of root and powder,phellem stone cell can be seen in powder,reticulate vessels are throng,present in transverse section of root and powder.Chemical analysis was carried out,the result show that Huanggaoben contains lactone,sterols,triterpene,amino acids,polypeptide,glucide,polyhexose, glycosides,reducing sugars,flavone,anthraquinone,hydroxybenzene,lipin and so on.Pharmacology study of Huanggaoben based on clinical using has been performed for the first time.The extract of water has the effect of anti-pain, enterokinesia.The acute toxicity of Huanggaoben has been tested too.
首次对野烟的药材性状、显微特征进行了研究,结果表明野烟药材的鉴别特征为:药材的根粗壮,表面棕黄色,茎直立,扁圆柱形,黄绿色,有纵皱。单叶螺旋状排列生长,绿褐色,展平后披针形,边缘具细锯齿;总状花序生茎顶端,花繁密,偏向一边,淡蓝紫色,有时可见小蒴果,且破碎后有刺鼻的辛辣气。显微鉴别特征为:根横切面及粉末中常见的乳汁管及筛管群;叶下表皮细胞表面有弯曲的角质样线纹,气孔不定式;花粉粒为无色或微黄色,圆球形,具三个萌发孔,粉末中可见种皮厚壁栅状细胞及种皮薄壁栅状细胞。首次对野烟进行化学成分预试,发现主要含有生物碱、还原糖、甙类、酚类、甾醇,三萜、挥发油、油脂、蛋白质及氨基酸等多种成分。首次对野烟进行了药理学研究,发现野烟的60%乙醇提取物具有明显的抗炎、镇痛作用,并有很好的体外抗菌活性。通过测定野烟的小鼠最大给药量对野烟的急性毒性进行了研究,结果表明野烟的小鼠最大给药量大于36.69g/kg体重(210.16g生药/kg体重),毒性反应主要表现为呕吐、俯卧、紫绀、呼吸急促及惊厥。
对黄藁本的药材性状、显微特征进行了研究,结果表明黄藁本药材的性状鉴别特征为:不规则结节状,略呈圆锥状,多弯曲表面黄棕色或综色,具横纹及横向突起的皮孔。显微鉴别特征为:根横切中木栓层部分区域向内凹陷形成褶皱;皮层较宽,分布有众多的大型油室;韧皮薄壁细胞为不规则圆形,可见油室;形成层间断成环;木质部较宽广,导管众多,不整齐地径向排列成行,分布有油室。粉末特征为:油室大型,裂生,多破碎;淀粉粒椭圆形或长圆形,脐点不明显;木栓石细胞,淡黄色,不规则形,壁不甚厚,胞腔较大;木栓细胞无色或浅黄色,类长方形,壁薄;导管众多,为网纹导管。对黄藁本的化学成分进行了预试,其中主要含有氨基酸、多肽、糖类、多糖、甙类、还原糖、黄酮类、蒽醌类化合物、酚性成分、内酯、甾醇、三萜、油脂等多种成分。首次对黄藁本进行了药理学研究,由药效学实验结果可知黄藁本的水提取物具有明显的镇痛、促进小肠蠕动的作用,并确定了黄藁本的小鼠最大给药量大于35.30g/kg体重(236.93g生药/kg体重),无明显毒性反应。
野烟和黄藁本在民间药用功效确切,都是开发价值很高的民族药,笔者对二者进行了系统的生药学研究,为进一步研究和开发利用野烟和黄藁本资源以及《滇南本草》的整理研究提供了可靠的科学依据。
After studying on documents of Yeyan(Lobelia sequinii Lévl.et Vant.)and Huanggaoben(Sinodielsia yunnanensis Wolff.),it has been found that these two herbs first appeared in the Materia Medica of south Yunnan(滇南本草),compiled by Lan Mao(兰茂)in Ming dynasty.By the investigation in producing area,Yeyan was not been found in herb market,but Huanggaoben could be found in some market of Yunnan.
