基于多Agent的集装箱码头生产调度系统的研究
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摘要
现代集装箱码头生产系统是由集装箱、集装箱船、装卸搬运设备、泊位、堆场、通信设施等要素构成的。由于船舶到港时间及船舶装卸箱量是随机的，使码头生产调度决策问题具有离散、动态性，因此为了缩短船舶的挂港时间，对现有有限资源最优分配，实现生产的高效率，以满足客户需求是码头生产调度问题的关键。
随着机械技术、计算机控制技术和信息技术的高度发展，使得集装箱码头正朝着的自动化、大型化、信息化、智能化发展。而Agent具有智能性，能接收信息，自动与其他Agent协同完成复杂任务，从而降低整个系统的人工工作量。将Agent技术应用到集装箱码头的生产调度中，借助Multi-Agent的结构模式使集装箱码头调度系统智能化，为实际的码头生产管理决策提供科学依据。
本文建立了基于多Agent的集装箱码头调度系统(MACTSS)框架和方法体系，并对其关键技术展开了深入研究，主要内容和成果如下：
(1)针对当前集装箱码头生产管理的特点是解决资源优化利用问题，对集装箱码头生产管理决策研究方法、多Agent系统及蚁群算法的研究及应用的国内外动态进行综述，提出了基于多Agent的集装箱码头生产调度系统研究的目的、意义和需要解决的问题。
(2)在分析了Agent技术以及集装箱码头作业流程基础上，提出了基于混合分布式MAS结构的MACTSS模型框架及其功能特点，该系统是由多个反映式Agent所组成，即每个Agent根据外部环境或从其他Agents传来的消息来做相应的决策和特定作业动作。根据系统中各Agent之间的交互关系，设计了各Agent之间的交互关系序列和MACTSS的调度流程。
(3)分析并归纳了在集装箱码头生产调度过程存在的三种依赖关系：使能关系、并发约束关系、替代关系，并以此建立了相应的协商模型和协商过程模型。通过对多个协商机制的比较，选择合同网协议作为MACTSS的协商机制的基础。
(4)根据集装箱码头泊位指派的实际情况和与岸桥分配的关系，建立了动态泊位——岸桥分配模型；根据泊位指派问题和蚂蚁觅食时的路径选择过程所存在相似之处，提出了基于信息素的多Agent合同网协议下的并行蚁群算法，并运用到泊位分配中，并与粒子群算法的优化结果进行比较，得出在解决泊位指派问题上，并行蚁群算法优于粒子群算法的结论。
(5)在集卡调度问题上，采用动态调度的策略，即所有需要集卡参与的多条作业线共享所有集卡。应用模糊集理论和方法，对作业点位置与集卡位置间的距离模糊化，将不同优先度的作业点和已安排集卡的作业情况综合为该作业点的重要性指标，并对其模糊化，提出了多Agent的基于模糊集理论的合同网协商算法，并设计了模糊调度规则库，模糊推理，模糊蕴含关系矩阵，案例分析证明该算法的可行性。
(6)结合集装箱码头作业过程的特点，选择消息／对话MACTSS中通信方法，提出MACTSS中多Agent之间的基本通信行为；在KQML规范下，结合基于合同网的协商机制，建立了通信原语集；设计了MACTSS的多Agent通信的通信机制，其中Agent物理通信机制采用Socket技术，给出了Agent之间通信的步骤，实现了MACTSS中Agent之间的通信过程。
(7)建立了基于多Agent集装箱码头的调度系统的硬件结构和软件结构，以Visual C#语言为开发语言，SQL Server为数据库，在基于Asp.net技术上，搭建了MACTSS平台，并实现了其部分功能，令在不同操作平台上的Agent之间可以通过接口进行互操作，满足了各类Agent之间协商、通讯的要求，应用所开发的软件结合码头案例解决了集卡优化调度问题，为集装箱码头调度系统的智能化提供一种实现方法。
Container terminal consists of containers, ships, handling equipments,communication equipments, berths, container yards and communication establishment, etc.Since container ships arrive at the terminal randomly and their loading capacities arealso stochastic, the problem of terminal schedule decision-making is discrete anddynamic. The target of terminal operation scheduling is to make the existed resourceof terminal most and to optimize schedule decision-making in order to shorten thetime in port for ships (transshipment time) on the basis of technological process ofloading and unloading.
With the rapid development of computer control technology, it is inevitabledirection that the management of container terminal has become more automatic andintelligent. Since Agent has some intelligence to fulfill tasks in an automatic way,receive information, negotiate about affair and can confederate with other ones tosolve complex problem, it can reduce manual workforce and information burden.Application of agent technique to container terminal is helpful to such complexproblems as the scheduling of container terminal.
