动车组太阳能空调系统理论研究
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摘要
太阳能空调系统是太阳能光伏技术应用领域的一个重要部分,其巨大的社会效益和经济效益已经受到社会越来越多的关注,而在动车组上运用太阳能空调技术则是一种新技术的尝试。一方面拓展了可再生能源的应用领域,达到一定的节能效果,对缓解全球能源紧张起到积极的作用；另一方面,当动车组空调系统因故不能正常工作时,太阳能空调系统作为辅助单元对温度进行调节的同时自动启动通风系统,在一定程度上能够维持室内空气调节。
太阳能空调系统核心为光伏发电系统和制冷压缩机变频调速系统。本文首先阐述了光伏发电系统以及光伏电池的原理和组成,详细介绍了光伏电池板工作的等效电路模型和数学模型,并分析了电池结温、辐射照强度和串联电阻大小对光伏电池输出特性的影响；在此基础上,重点建立和研究了一种在MATLAB/SIMULINK模块下,可模拟光照强度、温度以及光伏阵列串并联数等参数的太阳能光伏阵列动态仿真通用模型,解决了以往模型只能针对特定光伏阵列的局限性,并对仿真结果进行了全面分析。
其次,基于光伏发电功率随外界环境变化影响较大的特性,结合异步电机转子磁场定向的矢量控制系统原理和电压空间矢量脉宽调制技术(简称SVPWM),对驱动空调系统压缩机工作的三相异步电机调速系统进行了研究。介绍了矢量控制的基本概念和理论方法,分析异步电动机的数学模型并建立仿真模型。重点对太阳能空调调速系统中各组成部分和异步电动机矢量控制系统进行仿真,通过大量的仿真运算,研究分析了太阳能空调调速系统的动态特性、稳态特性、调速特性及系统参数变化等因素对系统性能的影响,为理论研究转化为实验研制奠定了一定的基础。探讨了利用单片机系统控制,形成了实现光伏发电系统与变频调速系统控制结合的设计方案。
The solar air conditioning system, which draws more and more social attention because of its enormous social and economic benefits, is an important part of the application field of solar energy photovoltaic technique, while it's also a major breakthrough for multiple unit to use solar air conditioning technique. On one hand, it expands the application field of renewable energy, which can save energy and play a positive role of alleviating global energy crisis. On the other hand, it can maintain indoor air conditioning as an auxiliary unit to ensure the passenger's comfortableness.
This paper researches on photovoltaic power system, then decribes the principles and composition of photovoltaic power system and photovoltaic generation, then analyzes the equivalent circuit model and mathematical model of photovoltaic cells'working in detail, as well as the influence of cell temperature, radiation intensity and series resistance on photovoltaic cells. Based on it, this paper builids a model in MATLAB/SIMULINK and makes key research on solar photovoltaic array by parameters of light intensity, ambient temperature and amount of photovoltaic array series parallel on this general dynamic simulation model, which makes comprehensive analysis of the simulation results and solve the limitations of the previous models that is only for specific photovoltaic array.
Secondly, based on the instability of photovoltaic generation and combined with the principle of rotor field-oriented vector control system of induction motor and space vector pulse width modulation(SVPWM),this paper studies on speed control system for three-phase asynchronous motor which drives the compressor. The principle and basic theory of vector control are introduced. The mathematical model of asynchronous motor and the simulation model are also analyzed in this paper. The simulation of each part of photovoltaic power system and asynchronous motor vector control system are emphatically made. In this paper, study on the dynamic, steady state and governing characteristics of system and the influence of parameter variation on system performance will lay a solid foundation for exchanging theoretical study into practical research. Finally, the paper forms a complete solar air conditioning system that accomplishes the combination of photovoltaic generation and frequency control by single chip microcomputer system controlling.
