官员政绩诉求、环境规制与企业生产效率
|
摘要
改革开放以来,中国在经济建设方面取得了巨大成就,也面临着来自于国际与国内的双重环境压力。发达国家在国际气候谈判中要求中国承担更多的环保责任和义务,而中国长期存在的粗放式经济发展模式,也使资源环境对经济发展的约束日益突出。环境污染问题产生的首要原因在于,污染负外部性导致的市场机制失灵,因此,来自政府层面的环境规制尤为必要。然而,环境规制政策的制定和实施往往受制于地方政府的现实需要(如经济增长、增加税收)。在地方官员“为增长而竞争”的格局下,官员政绩诉求将导致地方政府过分追求短期经济增长,忽视教育、卫生、环保等民生问题,进而形成环境规制政策“软约束”。近年来,突发环境事件屡屡发生,不仅造成了巨大经济损失,更给人民群众生命财产安全带来直接威胁,不可否认,这与一些地方政府为追求经济增长而降低环境约束存在直接关系。
与此同时,积极有效地利用外资是中国一项重要的对外开放政策,2011年,中国实际利用外资额达到1176.98亿美元。外商直接投资在为中国经济发展提供强劲动力的同时,其所产生的环境效应为诸多学者所关注。在经济全球化的背景下,外商直接投资带来的是生态环境污染的跨国转移,还是为东道国带来清洁生产技术和绿色发展理念?这一问题值得我们关注。
在已有文献的基础上,本文重点关注三个问题：官员政绩诉求是否为导致环境污染事故频发的重要因素?外商直接投资是否会提升地区环境规制强度?地区环境规制是否会带来企业生产效率的提高?回答上述问题,不仅有利于我们从国际、国内两个视角对影响地区环境规制的诸多因素做出分析比较,更能从企业生产效率的视角,清晰刻画环境规制所带来的经济效应,进而对是否能够实现环境质量改善和经济效益提升的“双赢”,提供理论检验。本论文共分为7个章节,各章的具体内容安排如下：
第1章为文章导论部分,重点介绍了文章的研究背景和意义、环境规制概念的界定和分类、文章的整体研究思路以及文章创新与不足之处。
第2章为文献综述部分,重点从几方面对已有文献进行归纳梳理。主要包括地方政府激励与经济增长、地方政府竞争与地区环境保护、外商直接投资与地区环境规制的关系研究、地区环境规制对企业生产效率的影响四部分。本章从理论和实证两方面总结了已有文献的主要方法和结论,并指出需要进一步深化的研究方向,进而突出了本论文研究创新与价值所在。
第3章介绍了中国工业污染状况和环境规制的演进。主要由环境管理机构的历史变迁、环保法律法规的建立完善、环境规制政策工具的丰富、工业污染的状况描述等几部分组成。这有助于我们全面了解中国环境规制政策的演进历史,把握环保工作取得的阶段性成果,为文章后续研究的展开奠定基础。
第4章使用地区经济相对增长绩效衡量地方官员的政绩诉求,以1992-2006年的省级面板数据为研究样本,实证考察官员政绩诉求对辖区环境污染事故的影响。结果发现,地方官员的政绩诉求是导致辖区环境污染事故频发的重要因素,而且这一影响在沿海地区更加明显。与此同时,外商投资企业的比重、地区产业结构、地方官员的个人特征也在不同程度上影响着环境污染事故的发生。这一发现不仅为人们理解环境污染事故频发的原因提供了理论依据,也为近年来的官员考核机制改革提供了证据支持。
第5章使用2003-2010年间中国各城市层面数据,实证分析了外商直接投资对地区环境规制强度的影响,并对这种影响的渠道做出了验证。主要结论有两点：第一,总体上看,外商直接投资能够显著提升地区环境规制水平,因此基于城市面板数据的经验证据并不支持外商直接投资的“污染天堂假说”。第二,在经济增长绩效较好、人力资本越丰富的地区,FDI对地区环境规制的正向作用越显著。由此可见,弱化经济增长绩效在官员政绩考核中的作用,提升地区人力资本水平,将有效发挥FDI流入对于改善地区环境质量的积极作用。
第6章基于世界银行2005年的企业调查数据,对“波特假说”做出了实证检验,并在考虑企业异质性的情况下,考察了当期环境规制与滞后一期环境规制对企业生产效率的影响。结果显示：第一,当期环境规制强度与企业生产效率显著负相关,滞后一期环境规制强度与企业生产效率显著正相关；第二,政治关联将显著降低企业生产效率；第三,对于政治关联较强的企业而言,环境规制强度对企业生产效率的影响越弱。上述结论不仅为“波特假说”提供了微观证据,也证明中国环境规制政策在执行过程中存在较大弹性。
最后一章总结了全文研究结论、概述现实启示,并指出未来的研究方向。
与已有文献相比,笔者窃以为本论文有如下几方面的贡献：
第一,从研究视角上讲,环境保护问题是当下政策制定者与社会公众普遍关心的热点问题,本论文的研究不仅具有理论贡献,更具有重要的现实意义。针对不断出现的环境污染事故,本文对其背后的经济制度因素进行了系统论述总结,并首次证实官员政绩诉求是造成环境污染事故频发的重要原因。进一步地,本文以环境规制强度而非实际污染水平为关注点,证明了FDI对于提升环境规制强度的积极作用,并对影响机制和渠道做出检验。上述发现丰富了相关领域的研究文献,不仅为近年来的官员考核机制改革提供了理论支持,也为政府制定相关政策措施,以发挥FDI对于地区环境治理的积极作用,提供了有益借鉴。
第二,从分析方法上看,本论文在理论分析的基础上,注重对各研究问题的定量分析和实证检验,并根据不同问题的实际需要,运用多种计量方法(包括两阶段最小二乘法、固定效应泊松回归、系统GMM方法)展开相关研究,力求得到更加可靠和令人信服的结论。
第三,从数据使用上看,本论文尝试基于不同层次的样本数据(包括省级层面数据、城市层面数据、企业调查数据)为研究问题寻求证据支持。尤其是对“波特假说”的实证考察中,与国内已有研究多基于地区、行业层面数据不同,本文为检验“波特假说”在中国是否成立提供了微观层面的经验证据,并通过区分样本企业的行业、区域、所有制以及政治关联强弱,对地区环境规制强度与企业生产效率之间的关系作出深入分析。
Since China's reform and opening up in1978, great achievement in economic construction has been made. Meanwhile, China faces the international and domestic environmental pressure. In international climate negotiations, developed countries have required China to take more environmental protection responsibilities and obligations. The long-standing extensive mode has resulted in obvious resource and environmental constraints on economic development. The leading cause of environmental pollution problems is the market failure resulting from the negative externality of pollution; therefore, environmental regulation is quite essential.
The policy implementation of environmental regulation is often affected by local government targets, such as, economic growth and tax increase. The local government that competes for economic growth pays excessive attention to the short-term growth, and ignores the livelihood issues, e.g., education, health, and environmental protection. That will lead to the soft constraints of environmental regulations. In recent years, environmental accidents have often happened, which not only caused huge economic loss, but also brought direct threat to peoples' safety and property. Undoubtedly, there are direct relationships between the environmental accidents and soft constraints resulting from governments' excessive attentions to economic growth.
