城市森林景区生态评价与开发模式研究
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摘要
随着我国城市人口的增长和城市化速度的加快,城市建设用地不断挤占城市自然景观,以森林资源为代表的自然资源由于受到越来越强烈的人为干扰而改变了原有的景观格局,景观过程也随之受到较大程度的负面影响。与此同时,随着我国旅游业的快速发展,越来越多的森林资源被开发成森林景区,形成了一些全国知名的森林公园和森林旅游区,森林生态旅游业正逐步成为我国旅游经济和林业经济新的增长点。在森林旅游收入不断增长的同时,森林景观所承受的干扰强度也随着旅游者数量的增长而不断增加,森林景观稳定性维护与旅游活动干扰之间的矛盾日益突出。在我国城市发展进程中,环境保护与生态建设在近年来越发受到人们的重视,城市森林在城市中的重要生态战略点地位和生态环境价值被广为认知,低碳生活的理念也已深入人心。在这样的背景下,有必要对城市森林景区的生态价值、生态风险和开发模式进行系统研究,通过生态评价工作加强城市森林资源的保护性开发,使这一类景区在实现旅游经济功能的同时更能彰显其卓越的生态环境功能。
本文在总结国内外已有相关研究成果的基础上,以城市生态学、森林生态学、恢复生态学、环境经济学、旅游地理学等学科的科学理论为指导,遵循“时空考察——生态资源评价——生态价值评价——生态风险评价——开发模式探讨”的研究模式,结合遥感影像图件、森林资源调查数据、经济社会统计数据等资料,运用空间分析、数理统计、因子叠加等多种技术和方法,以南京钟山风景区为案例地,全面深入地研究了城市森林景区的生态资源、生态价值、生态风险和开发模式。在技术上,使用ENVI4.7,对钟山风景区2003年、2005年、2009年三个时期的ETM+影像进行处理,基于NDVI(归一化植被指数)对林地蓄积量变化情况进行了分析；使用2010年的环境卫星高光谱数据,对景区林木的健康状况进行了分析；使用MODIS业务化反演算法,对南京市区2009年的气溶胶光学厚度进行了分析；使用协调发展度模型和计算方法,对南京市旅游经济与生态环境的协调发展度进行了测算；运用ArcGIS Desktop9.1提取钟山风景区2002年森林资源二类调查数据,选择评价因子,基于RBFN(径向基函数网络)模型,使用MATLAB7.0对研究区进行了森林旅游生态风险评价。文章大量采用量化方法,最后在旅游价值评价和旅游风险评价图件叠加的基础上提出城市森林景区四种不同类型的开发模式,具有较强的实用价值。
论文研究内容共分为四大部分：第一部分是基础研究,包括第一、二、三章,主要对研究背景、研究意义、研究内容、研究方法、研究思路和研究框架进行了阐述,对城市森林景区的相关概念进行了界定,对国内外相关研究进行了综述,并对与本研究相关的理论基础进行了总结。第二部分是综合分析,包括第四、五、六章,主要是对研究区森林资源变化情况进行了分析,对森林资源质量进行了评价；对景区的生态价值进行了测算,分析了该景区在南京旅游经济与生态环境协调发展中的重要地位；运用ArcGIS技术对钟山风景区森林资源二类调查数据进行提取,经分析形成森林旅游生态风险评价的四个基础因子,使用人工神经网络方法进行各小班的生态风险评价。第三部分是实证分析,包括第七章,对生态价值评价和生态风险评价的结果进行了叠加,提出了城市森林景区的四种开发模式,总结了城市森林景区旅游开发的理念、目标和指导原则。第四部分是研究总结,包括第八章,主要是对主要研究结论进行总结,介绍了论文的创新点,分析了研究中的不足,提出了今后能够进一步推进的方向。
论文综合运用了多种数据,借助RS和GIS技术,对城市森林景区进行了比较全面的定量研究,突破了定性研究和单一数据定量研究带来的局限性。研究发现：①钟山风景区在建国以后出现了三次森林蓄积量下降的情况,第三次下降的主要原因是城市化过程和旅游活动影响带来的林地生境退化和景观破碎化。②2005年至2009年,中山陵园管理局对钟山风景区进行外围环境综合整治,森林景观得到恢复,显示出生态基础设施建设在城市森林景区发展和城市生态环境建设中的积极意义。③景区林地健康度水平总体较高,生态功能处于比较稳定的阶段,从生态上看属于正向演替,无需人为干扰,但近年来针叶林的大幅度退化,不利于景区景观价值的维护。④钟山风景区的气溶胶光学厚度小于南京市区的其他地区,说明大气中的颗粒物较少,空气质量在南京市区属于最高水平。⑤通过旅游经济与生态环境协调发展度测算,发现南京市的旅游经济与生态环境协调发展度属于“一般协调发展类旅游经济滞后型”阶段。⑥使用RBFN模型,选取典型林业小班数据进行训练,将662个小班划分为极强危险、强度危险、中度危险和轻度危险四个等级,训练结果发现,较多的极强危险区分布在山体东北部和山体中南部。⑦在生态价值和生态风险分区图件叠加的基础上进行了开发模式研究,对各种模式的开发目标和开发思路进行了探讨。
With the increase of urban population and the accelerated urbanization process, the urban construction land is crowding out more and more natural landscape; natural resources represented by forest resources have changed their original landscape patterns due to the increasingly severe man-made interference which has also brought a negative impact on landscape process to a greater degree. Meanwhile, with the rapid development of the tourist industry in China, more and more forest resources have been exploited into forest scenic spots, forming some nationwide famous forest parks and forest tourist area, forest ecological tourism is gradually becoming a new growth point for China's tourism economy and forestry economy. While the income