太阳能空调系统核心为光伏发电系统和制冷压缩机变频调速系统。本文首先阐述了光伏发电系统以及光伏电池的原理和组成,详细介绍了光伏电池板工作的等效电路模型和数学模型,并分析了电池结温、辐射照强度和串联电阻大小对光伏电池输出特性的影响；在此基础上,重点建立和研究了一种在MATLAB/SIMULINK模块下,可模拟光照强度、温度以及光伏阵列串并联数等参数的太阳能光伏阵列动态仿真通用模型,解决了以往模型只能针对特定光伏阵列的局限性,并对仿真结果进行了全面分析。
其次,基于光伏发电功率随外界环境变化影响较大的特性,结合异步电机转子磁场定向的矢量控制系统原理和电压空间矢量脉宽调制技术(简称SVPWM),对驱动空调系统压缩机工作的三相异步电机调速系统进行了研究。介绍了矢量控制的基本概念和理论方法,分析异步电动机的数学模型并建立仿真模型。重点对太阳能空调调速系统中各组成部分和异步电动机矢量控制系统进行仿真,通过大量的仿真运算,研究分析了太阳能空调调速系统的动态特性、稳态特性、调速特性及系统参数变化等因素对系统性能的影响,为理论研究转化为实验研制奠定了一定的基础。探讨了利用单片机系统控制,形成了实现光伏发电系统与变频调速系统控制结合的设计方案。
The solar air conditioning system, which draws more and more social attention because of its enormous social and economic benefits, is an important part of the application field of solar energy photovoltaic technique, while it's also a major breakthrough for multiple unit to use solar air conditioning technique. On one hand, it expands the application field of renewable energy, which can save energy and play a positive role of alleviating global energy crisis. On the other hand, it can maintain indoor air conditioning as an auxiliary unit to ensure the passenger's comfortableness.
This paper researches on photovoltaic power system, then decribes the principles and composition of photovoltaic power system and photovoltaic generation, then analyzes the equivalent circuit model and mathematical model of photovoltaic cells'working in detail, as well as the influence of cell temperature, radiation intensity and series resistance on photovoltaic cells. Based on it, this paper builids a model in MATLAB/SIMULINK and makes key research on solar photovoltaic array by parameters of light intensity, ambient temperature and amount of photovoltaic array series parallel on this general dynamic simulation model, which makes comprehensive analysis of the simulation results and solve the limitations of the previous models that is only for specific photovoltaic array.
Secondly, based on the instability of photovoltaic generation and combined with the principle of rotor field-oriented vector control system of induction motor and space vector pulse width modulation(SVPWM),this paper studies on speed control system for three-phase asynchronous motor which drives the compressor. The principle and basic theory of vector control are introduced. The mathematical model of asynchronous motor and the simulation model are also analyzed in this paper. The simulation of each part of photovoltaic power system and asynchronous motor vector control system are emphatically made. In this paper, study on the dynamic, steady state and governing characteristics of system and the influence of parameter variation on system performance will lay a solid foundation for exchanging theoretical study into practical research. Finally, the paper forms a complete solar air conditioning system that accomplishes the combination of photovoltaic generation and frequency control by single chip microcomputer system controlling.
引文
[1]王长贵.新能源和可再生能源的现状和展望[J].上海：太阳能光伏产业发展论坛论文集.2003(9)：4-9.
[2]罗运俊,何梓年.王长贵.太阳能利用技术[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2005,9-13.
[3]孟浩,陈颖健.我国太阳能利用技术现状及其对策[J].中国科技论坛,2009年5月(第五期)
[4]Clemens Pollerberg, Ahmed Hamza H.Ali.Solar driven steamjet ejectorchiller[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering,2009(29).
[5]H.Yamaguchi, X.R.Zhang.Solar energy powered Rankine cycle using supercritical CO2[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering,2006(26):2345～2354.
[6]王辉涛,王华.低温太阳能热力发电有机朗肯循环工质的选择[J].动力工程,2009,29(3)：287-291.
[7]赵力,王晓东.非共沸工质用于太阳能低温朗肯循环的理论研究[J].太刚能学报,2009,30(6)：738-743.
[8]王东娇.太阳能光伏发电控制技术研究[D].太原：中北大学,2005.
[9]赵争鸣,刘建政,孙晓瑛,袁立强.太阳能光伏发电及其应用[M].北京：科学出版社,2005：15-17.