Using foreign direct investment (FDI) actively and effectively has always been an important matter. In2011, the foreign capital actually utilized reaches117.698billions of dollars. Researchers focus on the environmental effect of FDI, while FDI provides strong impetus for China's economic development. Under the background of economic globalization, whether FDI has been with the multinational pollution transfer or FDI brought about clean production technology and green development concept? This issue is worthy of our concern.
Based on the existing literature, this thesis focuses on the discussion about the following three questions. The first one is whether the officials'political achievement demand is an important factor leading to environmental pollution accidents. The second one is whether FDI improves the intensity of environmental regulation. The last one is whether the environmental regulation improves the enterprises productivity. The answers to the three questions would help us compare the factors affecting environmental regulation from the international and domestic view. Meanwhile, it also provides us a theoretical test on the question that whether we could realize the win-win situation of environmental protection and economic development. This thesis includes7chapters, and the main idea of each chapter is listed as follows:
Chapter one firstly illustrates the research background and importance, and then introduces the definition and classification of the environmental regulations, and finally gives the frame, the innovation and deficiency of this research.
The second chapter reviews the relevant literatures, including the local governments'incentive and economic growth, local governments'competition and environmental protection, the relationship between FDI and environmental regulation, the effect of environmental regulation on enterprises productivity. From the theoretical and empirical angle, it makes some comments and points out the directions and value of further research.
Chapter three introduces the evolution of China's environmental regulation and the situation of industrial pollution. It mainly includes following contents:the institutional change of environmental management, the continued perfection of environment law, the enrichment of policy instrument and the description of industrial pollution. These works help us understand the changing course of China's environmental policies and phased results of environmental protection, which is the foundation for further research.
Chapter four investigates the effect of officials'political achievement demand on environmental pollution accidents using the provincial panel data from1992to2006as sample. After measuring officials'political achievement demand using the relative performance of economic growth, we find that there is significantly positive relationship between officials' political achievement demand and environmental pollution accidents, and this relationship is more significant in coastal areas. At the same time, the ratio of foreign-invested enterprises, industrial structure and the personal characteristics of local officials also have significant effect on environmental pollution accidents. These findings provide us not only the theoretical evidence to understand the reasons of environmental pollution accidents, but also the evidence to support the reform of officials'evaluation system.