According to features of loading/unloading process of port container, The keytechnologies of Multi-Agent-based Container Terminal Schedule System (MACTSS)are research in this paper; the main contents and results are as fellow:
(1)To aim at that the characteristic of management of container terminal is howto optimize resource of terminal, the trends of decision-making way for managementof container terminal, research and application of Multi-Agent system and ant colonysystem are summarized. It is put forward that aim, significance and the problems tobe solved of MACTSS.
(2)To aim at loading/unloading schedule problems of container terminal, basedon character of Agent and Multi-Agent and allocation rules of establishment andequipment on terminal, it is set up model of MACTSS in this paper. The Agent ofMACTSS make decision and act based on the message from other Agents, so theseAgents are reactivity ones. According to relationship of Agents, communicationsequence among Agents and Schedule flow of MACTSS are designed
(3)According to three dependency relationship of equipments on terminal, it isset up model of coordination. Based on three elements of coordination mechanism,which is coordination strategy, coordination language and coordination protocol, thecoordination process is pointed out. Comparing some kinds of coordination mechanism, Contract Net Protocol is chosen as coordination mechanism toMACTSS.
(4)According to fact of berth allocation on container terminal and based onanalysis of the berth and quay crane allocation problem, the paper proposes a berthand quay crane allocation programming and allocating program of Berth AllocationAgent through accepting message from Quay Crane Schedule Agent. According tooptimization theory of ant colony system, the paper proposes parallel ant colonyarithmetic based on pheromone and CPN, which is applied into berth allocation tohelp to shorten the time in port for ships. Through camparing with particle arithmetic,parallel ant colony arithmetic is better than particle arithmetic aim at berth allocationproblem.
(5)Comparing traditional and dynamic schedule of container trucks, the latter isselected, which is all container trucks are shared by all crane. By applying fuzzytheory, this paper advances negotiation arithmetic based on fuzzy theory and CPN.this paper put forward a fuzzy control method of dynamic dispatching containertrucks on container terminal and carried out function design of container terminalfuzzy control and made an example as an explain on the base of fuzzy control systemtheory.
(6)Combining the character of operation on container terminal and the ways ofcommunication among Agents, this paper finds that massage/dialog is fit fornegotiation in MACTSS and proposes communication behavior of Agents. Under theKQML criterion, combined the negotiation mechanism based on CPN, the Agentprimitive set of the system. This paper designs communication mechanism on base ofSocket technology to realize the communication among multi-Agent.
(7)This paper adopts C# as developing language, SQL Server as database,ASRnet as developing technology to establish the platform of MACTSS, on whichAgents in different operation systems can communicate and negotiate with one other.An example of Truck scheduling conform model and Agent technology applying inthe container terminal schedule system based Multi-Agent.
随着机械技术、计算机控制技术和信息技术的高度发展，使得集装箱码头正朝着的自动化、大型化、信息化、智能化发展。而Agent具有智能性，能接收信息，自动与其他Agent协同完成复杂任务，从而降低整个系统的人工工作量。将Agent技术应用到集装箱码头的生产调度中，借助Multi-Agent的结构模式使集装箱码头调度系统智能化，为实际的码头生产管理决策提供科学依据。
本文建立了基于多Agent的集装箱码头调度系统(MACTSS)框架和方法体系，并对其关键技术展开了深入研究，主要内容和成果如下：
(1)针对当前集装箱码头生产管理的特点是解决资源优化利用问题，对集装箱码头生产管理决策研究方法、多Agent系统及蚁群算法的研究及应用的国内外动态进行综述，提出了基于多Agent的集装箱码头生产调度系统研究的目的、意义和需要解决的问题。
(2)在分析了Agent技术以及集装箱码头作业流程基础上，提出了基于混合分布式MAS结构的MACTSS模型框架及其功能特点，该系统是由多个反映式Agent所组成，即每个Agent根据外部环境或从其他Agents传来的消息来做相应的决策和特定作业动作。根据系统中各Agent之间的交互关系，设计了各Agent之间的交互关系序列和MACTSS的调度流程。
(3)分析并归纳了在集装箱码头生产调度过程存在的三种依赖关系：使能关系、并发约束关系、替代关系，并以此建立了相应的协商模型和协商过程模型。通过对多个协商机制的比较，选择合同网协议作为MACTSS的协商机制的基础。
(4)根据集装箱码头泊位指派的实际情况和与岸桥分配的关系，建立了动态泊位——岸桥分配模型；根据泊位指派问题和蚂蚁觅食时的路径选择过程所存在相似之处，提出了基于信息素的多Agent合同网协议下的并行蚁群算法，并运用到泊位分配中，并与粒子群算法的优化结果进行比较，得出在解决泊位指派问题上，并行蚁群算法优于粒子群算法的结论。
(5)在集卡调度问题上，采用动态调度的策略，即所有需要集卡参与的多条作业线共享所有集卡。应用模糊集理论和方法，对作业点位置与集卡位置间的距离模糊化，将不同优先度的作业点和已安排集卡的作业情况综合为该作业点的重要性指标，并对其模糊化，提出了多Agent的基于模糊集理论的合同网协商算法，并设计了模糊调度规则库，模糊推理，模糊蕴含关系矩阵，案例分析证明该算法的可行性。
(6)结合集装箱码头作业过程的特点，选择消息／对话MACTSS中通信方法，提出MACTSS中多Agent之间的基本通信行为；在KQML规范下，结合基于合同网的协商机制，建立了通信原语集；设计了MACTSS的多Agent通信的通信机制，其中Agent物理通信机制采用Socket技术，给出了Agent之间通信的步骤，实现了MACTSS中Agent之间的通信过程。
(7)建立了基于多Agent集装箱码头的调度系统的硬件结构和软件结构，以Visual C#语言为开发语言，SQL Server为数据库，在基于Asp.net技术上，搭建了MACTSS平台，并实现了其部分功能，令在不同操作平台上的Agent之间可以通过接口进行互操作，满足了各类Agent之间协商、通讯的要求，应用所开发的软件结合码头案例解决了集卡优化调度问题，为集装箱码头调度系统的智能化提供一种实现方法。