[10]韩珏.太阳能电池阵列模拟器的研究与设计[D].硕士学位论文.杭州：浙江大学,2006.
[11]沈玉梁.跟随样品太阳电池的光付阵列模拟器,太阳能学报[J].1997(10),448-451.
[12]京特·莱纳,汉斯·卡尔著,余世杰,何慧若译.太阳能的光伏利用[M],合肥工业大学,1991：1-17.
[13]赵为.太阳能光伏并网发电系统的研究[D].博士学位论文.合肥：合肥工业大学,2003.
[14]Platon Baltas, etc. The Arizona University Photovoltaic Designer Program (ASUPVD). Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Arizona State University,1996.
[15]张德丰.MATLAB/Simulink建模与方针实例精讲[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2010.1：2-3,76-77.
[16]吕斌.太阳能空调技术的现状及发展趋势[J].节能与环保,2010,46-48.
[17]王长贵,王斯成.太阳能光伏发电使用技术[M].第二版.北京：化学工业出版社,2009,14
[18]周建戎,潘毅群.太阳能空调系统综述[J].制冷,2002,21(4)：60-63.
[19]B.K博斯.电力电子学与变频传动[M].徐州：中国矿业大学出版社,1999.
[20]谢宝昌,任永德.电机的控制技术及其应用[M].北京航空航天大学出版社,2002：47-59.
[21]刘永飘.基于DSP的永磁交流伺服控制系统开发[D].西安理工大学硕士论文,2006.
[22]Singh B, Swamy C, Singh B P. Analysis and development of a low-cost permanent magnet brushless DC motor drive for PV-array fed water pumping system
[J]. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells,1997,51(1).
[23]Moussi B A. A performance optimization of a photovoltaic induction motor puming system [J]. Renewable Energy,2004,29(14).
[24]Rauschenbach H S. Solar Cell Array Design Handbook[M]. Litton Educational Publishing Inc,1980.
[25]Siemens Solar Industries. Siemens Solar Basic PV Technology Course. 1998.
[26]Zhang X W, Li Y D, Wang W S. A novel implementation of SVPM algorithm and its application to three-phase power converter. Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference, Beijing.
[27]Arab A H, Driss B A, Amimeur R,Lorenzo E. Photo voltaic systems sizing for Algeria[J]. Solar Energy, 1995, 54(2)
[28]Mehmet Akbaba, Isa Qamber, Adel Kemal.Matching of separately excited DC motors to photovoltaic generators for maximum power output[J]. Solar Energy, 1998,63(6).
[29]Kasa N, Iida T, Iwamoto H. Maximum power point tracking with capacitor Identifier for photovoltaic power system, IEE Proceedings of Electric Power Applications,2000,147(6).
[30]杨兴瑶.电动机调速的原理及系统[M].水利电力出版社,1995：25-28.
[31]许大中.交流电机调速理论[M].浙江：浙江大学出版社,1991：60-63.
[32]郭庆鼎,王成元.交流伺服系统[M].北京：机械工业出版社,1994：45-48.
[33]陈坚,交流电机数学模型及调速系统[M].北京：国防工业出版社,1989：50-53.
[34]姚舜才.电机学与电力拖动技术[M]北京：国防工业出版社,2006.1：97-145.
[35]陈伯时,陈敏逊.交流调速系统第二版[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2006.7.
[36]张慧萍.异步电机智能矢量控制变频调速系统的研究[D].江南大学硕士论文,2004.
[37]沈辉,曾祖勤.太阳能光伏发电使用技术[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2005.
[38]刘莉娜.建筑供暖空调系统可再生能源的分析[D].哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业大学,2005.
[39]陈伯时.电力拖动自动控制系统[M].北京：机械工业出版社,1992.
[40]佟纯厚.近代交流调速[M].北京：冶金出版社,1998.
[41]文博,尚宇.太阳能与空调技术[J].山西建筑,2010.9.