Chapter five analyzes the relationship between FDI and environmental regulation using Chinese city-level data between2003and2010. The results suggest that firstly, on the whole, FDI is accompanied with more stringent environmental regulation. The empirical evidence based on the city-level data doesn't support the "pollution haven hypothesis" of FDI. Secondly, the positive effect of FDI on environmental regulation is more significant in the regions with better economic growth performance and richer human capital. The results infer that, FDI can play more efficient role on improving environmental quality when we weaken the performance evaluation of economic growth and raise the human capital.
Chapter six empirically analyzes the relationship between environmental regulation and enterprises productivity based on the World Bank's enterprise survey data. Our research takes the firm heterogeneity into account and empirically tests the "Porter hypothesis". We find that firstly, current intensity of environmental regulation is significantly and negatively related to enterprises productivity, while lagged intensity of environmental regulation is significantly and positively related to enterprises productivity. Secondly, political connection significantly reduces enterprises productivity. Thirdly, the intensity of environmental regulation has weaker effect on the productivity of enterprises with stronger political connection. These findings not only provide micro-level evidence for "Porter hypothesis", but also prove there is large elasticity in the implementation process of Chinese environmental regulation policies.
The last chapter draws out the conclusions, gives relevant implications, and points out directions for further study.
Compared with the existing literatures, the innovations of this study are as following:
Firstly, from the research viewpoint, environmental protection is a hot topic that policy makers and the public pay close attention to. This study has theoretical contribution and realistic significance. Aiming at the frequent pollution accidents, this study systematically summarizes the underlying reasons, and firstly confirms the important role of officials'political achievement demand. Additionally, focusing on environmental regulation rather than environmental pollution, this study suggests the positive effect of FDI on the environmental regulation, and verifies influencing mechanism. These findings enrich relevant literature, and provide evidence to support the reform of officials'evaluation system and valuable references to use the environmental effects of FDI.
Secondly, in terms of analysis methods, this study pays more attention to quantitative analysis and empirical test. In order to draw more reliable conclusions, this study uses several methods according to different issues, such as2SLS, fixed-effected poisson regression and system GMM.
Thirdly, for seeking the empirical supports, the research sample consists of different level data, e.g., provincial panel data, city-level data, and enterprise survey data. Especially, domestic literatures investigating the "Porter hypothesis" always use district-level or industry-level data as sample. By contrast, our research provides the micro evidence for investigating the "Porter hypothesis". Additionally, we make further analysis to the relationship between environmental regulation and enterprise productivity, considering enterprises'difference in industry, region, ownership and political connections.
与此同时,积极有效地利用外资是中国一项重要的对外开放政策,2011年,中国实际利用外资额达到1176.98亿美元。外商直接投资在为中国经济发展提供强劲动力的同时,其所产生的环境效应为诸多学者所关注。在经济全球化的背景下,外商直接投资带来的是生态环境污染的跨国转移,还是为东道国带来清洁生产技术和绿色发展理念?这一问题值得我们关注。