of the forest tourism is growing, the intensity of interference bore by the forest landscape has also enhanced with the increasing number of tourists, the contradiction between forest landscape stability maintenance and tourist activities is increase. In the process of urbanization in China, people are more and more concerned about environmental protection and ecological construction in recent years. It is widely recognized that urban forests play an important strategic role in the city and has very important ecological and environmental value. Against this backdrop, it is necessary to study the ecological value, the ecological risk and the development mode of the urban forest park systematically. In this way, we can strengthen the protective exploitation of urban forest by way of ecological assessment and realize their tourism economy function as well as display their remarkable ecological and environmental functions. On the basis of summarizing the related research findings both at home and abroad which already exist and guided by the scientific theory of the disciplines such as Urban Ecology, Forest Ecology, Restoration Ecology, Environmental Economics, Tourism Geography, etc. This paper followed the research model of "Inspection of Time and Space-Assessment of Ecological Resources-Assessment of Ecological Value-Assessment of Ecological Risk-Study of Development Mode", integrated different kinds of data such as RS image, forest inventory investigation and used various kinds of techniques and methods such as special analysis, mathematical statistics, and factor-overlap in the study. Take Zhongshan Mountain National Park as the case study, this paper comprehensively studied the ecological resources, ecological value, ecological risk and development mode of the urban forest park in depth. In terms of techniques, this paper dealt with the EMT+images of Zhongshan area in2003,2005and2009by NDVI of ENVI4.7in order to analyze the change of the stock volume, analyzed the situation of forest health in Zhongshan area based on hyper spectral data of environmental satellite in2010; used the MODIS method to analyze the Aerosol Optical Depth of Nanjing; it also used the mathematic model and calculated method of the coordinated development degree to measure the tourism economy and ecological and environmental coordinated development degree of Nanjing Applied ArcGIS Desktop9.1to extract data from forest inventory investigation data of the case area in2002, and then formed the evaluation factor, based on the RBFN model, this paper also assessed the ecological risk of the case area using MATLAB7.0. Most of the research was carried out in a quantitative way, and the four different development modes were brought forward in a qualitative way, so it has stronger practical value.