[42]Clemens Pollerberg,Ahmed Hamza H.Ali.Solar driven steamjet ejector chiller [J]. Applied Thermal Engineering,2009(29).
[43]Wamukonya, N.(ed.)ExPerienCewithPVSystemsinAfriCa — SummariesofSeleCted eases [J], UNEPCollaboratingCentreonEnergyandEnvironment, ISBN8755028632 Denmark,2001
[44]EffieiaosKoutroulis, KostaKalatjzakis, NieholasC.VOlgariis, DeveloPmentofa MieroeontrollerbasedPhotovoltaieMaximumPowerPointTraekingControl System [J]. IEEETransactionOnPowerEleetronies,2001,16.
[45]岑长岸,张淼,王丽琼.光伏阵列的组态优化控制[J].控制理论与应用,2008,02.
[46]Peng F Z.Z-Source Inverter[J].IEEE Transactions on Industry Application.2003,39.
[47]日本太阳光发电协会.太阳能光伏发电系统的设计与施工[M].北京：科学出版社,2006.
[48]陈维,沈辉,邓幼俊,舒杰.光伏发电系统中逆变器技术应用及展望[J].电力电子技术,2006,40.
[49]Meza C,Biel D,Martinez J,Guinjoan F.Boost-buck inverter variable structure control for grid-connected photovoltaic systems [C].IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems,2005.
[50]张超,何湘宁.非对称模糊PID控制在光伏发电MPPT中的应用[J].电工技术学报,2005,10.
[51]苏建徽,余世杰等.硅太阳电池工程用数学模型[J].太阳能学报,2001,04.
[2]罗运俊,何梓年.王长贵.太阳能利用技术[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2005,9-13.
[3]孟浩,陈颖健.我国太阳能利用技术现状及其对策[J].中国科技论坛,2009年5月(第五期)
[4]Clemens Pollerberg, Ahmed Hamza H.Ali.Solar driven steamjet ejectorchiller[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering,2009(29).
[5]H.Yamaguchi, X.R.Zhang.Solar energy powered Rankine cycle using supercritical CO2[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering,2006(26):2345～2354.
[6]王辉涛,王华.低温太阳能热力发电有机朗肯循环工质的选择[J].动力工程,2009,29(3)：287-291.
[7]赵力,王晓东.非共沸工质用于太阳能低温朗肯循环的理论研究[J].太刚能学报,2009,30(6)：738-743.
[8]王东娇.太阳能光伏发电控制技术研究[D].太原：中北大学,2005.
[9]赵争鸣,刘建政,孙晓瑛,袁立强.太阳能光伏发电及其应用[M].北京：科学出版社,2005：15-17.
[10]韩珏.太阳能电池阵列模拟器的研究与设计[D].硕士学位论文.杭州：浙江大学,2006.
[11]沈玉梁.跟随样品太阳电池的光付阵列模拟器,太阳能学报[J].1997(10),448-451.
[12]京特·莱纳,汉斯·卡尔著,余世杰,何慧若译.太阳能的光伏利用[M],合肥工业大学,1991：1-17.
[13]赵为.太阳能光伏并网发电系统的研究[D].博士学位论文.合肥：合肥工业大学,2003.
[14]Platon Baltas, etc. The Arizona University Photovoltaic Designer Program (ASUPVD). Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Arizona State University,1996.
[15]张德丰.MATLAB/Simulink建模与方针实例精讲[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2010.1：2-3,76-77.
[16]吕斌.太阳能空调技术的现状及发展趋势[J].节能与环保,2010,46-48.
[17]王长贵,王斯成.太阳能光伏发电使用技术[M].第二版.北京：化学工业出版社,2009,14
[18]周建戎,潘毅群.太阳能空调系统综述[J].制冷,2002,21(4)：60-63.
[19]B.K博斯.电力电子学与变频传动[M].徐州：中国矿业大学出版社,1999.
[20]谢宝昌,任永德.电机的控制技术及其应用[M].北京航空航天大学出版社,2002：47-59.
[21]刘永飘.基于DSP的永磁交流伺服控制系统开发[D].西安理工大学硕士论文,2006.