在已有文献的基础上,本文重点关注三个问题：官员政绩诉求是否为导致环境污染事故频发的重要因素?外商直接投资是否会提升地区环境规制强度?地区环境规制是否会带来企业生产效率的提高?回答上述问题,不仅有利于我们从国际、国内两个视角对影响地区环境规制的诸多因素做出分析比较,更能从企业生产效率的视角,清晰刻画环境规制所带来的经济效应,进而对是否能够实现环境质量改善和经济效益提升的“双赢”,提供理论检验。本论文共分为7个章节,各章的具体内容安排如下：
第1章为文章导论部分,重点介绍了文章的研究背景和意义、环境规制概念的界定和分类、文章的整体研究思路以及文章创新与不足之处。
第2章为文献综述部分,重点从几方面对已有文献进行归纳梳理。主要包括地方政府激励与经济增长、地方政府竞争与地区环境保护、外商直接投资与地区环境规制的关系研究、地区环境规制对企业生产效率的影响四部分。本章从理论和实证两方面总结了已有文献的主要方法和结论,并指出需要进一步深化的研究方向,进而突出了本论文研究创新与价值所在。
第3章介绍了中国工业污染状况和环境规制的演进。主要由环境管理机构的历史变迁、环保法律法规的建立完善、环境规制政策工具的丰富、工业污染的状况描述等几部分组成。这有助于我们全面了解中国环境规制政策的演进历史,把握环保工作取得的阶段性成果,为文章后续研究的展开奠定基础。
第4章使用地区经济相对增长绩效衡量地方官员的政绩诉求,以1992-2006年的省级面板数据为研究样本,实证考察官员政绩诉求对辖区环境污染事故的影响。结果发现,地方官员的政绩诉求是导致辖区环境污染事故频发的重要因素,而且这一影响在沿海地区更加明显。与此同时,外商投资企业的比重、地区产业结构、地方官员的个人特征也在不同程度上影响着环境污染事故的发生。这一发现不仅为人们理解环境污染事故频发的原因提供了理论依据,也为近年来的官员考核机制改革提供了证据支持。
第5章使用2003-2010年间中国各城市层面数据,实证分析了外商直接投资对地区环境规制强度的影响,并对这种影响的渠道做出了验证。主要结论有两点：第一,总体上看,外商直接投资能够显著提升地区环境规制水平,因此基于城市面板数据的经验证据并不支持外商直接投资的“污染天堂假说”。第二,在经济增长绩效较好、人力资本越丰富的地区,FDI对地区环境规制的正向作用越显著。由此可见,弱化经济增长绩效在官员政绩考核中的作用,提升地区人力资本水平,将有效发挥FDI流入对于改善地区环境质量的积极作用。
第6章基于世界银行2005年的企业调查数据,对“波特假说”做出了实证检验,并在考虑企业异质性的情况下,考察了当期环境规制与滞后一期环境规制对企业生产效率的影响。结果显示：第一,当期环境规制强度与企业生产效率显著负相关,滞后一期环境规制强度与企业生产效率显著正相关；第二,政治关联将显著降低企业生产效率；第三,对于政治关联较强的企业而言,环境规制强度对企业生产效率的影响越弱。上述结论不仅为“波特假说”提供了微观证据,也证明中国环境规制政策在执行过程中存在较大弹性。
最后一章总结了全文研究结论、概述现实启示,并指出未来的研究方向。
与已有文献相比,笔者窃以为本论文有如下几方面的贡献：
第一,从研究视角上讲,环境保护问题是当下政策制定者与社会公众普遍关心的热点问题,本论文的研究不仅具有理论贡献,更具有重要的现实意义。针对不断出现的环境污染事故,本文对其背后的经济制度因素进行了系统论述总结,并首次证实官员政绩诉求是造成环境污染事故频发的重要原因。进一步地,本文以环境规制强度而非实际污染水平为关注点,证明了FDI对于提升环境规制强度的积极作用,并对影响机制和渠道做出检验。上述发现丰富了相关领域的研究文献,不仅为近年来的官员考核机制改革提供了理论支持,也为政府制定相关政策措施,以发挥FDI对于地区环境治理的积极作用,提供了有益借鉴。
第二,从分析方法上看,本论文在理论分析的基础上,注重对各研究问题的定量分析和实证检验,并根据不同问题的实际需要,运用多种计量方法(包括两阶段最小二乘法、固定效应泊松回归、系统GMM方法)展开相关研究,力求得到更加可靠和令人信服的结论。
第三,从数据使用上看,本论文尝试基于不同层次的样本数据(包括省级层面数据、城市层面数据、企业调查数据)为研究问题寻求证据支持。尤其是对“波特假说”的实证考察中,与国内已有研究多基于地区、行业层面数据不同,本文为检验“波特假说”在中国是否成立提供了微观层面的经验证据,并通过区分样本企业的行业、区域、所有制以及政治关联强弱,对地区环境规制强度与企业生产效率之间的关系作出深入分析。
Since China's reform and opening up in1978, great achievement in economic construction has been made. Meanwhile, China faces the international and domestic environmental pressure. In international climate negotiations, developed countries have required China to take more environmental protection responsibilities and obligations. The long-standing extensive mode has resulted in obvious resource and environmental constraints on economic development. The leading cause of environmental pollution problems is the market failure resulting from the negative externality of pollution; therefore, environmental regulation is quite essential.
The policy implementation of environmental regulation is often affected by local government targets, such as, economic growth and tax increase. The local government that competes for economic growth pays excessive attention to the short-term growth, and ignores the livelihood issues, e.g., education, health, and environmental protection. That will lead to the soft constraints of environmental regulations. In recent years, environmental accidents have often happened, which not only caused huge economic loss, but also brought direct threat to peoples' safety and property. Undoubtedly, there are direct relationships between the environmental accidents and soft constraints resulting from governments' excessive attentions to economic growth.
Using foreign direct investment (FDI) actively and effectively has always been an important matter. In2011, the foreign capital actually utilized reaches117.698billions of dollars. Researchers focus on the environmental effect of FDI, while FDI provides strong impetus for China's economic development. Under the background of economic globalization, whether FDI has been with the multinational pollution transfer or FDI brought about clean production technology and green development concept? This issue is worthy of our concern.