This paper is divided into four parts:the first part is basic study including Chapter1, Chapter2and Chapter3. This part focuses on the description of the research background, research meaning, research contents, research methods, research approach, and research framework of the paper. It defined the concepts related with the urban forest park, summarizes the related study findings both at home and abroad and the related theoretical basis. The second part is comprehensive analysis which includes Chapter4, chapter5and Chapter6. It mainly studied the research scope, the general information of the environment, resources, forestry history, and the change in forest resources of the case study. It calculated the ecological value of Zhongshan and analyzed the important role to the coordinated development between the economy and ecology of Nanjing. It also used ArcGIS to abstract data from forest inventory investigation data, formed the four basic factors, and assessed the ecological risk using the method of artificial neural network. The third part is empirical analysis including Chapter7. It summarized the idea, targets and principles to the development of Urban Forest Park. Based on the assessment of ecological value and ecological risk, it formed4development modes. The fourth part is summary of the research which includes Chapter8. It sums up the major research conclusions, analyzed the innovations and shortages of the research, and also point out the direction of the further study.
By using various kinds of data and the application of the RS and GIS technologies, this paper did a relatively comprehensive quantitative research on Urban Forest Park. It also broke through the limitation of qualitative research and single data on the research. The research found out that:①There were three times of the decrease of stock volume in Zhongshan since1949, the third time was because of the degeneration and fragmentation of the landscape by the urbanization and tourist activities.②From2005to2009, due to the comprehensive environmental treatment in surrounding area of Zhongshan Mountain National Park, the forest landscape has been restored, indicating that ecological infrastructure construction has played a positive role in the ecological construction of the urban forest park and the environmental construction of the city.③The forest health was good and the ecological function was stable, the succession and ecological effects was positive, while the degraded coniferous landscape needs human interference to improve it in order to maintain the scenic beauty.④The AOD of Zhongshan Mountain National Park is lower than other parts of Nanjing, which indicates that there are few particulates in the atmosphere. Its atmosphere quality is the best in downtown Nanjing.⑤Through the assessment of the tourism economy and ecological and environmental coordinated development degree, it can be concluded that Nanjing belongs to medium coordinated development level and tourism economy delay type.⑤Using the RBFN model and selected typical forest data for training. The662small classes are divided into four grades:mild risk, medium risk, serious risk and extreme risk. Most of extreme risk area is located in the northeastern and south parts of the mountain.⑦Based on the overlap of ecological value and ecological risk, this study discussed the targets and measure of different kind of development modes.
本文在总结国内外已有相关研究成果的基础上,以城市生态学、森林生态学、恢复生态学、环境经济学、旅游地理学等学科的科学理论为指导,遵循“时空考察——生态资源评价——生态价值评价——生态风险评价——开发模式探讨”的研究模式,结合遥感影像图件、森林资源调查数据、经济社会统计数据等资料,运用空间分析、数理统计、因子叠加等多种技术和方法,以南京钟山风景区为案例地,全面深入地研究了城市森林景区的生态资源、生态价值、生态风险和开发模式。在技术上,使用ENVI4.7,对钟山风景区2003年、2005年、2009年三个时期的ETM+影像进行处理,基于NDVI(归一化植被指数)对林地蓄积量变化情况进行了分析；使用2010年的环境卫星高光谱数据,对景区林木的健康状况进行了分析；使用MODIS业务化反演算法,对南京市区2009年的气溶胶光学厚度进行了分析；使用协调发展度模型和计算方法,对南京市旅游经济与生态环境的协调发展度进行了测算；运用ArcGIS Desktop9.1提取钟山风景区2002年森林资源二类调查数据,选择评价因子,基于RBFN(径向基函数网络)模型,使用MATLAB7.0对研究区进行了森林旅游生态风险评价。文章大量采用量化方法,最后在旅游价值评价和旅游风险评价图件叠加的基础上提出城市森林景区四种不同类型的开发模式,具有较强的实用价值。