Container terminal consists of containers, ships, handling equipments,communication equipments, berths, container yards and communication establishment, etc.Since container ships arrive at the terminal randomly and their loading capacities arealso stochastic, the problem of terminal schedule decision-making is discrete anddynamic. The target of terminal operation scheduling is to make the existed resourceof terminal most and to optimize schedule decision-making in order to shorten thetime in port for ships (transshipment time) on the basis of technological process ofloading and unloading.
With the rapid development of computer control technology, it is inevitabledirection that the management of container terminal has become more automatic andintelligent. Since Agent has some intelligence to fulfill tasks in an automatic way,receive information, negotiate about affair and can confederate with other ones tosolve complex problem, it can reduce manual workforce and information burden.Application of agent technique to container terminal is helpful to such complexproblems as the scheduling of container terminal.
According to features of loading/unloading process of port container, The keytechnologies of Multi-Agent-based Container Terminal Schedule System (MACTSS)are research in this paper; the main contents and results are as fellow:
(1)To aim at that the characteristic of management of container terminal is howto optimize resource of terminal, the trends of decision-making way for managementof container terminal, research and application of Multi-Agent system and ant colonysystem are summarized. It is put forward that aim, significance and the problems tobe solved of MACTSS.
(2)To aim at loading/unloading schedule problems of container terminal, basedon character of Agent and Multi-Agent and allocation rules of establishment andequipment on terminal, it is set up model of MACTSS in this paper. The Agent ofMACTSS make decision and act based on the message from other Agents, so theseAgents are reactivity ones. According to relationship of Agents, communicationsequence among Agents and Schedule flow of MACTSS are designed
(3)According to three dependency relationship of equipments on terminal, it isset up model of coordination. Based on three elements of coordination mechanism,which is coordination strategy, coordination language and coordination protocol, thecoordination process is pointed out. Comparing some kinds of coordination mechanism, Contract Net Protocol is chosen as coordination mechanism toMACTSS.
(4)According to fact of berth allocation on container terminal and based onanalysis of the berth and quay crane allocation problem, the paper proposes a berthand quay crane allocation programming and allocating program of Berth AllocationAgent through accepting message from Quay Crane Schedule Agent. According tooptimization theory of ant colony system, the paper proposes parallel ant colonyarithmetic based on pheromone and CPN, which is applied into berth allocation tohelp to shorten the time in port for ships. Through camparing with particle arithmetic,parallel ant colony arithmetic is better than particle arithmetic aim at berth allocationproblem.
(5)Comparing traditional and dynamic schedule of container trucks, the latter isselected, which is all container trucks are shared by all crane. By applying fuzzytheory, this paper advances negotiation arithmetic based on fuzzy theory and CPN.this paper put forward a fuzzy control method of dynamic dispatching containertrucks on container terminal and carried out function design of container terminalfuzzy control and made an example as an explain on the base of fuzzy control systemtheory.
(6)Combining the character of operation on container terminal and the ways ofcommunication among Agents, this paper finds that massage/dialog is fit fornegotiation in MACTSS and proposes communication behavior of Agents. Under theKQML criterion, combined the negotiation mechanism based on CPN, the Agentprimitive set of the system. This paper designs communication mechanism on base ofSocket technology to realize the communication among multi-Agent.
(7)This paper adopts C# as developing language, SQL Server as database,ASRnet as developing technology to establish the platform of MACTSS, on whichAgents in different operation systems can communicate and negotiate with one other.An example of Truck scheduling conform model and Agent technology applying inthe container terminal schedule system based Multi-Agent.
引文
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