Based on the existing literature, this thesis focuses on the discussion about the following three questions. The first one is whether the officials'political achievement demand is an important factor leading to environmental pollution accidents. The second one is whether FDI improves the intensity of environmental regulation. The last one is whether the environmental regulation improves the enterprises productivity. The answers to the three questions would help us compare the factors affecting environmental regulation from the international and domestic view. Meanwhile, it also provides us a theoretical test on the question that whether we could realize the win-win situation of environmental protection and economic development. This thesis includes7chapters, and the main idea of each chapter is listed as follows:
Chapter one firstly illustrates the research background and importance, and then introduces the definition and classification of the environmental regulations, and finally gives the frame, the innovation and deficiency of this research.
The second chapter reviews the relevant literatures, including the local governments'incentive and economic growth, local governments'competition and environmental protection, the relationship between FDI and environmental regulation, the effect of environmental regulation on enterprises productivity. From the theoretical and empirical angle, it makes some comments and points out the directions and value of further research.
Chapter three introduces the evolution of China's environmental regulation and the situation of industrial pollution. It mainly includes following contents:the institutional change of environmental management, the continued perfection of environment law, the enrichment of policy instrument and the description of industrial pollution. These works help us understand the changing course of China's environmental policies and phased results of environmental protection, which is the foundation for further research.
Chapter four investigates the effect of officials'political achievement demand on environmental pollution accidents using the provincial panel data from1992to2006as sample. After measuring officials'political achievement demand using the relative performance of economic growth, we find that there is significantly positive relationship between officials' political achievement demand and environmental pollution accidents, and this relationship is more significant in coastal areas. At the same time, the ratio of foreign-invested enterprises, industrial structure and the personal characteristics of local officials also have significant effect on environmental pollution accidents. These findings provide us not only the theoretical evidence to understand the reasons of environmental pollution accidents, but also the evidence to support the reform of officials'evaluation system.
Chapter five analyzes the relationship between FDI and environmental regulation using Chinese city-level data between2003and2010. The results suggest that firstly, on the whole, FDI is accompanied with more stringent environmental regulation. The empirical evidence based on the city-level data doesn't support the "pollution haven hypothesis" of FDI. Secondly, the positive effect of FDI on environmental regulation is more significant in the regions with better economic growth performance and richer human capital. The results infer that, FDI can play more efficient role on improving environmental quality when we weaken the performance evaluation of economic growth and raise the human capital.
Chapter six empirically analyzes the relationship between environmental regulation and enterprises productivity based on the World Bank's enterprise survey data. Our research takes the firm heterogeneity into account and empirically tests the "Porter hypothesis". We find that firstly, current intensity of environmental regulation is significantly and negatively related to enterprises productivity, while lagged intensity of environmental regulation is significantly and positively related to enterprises productivity. Secondly, political connection significantly reduces enterprises productivity. Thirdly, the intensity of environmental regulation has weaker effect on the productivity of enterprises with stronger political connection. These findings not only provide micro-level evidence for "Porter hypothesis", but also prove there is large elasticity in the implementation process of Chinese environmental regulation policies.
The last chapter draws out the conclusions, gives relevant implications, and points out directions for further study.
Compared with the existing literatures, the innovations of this study are as following:
Firstly, from the research viewpoint, environmental protection is a hot topic that policy makers and the public pay close attention to. This study has theoretical contribution and realistic significance. Aiming at the frequent pollution accidents, this study systematically summarizes the underlying reasons, and firstly confirms the important role of officials'political achievement demand. Additionally, focusing on environmental regulation rather than environmental pollution, this study suggests the positive effect of FDI on the environmental regulation, and verifies influencing mechanism. These findings enrich relevant literature, and provide evidence to support the reform of officials'evaluation system and valuable references to use the environmental effects of FDI.
Secondly, in terms of analysis methods, this study pays more attention to quantitative analysis and empirical test. In order to draw more reliable conclusions, this study uses several methods according to different issues, such as2SLS, fixed-effected poisson regression and system GMM.
Thirdly, for seeking the empirical supports, the research sample consists of different level data, e.g., provincial panel data, city-level data, and enterprise survey data. Especially, domestic literatures investigating the "Porter hypothesis" always use district-level or industry-level data as sample. By contrast, our research provides the micro evidence for investigating the "Porter hypothesis". Additionally, we make further analysis to the relationship between environmental regulation and enterprise productivity, considering enterprises'difference in industry, region, ownership and political connections.