论文研究内容共分为四大部分：第一部分是基础研究,包括第一、二、三章,主要对研究背景、研究意义、研究内容、研究方法、研究思路和研究框架进行了阐述,对城市森林景区的相关概念进行了界定,对国内外相关研究进行了综述,并对与本研究相关的理论基础进行了总结。第二部分是综合分析,包括第四、五、六章,主要是对研究区森林资源变化情况进行了分析,对森林资源质量进行了评价；对景区的生态价值进行了测算,分析了该景区在南京旅游经济与生态环境协调发展中的重要地位；运用ArcGIS技术对钟山风景区森林资源二类调查数据进行提取,经分析形成森林旅游生态风险评价的四个基础因子,使用人工神经网络方法进行各小班的生态风险评价。第三部分是实证分析,包括第七章,对生态价值评价和生态风险评价的结果进行了叠加,提出了城市森林景区的四种开发模式,总结了城市森林景区旅游开发的理念、目标和指导原则。第四部分是研究总结,包括第八章,主要是对主要研究结论进行总结,介绍了论文的创新点,分析了研究中的不足,提出了今后能够进一步推进的方向。
论文综合运用了多种数据,借助RS和GIS技术,对城市森林景区进行了比较全面的定量研究,突破了定性研究和单一数据定量研究带来的局限性。研究发现：①钟山风景区在建国以后出现了三次森林蓄积量下降的情况,第三次下降的主要原因是城市化过程和旅游活动影响带来的林地生境退化和景观破碎化。②2005年至2009年,中山陵园管理局对钟山风景区进行外围环境综合整治,森林景观得到恢复,显示出生态基础设施建设在城市森林景区发展和城市生态环境建设中的积极意义。③景区林地健康度水平总体较高,生态功能处于比较稳定的阶段,从生态上看属于正向演替,无需人为干扰,但近年来针叶林的大幅度退化,不利于景区景观价值的维护。④钟山风景区的气溶胶光学厚度小于南京市区的其他地区,说明大气中的颗粒物较少,空气质量在南京市区属于最高水平。⑤通过旅游经济与生态环境协调发展度测算,发现南京市的旅游经济与生态环境协调发展度属于“一般协调发展类旅游经济滞后型”阶段。⑥使用RBFN模型,选取典型林业小班数据进行训练,将662个小班划分为极强危险、强度危险、中度危险和轻度危险四个等级,训练结果发现,较多的极强危险区分布在山体东北部和山体中南部。⑦在生态价值和生态风险分区图件叠加的基础上进行了开发模式研究,对各种模式的开发目标和开发思路进行了探讨。
With the increase of urban population and the accelerated urbanization process, the urban construction land is crowding out more and more natural landscape; natural resources represented by forest resources have changed their original landscape patterns due to the increasingly severe man-made interference which has also brought a negative impact on landscape process to a greater degree. Meanwhile, with the rapid development of the tourist industry in China, more and more forest resources have been exploited into forest scenic spots, forming some nationwide famous forest parks and forest tourist area, forest ecological tourism is gradually becoming a new growth point for China's tourism economy and forestry economy. While the income of the forest tourism is growing, the intensity of interference bore by the forest landscape has also enhanced with the increasing number of tourists, the contradiction between forest landscape stability maintenance and tourist activities is increase. In the process of urbanization in China, people are more and more concerned about environmental protection and ecological construction in recent years. It is widely recognized that urban forests play an important strategic role in the city and has very important ecological and environmental value. Against this backdrop, it is necessary to study the ecological value, the ecological risk and the development mode of the urban forest park systematically. In this way, we can strengthen the protective exploitation of urban forest by way of ecological assessment and realize their tourism economy function as well as display their remarkable ecological and environmental functions. On the basis of summarizing the related research findings both at home and abroad which already exist and guided by the scientific theory of the disciplines such as Urban Ecology, Forest Ecology, Restoration Ecology, Environmental Economics, Tourism Geography, etc. This paper followed the research model of "Inspection of Time and Space-Assessment of Ecological Resources-Assessment of Ecological Value-Assessment of Ecological Risk-Study of Development Mode", integrated different kinds of data such as RS image, forest inventory investigation and used various kinds of techniques and methods such as special analysis, mathematical statistics, and factor-overlap in the study. Take Zhongshan Mountain National Park as the case study, this paper comprehensively studied the ecological resources, ecological value, ecological risk and development mode of the urban forest park in depth. In terms of techniques, this paper dealt with the EMT+images of Zhongshan area in2003,2005and2009by NDVI of ENVI4.7in order to analyze the change of the stock volume, analyzed the situation of forest health in Zhongshan area based on hyper spectral data of environmental satellite in2010; used the MODIS method to analyze the Aerosol Optical Depth of Nanjing; it also used the mathematic model and calculated method of the coordinated development degree to measure the tourism economy and ecological and environmental coordinated development degree of Nanjing Applied ArcGIS Desktop9.1to extract data from forest inventory investigation data of the case area in2002, and then formed the evaluation factor, based on the RBFN model, this paper also assessed the ecological risk of the case area using MATLAB7.0. Most of the research was carried out in a quantitative way, and the four different development modes were brought forward in a qualitative way, so it has stronger practical value.