A detail description on plant pattern,crude drug characters and microscopic identification of Yeyan were provided for the first time.Obvious characteristics for its identification were revealed.The crude drug characters are Root thick,with slender fibrous roots,outer surface pale yellow or yellowish-brown,with fine longitudinal striaes,stem straight,cylindrical and slightly flattened,yellowish-green, with longitudinal striaes.Leaves are simple,alternate,blades narrow and lanceolate, margin serrate or doubly serrate.Raceme acrogenous,flowers numerous,lean to one side of axis,corolla purplish-red,violet or sky-blue,Ovules hpogynous,sometimes capsules can be seen.And the odor is Pungent when crude drug has been crushed. The characteristics for microscopic identification:laticifers scattered or arranged in bundle are always present in transverse section of root and powder;bend cutin striae can be find on the surface of epidermis cells of the leaves;stomata are anomocytic type;pollens are achromaticity or straw yellow,pellet,three germinal aperture; palisade sclerenchymatous cells of seed coat and palisade Parenchymatous cells of seed coat can be find in powder.Chemical analysis was carried out,the result show that Yeyan contains alkaloids,reducing sugars,glycosides,hydroxybenzene,sterols, triterpene,volatile oil,lipin,protein,amino acids and so on.To provide scientific basis for clinical using,pharmacology study of Yeyan has been performed for the first time.The result indicated that the extracts of 60%ethanol can relieve pain,anti inflammation and has the effect of antibacterial action.The acute toxicity of this herb has been tested too.
For the crud drug of Huanggaoben,By studing on plant pattern,crude drug characters and microscopic identification,the features for crude drug identification were revealed:abnormity knur,assume taper and bend,outer surface pale brown or yellowish-brown,with transverse striaes and protuberant lenticel.The characteristics for microscopic identification:phellem is sunken in some area,grease chamberpresent in transverse section of root and powder,phellem stone cell can be seen in powder,reticulate vessels are throng,present in transverse section of root and powder.Chemical analysis was carried out,the result show that Huanggaoben contains lactone,sterols,triterpene,amino acids,polypeptide,glucide,polyhexose, glycosides,reducing sugars,flavone,anthraquinone,hydroxybenzene,lipin and so on.Pharmacology study of Huanggaoben based on clinical using has been performed for the first time.The extract of water has the effect of anti-pain, enterokinesia.The acute toxicity of Huanggaoben has been tested too.