引文
① 资料来源：商务部外国投资管理局、商务部投资促进事务局：《中国外商投资报告2011》,经济管理出版社,2011年第1版,第6页。
① 植草益：《微观规制经济学》,中译本,中国发展出版社1992年版,第l页。
② 丹尼尔·F·史普博：《管制与市场》,中译本,上海三联书店·上海人民出版社1999年版,第45页。
③ 《产业组织与政府管制》,施蒂格勒,上海三联书店、上海人民出版社1996年版。
④ 《政府管制经济学导论》,王俊豪,商务印书馆2001年版,第1页。
⑤ 《政府规制：21世纪理论研究潮流》,杨建文著,学林出版社2007年版,第2页。
① 《环境规制对中国产业绩效影响的实证研究》,赵红著,经济科学出版社2011年版,第35页。
① 《外商直接投资：中国的实践与论争》,经济管理出版社,桑百川等著,2006年第1版。
① 资料来源：南方周末,《跨国公司在华污染调查：一份“黑名单”牵出33家知名外企》,2006年10月26日。
① 资料来源：丛亚平,“利用外资八思”,《瞭望新闻周刊》,2006年第51期。
① 金碚等著《资源环境管制与工业竞争力》,经济管理出版社,2010年第1版,第21页。
[1]白重恩、杜颖娟、陶志刚和仝月亭,2004：《地方保护主义及产业地区集中度的决定因素和变动趋势》,《经济研究》,第4期。
[2]白雪洁、宋莹,2009：《环境规制、技术创新与中国火电行业的效率提升》,《中国工业经济》,第8期。
[3]蔡防、都阳和王美艳,2008：《经济发展方式转变与节能减排内在动力》,《经济研究》,第6期。
[4]包群、彭水军,2006：《经济增长与环境污染：基于面板数据的联立方程估计》,《世界经济》,第11期。
[5]包群、吕越和陈媛媛,2010a：《外商投资与我国环境污染——基于工业行业面板数据的经验研究》,《南开学报(哲学社会科学版)》,第3期。
[6]包群、陈媛媛和宋立刚,2010b：《外商投资与东道国环境污染：存在倒U型曲线关系吗?》,《世界经济》,第1期。
[7]陈德敏、张瑞,2012：《环境规制对中国全要素能源效率的影响——基于省际面板数据的实证检验》,《经济科学》,第4期。
[8]陈刚,2009：((FDI竞争、环境规制与污染避难所——对中国式分权的反思》,《世界经济研究》,第6期。
[9]陈诗一,2010：《中国的绿色工业革命：基于环境全要素生产率视角的解释(1980-2008)》,《经济研究》,第11期。
[10]陈爽英、井润田、龙小宁和邵云飞,2010：《民营企业家社会关系资本对研发投资决策影响的实证研究》,《管理世界》,第1期。
[11]陈钊、徐彤,2011：《走向“为和谐而竞争”：晋升锦标赛下的中央和地方治理模式变迁》,《世界经济》,第9期。
[12]崔亚飞、刘小川,2010：《中国省级税收竞争与环境污染——基于1998-2006年面板数据的分析》,《财经研究》,第4期。
[13]杜兴强、曾泉和杜颖洁,2012：《政治联系对中国上市公司的R&D投资具有‘挤出’效应吗?》,《投资研究》,第5期。
[14]段润来,2009：.《中国省级政府为什么努力发展经济?》,《南方经济》,第8期。
[15]冯天丽、井润田,2009：《制度环境与私营企业家政治联系意愿的实证研究》,《管理世界》,第8期。
：[16]傅京燕、李丽莎,2010：《环境规制、要素禀赋与产业国际竞争力的实证研究——基于中国制造业的面板数据》,《管理世界》,第10期。
[17]顾国达、牛晓婧和张钱江,2007：《技术壁垒对国际贸易影响的实证分析——以中日茶叶贸易为例》,《国际贸易问题》,第6期。
[18]顾元媛、沈坤荣,2012：《地方政府行为与企业研发投入——基于中国省级面板数据的实证分析》,《中国工业经济》,第10期。
[19]贺小刚、张远飞、连燕玲和吕斐斐,2013：《政治关联与企业价值——民营企业与国有企业的比较分析》,《中国工业经济》,第1期。
[20]黄菁,2010：《环境污染与城市经济增长：基于联立方程的实证分析》,《财贸研究》,第5期。
[21]黄顺武,2007：《环境规制对FDI影响的经验分析：基于中国的数据》,《当代财经》,第5期。
[22]江雅雯、黄燕和徐雯,2012：《市场化程度视角下的民营企业政治关联与研发》,《科研管理》,第33卷第10期。
[23]郎铁柱、钟定胜：《环境保护与可持续发展》,天津大学出版社,2005。
[24]李斌、彭星和陈柱华,2011：《环境规制、FDI与中国治污技术创新——基于省际动态面板数据的分析》,《财经研究》,第10期。
[25]李春顶,2010：《中国出口企业是否存在“生产率悖论”：基于中国制造业企业数据的检验》,《世界经济》,第7期。