This paper is divided into four parts:the first part is basic study including Chapter1, Chapter2and Chapter3. This part focuses on the description of the research background, research meaning, research contents, research methods, research approach, and research framework of the paper. It defined the concepts related with the urban forest park, summarizes the related study findings both at home and abroad and the related theoretical basis. The second part is comprehensive analysis which includes Chapter4, chapter5and Chapter6. It mainly studied the research scope, the general information of the environment, resources, forestry history, and the change in forest resources of the case study. It calculated the ecological value of Zhongshan and analyzed the important role to the coordinated development between the economy and ecology of Nanjing. It also used ArcGIS to abstract data from forest inventory investigation data, formed the four basic factors, and assessed the ecological risk using the method of artificial neural network. The third part is empirical analysis including Chapter7. It summarized the idea, targets and principles to the development of Urban Forest Park. Based on the assessment of ecological value and ecological risk, it formed4development modes. The fourth part is summary of the research which includes Chapter8. It sums up the major research conclusions, analyzed the innovations and shortages of the research, and also point out the direction of the further study.
By using various kinds of data and the application of the RS and GIS technologies, this paper did a relatively comprehensive quantitative research on Urban Forest Park. It also broke through the limitation of qualitative research and single data on the research. The research found out that:①There were three times of the decrease of stock volume in Zhongshan since1949, the third time was because of the degeneration and fragmentation of the landscape by the urbanization and tourist activities.②From2005to2009, due to the comprehensive environmental treatment in surrounding area of Zhongshan Mountain National Park, the forest landscape has been restored, indicating that ecological infrastructure construction has played a positive role in the ecological construction of the urban forest park and the environmental construction of the city.③The forest health was good and the ecological function was stable, the succession and ecological effects was positive, while the degraded coniferous landscape needs human interference to improve it in order to maintain the scenic beauty.④The AOD of Zhongshan Mountain National Park is lower than other parts of Nanjing, which indicates that there are few particulates in the atmosphere. Its atmosphere quality is the best in downtown Nanjing.⑤Through the assessment of the tourism economy and ecological and environmental coordinated development degree, it can be concluded that Nanjing belongs to medium coordinated development level and tourism economy delay type.⑤Using the RBFN model and selected typical forest data for training. The662small classes are divided into four grades:mild risk, medium risk, serious risk and extreme risk. Most of extreme risk area is located in the northeastern and south parts of the mountain.⑦Based on the overlap of ecological value and ecological risk, this study discussed the targets and measure of different kind of development modes.
引文
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