引文
[1]《滇南本草》整理组.滇南本草[M].第二卷 云南:云南人民出版社,1978
[2]国家中医药管理局.中华本草[M].第七卷 第五卷 上海:上海科学技术出版社,1999
[3]全国中草药汇编编写组.全国中草药汇编[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,1996
[4]云南省卫生局.云南中草药[M].云南:云南人民出版社,1971
[5]清·吴其睿.植物名实图考[M].第二十三卷
[6]江苏新医学院.中药大辞典[M].下册.上海:上海人民出版社,1977
[7]红河州卫生局.红河中草药[M].1971
[8]全国中草药汇编编写组.全国中草药汇编[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,1975
[9]国家中医药管理局《中华本草》编委员.中华本草[M]上海:上海科学技术出版社,1998
[10]江苏植物所.新华本草纲要[M].(第二册).上海:上海科技出版社,1988
[11]《四川中药志》协作编写组编[M].四川中药志.成都:四川人民出版社,1982
[12]张明哲,曾立伟紫燕草化学成分研究[J]北京大学学报(自然科学版),1991,27(2),205-209
[13]杨靖华,汪云松,杨瑞佳,等.长萼野烟化学成分研究Ⅰ[J]热带作物学报,1998,19:160-162
[14]杨靖华,李子燕,汪云松,等.长萼野烟化学成分的研究Ⅱ[J]中草药,2001,32(3):207-208
[15]李瑜,师彦平,等.红山梗菜化学成分研究[J]高等学校化学学报,1993,14(10):1391-1393
[17]陈奇等·中药药理研究方法学·北京:人民卫生出版社,1993:378
[18]昆明军区后勤部卫生部.云南中草药选[M].1970
[19]李云森,叶晓雯,廖心荣,等.云南习用藁本的品种考证[J].中草药,2001,32(3):16-18,21
[20]廖心荣,游春,张庆芝,等.三种云南习用藁本的鉴别[J].云南中医学院学报,1996,19(4):8-10,7
[21]叶晓雯,李云森等.黄藁本挥发油化学成分分析[J].云南中医学院学报,2000,23(2):16-18,21
[22]江滨,韦群辉等.黄藁本精油成分的研究[J].中国民族民间医药杂1997,27:27-29
[23]叶晓雯,李云森等.薄层扫描法测定黄藁本中滇芹素B的含量[J].湖北中医学院学报2004,96(3):29-30
[24]李云森,叶晓雯,廖心荣等.云南习用藁本的品种考证[J].中草药,2003,32(3):257-259
[25]朱兆云,罗天浩,寸润林等.大理中药资源志[M].昆明:云南民族出版社,1991
[26]云南省药材公司.云南中药资源名录[M].北京:科学出版社,1993
[27]中国科学院昆明植物所.云南种子植物名录[M].昆明:云南人民出版社,1984
[2]国家中医药管理局.中华本草[M].第七卷 第五卷 上海:上海科学技术出版社,1999
[3]全国中草药汇编编写组.全国中草药汇编[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,1996
[4]云南省卫生局.云南中草药[M].云南:云南人民出版社,1971
[5]清·吴其睿.植物名实图考[M].第二十三卷
[6]江苏新医学院.中药大辞典[M].下册.上海:上海人民出版社,1977
[7]红河州卫生局.红河中草药[M].1971
[8]全国中草药汇编编写组.全国中草药汇编[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,1975
[9]国家中医药管理局《中华本草》编委员.中华本草[M]上海:上海科学技术出版社,1998
[10]江苏植物所.新华本草纲要[M].(第二册).上海:上海科技出版社,1988
[11]《四川中药志》协作编写组编[M].四川中药志.成都:四川人民出版社,1982
[12]张明哲,曾立伟紫燕草化学成分研究[J]北京大学学报(自然科学版),1991,27(2),205-209
[13]杨靖华,汪云松,杨瑞佳,等.长萼野烟化学成分研究Ⅰ[J]热带作物学报,1998,19:160-162
[14]杨靖华,李子燕,汪云松,等.长萼野烟化学成分的研究Ⅱ[J]中草药,2001,32(3):207-208
[15]李瑜,师彦平,等.红山梗菜化学成分研究[J]高等学校化学学报,1993,14(10):1391-1393
[17]陈奇等·中药药理研究方法学·北京:人民卫生出版社,1993:378
[18]昆明军区后勤部卫生部.云南中草药选[M].1970
[19]李云森,叶晓雯,廖心荣,等.云南习用藁本的品种考证[J].中草药,2001,32(3):16-18,21
[20]廖心荣,游春,张庆芝,等.三种云南习用藁本的鉴别[J].云南中医学院学报,1996,19(4):8-10,7
[21]叶晓雯,李云森等.黄藁本挥发油化学成分分析[J].云南中医学院学报,2000,23(2):16-18,21
[22]江滨,韦群辉等.黄藁本精油成分的研究[J].中国民族民间医药杂1997,27:27-29
[23]叶晓雯,李云森等.薄层扫描法测定黄藁本中滇芹素B的含量[J].湖北中医学院学报2004,96(3):29-30
[24]李云森,叶晓雯,廖心荣等.云南习用藁本的品种考证[J].中草药,2003,32(3):257-259
[25]朱兆云,罗天浩,寸润林等.大理中药资源志[M].昆明:云南民族出版社,1991
[26]云南省药材公司.云南中药资源名录[M].北京:科学出版社,1993
[27]中国科学院昆明植物所.云南种子植物名录[M].昆明:云南人民出版社,1984