[26]李静、沈伟,2012：《环境规制对中国工业绿色生产率的影响——基于波特假说的再检验》,《山西财经大学学报》,第2期。
[27]李猛,2009：《中国环境破坏事件频发的成因与对策——基于区域间环境 竞争的视角》,《财贸经济》,第9期。
[28]李强、聂锐,2010：《环境规制与中国大中型企业工业生产率》,《中国地质大学学报(社会科学版)》,第4期。
[29]李昭华、蒋冰冰,2009：《欧盟玩具业环境规制对我国玩具出口的绿色壁垒效应——基于我国四类玩具出口欧盟十国的面板数据分析：1990-2006》,《经济学(季刊)》,第8卷第3期。
[30]李胜文、李新春和杨学儒,2010：《中国的环境效率与环境管制——基于1986-2007年省级水平的估算》,《财经研究》,第2期。
[31]李树、陈刚,2013：《环境管制与生产率增长——以APPCL2000的修订为例》,《经济研究》,第1期。
[32]李小平、卢现祥、陶小琴,2012：《环境规制强度是否影响了中国工业行业的贸易比较优势》,《世界经济》,第4期。
[33]梁若冰,2009：《财政分权下的晋升激励、部门利益与土地违法》,《经济学(季刊)》,第9卷,第1期。
[34]刘凌波、丁慧平,2007：《乡镇工业环境保护中的地方政府行为分析》,《管理世界》,第11期。
[35]刘渝琳、温怀德,2007：《经济增长下的FDI、环境污染损失与人力资本》,《世界经济研究》,第11期。
[36]陆铭等：《中国的大国经济发展道路》,中国大百科全书出版社,2008。
[37]陆菁,2007：《国际环境规制与倒逼型产业技术升级》,《国际贸易问题》,第7期。
[38]陆旸,2009：《环境规制影响了污染密集型商品的贸易比较优势吗?》,《经济研究》,第4期。
[39]陆旸,2012：《从开放宏观的视角看环境污染问题：一个综述》,《经济研究》,第2期。
[40]罗党论、唐清泉,2009：《政治联系、社会资本与政策资源获取：来自中国民营上市公司的经验证据》,《世界经济》,第7期。
[41]彭可茂、席利卿和彭开丽,2012：《环境规制对中国油料作物产出影响的研究——基于距离函数对技术效率的测度》,《统计与信息论坛》,第2期。
[42]钱先航、曹廷求和李维安,2011：《晋升压力、官员任期与城市商业银行 的贷款行为》,《经济研究》,第12期。
[43]沈坤荣、付文林,2006：《税收竞争、地区博弈及其增长绩效》,《经济研究》,第6期。
[44]沈能,2012：《环境效率、行业异质性与最优规制强度——中国工业行业面板数据的非线性检验》,《中国工业经济》,第3期。
[45]沈能、刘凤朝,2012：《高强度的环境规制真能促进技术创新吗?》,《中国软科学》,第4期。
[46]盛斌、吕越,2012：《外国直接投资对中国环境的影响——来自工业行业面板数据的实证研究》,《中国社会科学》,第5期。
[47]孙铮、刘凤委和李增泉,2005：《市场化程度、政府干预与企业债务期限结构——来自我国上市公司的经验证据》,《经济研究》,第5期。
[48]陶然、陆曦、苏福兵和汪晖,2009：《地区竞争格局演变下的中国转轨：财政激励和发展模式反思》,《经济研究》,第7期。
[49]陶然、苏福兵、陆曦和朱昱铭,2010：《经济增长能够带来晋升吗?——对晋升锦标竞赛理论的逻辑挑战与省级实证重估》,《管理世界》,第12期。
[50]田东文、叶科艺,2007：《安全标准与农场品贸易：中国与主要贸易伙伴的实证研究》,《国际贸易问题》,第9期。
[51]童伟伟、张建民,2012：《环境规制能促进技术创新吗?——基于中国制造业企业数据的再检验》,《财经科学》,第11期。
[52]王兵、吴延瑞和颜鹏飞,2008：《环境管制与全要素生产率增长：APEC的实证研究》,《经济研究》,第5期。
[53]王芳芳、郝前进,2011：《环境管制与内外资企业的选址策略差异——基于泊松回归的分析》,《世界经济文汇》,第4期。
[54]王国印、王动,2011：《波特假说、环境规制与企业技术创新——对中东部地区的比较分析》,《中国软科学》,第1期。
[55]王军,2008：《理解污染避难所假说》,《世界经济研究》,第1期。
[56]王文普,2012：《环境规制的经济效应研究——作用机制与中国实证》,山东大学博士论文。
[57]王贤彬、徐现祥,2008：《地方官员来源、去向、任期与经济增长——来自中国省长省委书记的证据》,《管理世界》,第3期。
[58]王贤彬、张莉和徐现祥,2011：《辖区经济增长绩效与省长省委书记晋升》,《经济社会体制比较》,第1期。
[59]王询、张为杰,2011：《环境规制、产业结构与中国工业污染的区域差异——基于东、中、西部Panel Data的经验研究》,《财经问题研究》,第11期。