[22]Singh B, Swamy C, Singh B P. Analysis and development of a low-cost permanent magnet brushless DC motor drive for PV-array fed water pumping system
[J]. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells,1997,51(1).
[23]Moussi B A. A performance optimization of a photovoltaic induction motor puming system [J]. Renewable Energy,2004,29(14).
[24]Rauschenbach H S. Solar Cell Array Design Handbook[M]. Litton Educational Publishing Inc,1980.
[25]Siemens Solar Industries. Siemens Solar Basic PV Technology Course. 1998.
[26]Zhang X W, Li Y D, Wang W S. A novel implementation of SVPM algorithm and its application to three-phase power converter. Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference, Beijing.
[27]Arab A H, Driss B A, Amimeur R,Lorenzo E. Photo voltaic systems sizing for Algeria[J]. Solar Energy, 1995, 54(2)
[28]Mehmet Akbaba, Isa Qamber, Adel Kemal.Matching of separately excited DC motors to photovoltaic generators for maximum power output[J]. Solar Energy, 1998,63(6).
[29]Kasa N, Iida T, Iwamoto H. Maximum power point tracking with capacitor Identifier for photovoltaic power system, IEE Proceedings of Electric Power Applications,2000,147(6).
[30]杨兴瑶.电动机调速的原理及系统[M].水利电力出版社,1995：25-28.
[31]许大中.交流电机调速理论[M].浙江：浙江大学出版社,1991：60-63.
[32]郭庆鼎,王成元.交流伺服系统[M].北京：机械工业出版社,1994：45-48.
[33]陈坚,交流电机数学模型及调速系统[M].北京：国防工业出版社,1989：50-53.
[34]姚舜才.电机学与电力拖动技术[M]北京：国防工业出版社,2006.1：97-145.
[35]陈伯时,陈敏逊.交流调速系统第二版[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2006.7.
[36]张慧萍.异步电机智能矢量控制变频调速系统的研究[D].江南大学硕士论文,2004.
[37]沈辉,曾祖勤.太阳能光伏发电使用技术[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2005.
[38]刘莉娜.建筑供暖空调系统可再生能源的分析[D].哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业大学,2005.
[39]陈伯时.电力拖动自动控制系统[M].北京：机械工业出版社,1992.
[40]佟纯厚.近代交流调速[M].北京：冶金出版社,1998.
[41]文博,尚宇.太阳能与空调技术[J].山西建筑,2010.9.
[42]Clemens Pollerberg,Ahmed Hamza H.Ali.Solar driven steamjet ejector chiller [J]. Applied Thermal Engineering,2009(29).
[43]Wamukonya, N.(ed.)ExPerienCewithPVSystemsinAfriCa — SummariesofSeleCted eases [J], UNEPCollaboratingCentreonEnergyandEnvironment, ISBN8755028632 Denmark,2001
[44]EffieiaosKoutroulis, KostaKalatjzakis, NieholasC.VOlgariis, DeveloPmentofa MieroeontrollerbasedPhotovoltaieMaximumPowerPointTraekingControl System [J]. IEEETransactionOnPowerEleetronies,2001,16.
[45]岑长岸,张淼,王丽琼.光伏阵列的组态优化控制[J].控制理论与应用,2008,02.
[46]Peng F Z.Z-Source Inverter[J].IEEE Transactions on Industry Application.2003,39.
[47]日本太阳光发电协会.太阳能光伏发电系统的设计与施工[M].北京：科学出版社,2006.
[48]陈维,沈辉,邓幼俊,舒杰.光伏发电系统中逆变器技术应用及展望[J].电力电子技术,2006,40.
[49]Meza C,Biel D,Martinez J,Guinjoan F.Boost-buck inverter variable structure control for grid-connected photovoltaic systems [C].IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems,2005.
[50]张超,何湘宁.非对称模糊PID控制在光伏发电MPPT中的应用[J].电工技术学报,2005,10.
[51]苏建徽,余世杰等.硅太阳电池工程用数学模型[J].太阳能学报,2001,04.