[60]王永进、盛丹,2012：《政治关联与企业的契约实施环境》,《经济学(季刊)》,第4期。
[61]王永钦、张晏、章元、陈钊和陆铭,2007：《中国的大国发展道路——论分权式改革的得失》,《经济研究》,第1期。
[62]温怀德、刘渝琳,2008：《对外贸易、FDI的经济增长效应与环境污染效应实证研究》,《当代财经》,第5期。
[63]吴玉鸣,2006：《外商直接投资对环境规制的影响》,《国际贸易问题》,第4期。
[64]夏友富,1999：《外商投资中国污染密集产业现状、后果及其对策研究》,《管理世界》,第3期。
[65]解垩,2008：《环境规制与中国工业生产率增长》,《产业经济研究》,第1期。
[66]解振华等：《国家环境安全战略报告》,北京,中国环境安全出版社,2005。
[67]熊鹰、徐翔,2007：《环境管制对中国外商直接投资的影响——基于面板数据模型的实证分析》,《经济评论》,第2期。
[68]许冬兰、董博,2009：《环境规制对技术效率和生产力损失的影响分析》,《中国人口·资源与环境》,第6期。
[69]许广月、宋德勇,2010：《中国碳排放环境库兹涅茨曲线的实证研究——基于省域面板数据》,《中国工业经济》,第5期。
[70]许和连、邓玉萍,2012：《外商直接投资导致了中国的环境污染吗?——基于中国省际面板数据的空间计量研究》,《管理世界》,第2期。
[71]许士春、庄莹莹,2009：《经济开放对环境影响的实证研究——以江苏为例》,《财贸经济》,第3期。
[72]杨海生、陈少陵和周永章,2008：《地方政府竞争与环境政策——来自中国省份数据的证据》,《南方经济》,第6期。
[73]杨其静,2011：《企业成长：政治关联还是能力建设?》,《经济研究》,第10期。
[74]杨瑞龙、章泉和周业安,2007：《财政分权、公众偏好和环境污染——来自中国省级面板数据的证据》,中国人民大学经济研究所工作论文。
[75]杨涛,2003：《环境规制对中国FDI影响的实证分析》,《世界经济研究》,第5期。
[76]杨万平、袁晓玲,2008：《对外贸易、FDI对环境污染的影响分析——基于中国时间序列的脉冲响应函数分析：1982-2006》,《世界经济研究》,第12期。
[77]应瑞瑶、周力,2006：《外商直接投资、工业污染与环境规制——基于中国数据的计量经济学分析》,《财贸经济》,第1期。
[78]余明桂、潘红波,2008：《政治联系、制度环境与民营企业银行贷款》,《管理世界》,第8期。
[79]余明桂、回雅甫、潘红波,2010：《政治联系、寻租与地方政府财政补贴有效性》,《经济研究》,第3期。
[80]于蔚、汪淼军和金祥荣,2012：《政治关联和融资约束：信息效应与资源效应》,《经济研究》,第9期。
[81]曾贤刚,2010：《环境规制、外商直接投资与“污染避难所”假说——基于中国30个省份面板数据的实证研究》,《经济理论与经济管理》,第11期。
[82]张成、陆肠、郭路和于同申,2011：《环境规制强度和生产技术进步》,《经济研究》,第2期。
[83]张成、于同申和郭路,2010：《环境规制影响了中国工业的生产率吗——基于DEA与协整分析的实证检验》,《经济理论与经济管理》,第3期。
[84]张各兴、夏大慰,2012：《中国输配电网技术效率与全要素生产率研究——基于2005-2009年24家省级电力公司面板数据的分析》,《财经研究》,第10期。
[85]张晖,2011：《官员异质性、努力扭曲与隐性激励》,《中国经济问题》,第5期。
[86]张杰、李克和刘志彪,2011：《市场化转型与企业生产率——中国的经验研究》,《经济学(季刊)》,第10卷第2期。
[87]张杰、李勇和刘志彪,2009：《出口促进中国企业生产率提高吗?——来自中国本土制造业企业的经验证据：1999-2003》,《管理世界》,第12期。
[88]张军、高远,2007：《官员任期、异地流动与经济增长——来自省级经验的证据》,《经济研究》,第11期。
[89]张军、周黎安：《为增长而竞争：中国增长的政治经济学》,上海人民出版社,2008。
[90]张克中、王娟和崔小勇,2011：《财政分权与环境污染：碳排放的视角》,《中国工业经济》,第10期。
[91]张莉、王贤彬和徐现祥,2011：《财政激励、晋升激励与地方官员的土地出让行为》,《中国工业经济》,第4期。
[92]张连众、朱坦、李慕菡和张伯伟,2003：《贸易自由化对我国环境污染的影响分析》,《南开经济研究》,第3期。
[93]张三峰、卜茂亮,2011：《环境规制、环保投入与中国企业生产率——基于中国企业问卷数据的实证研究》,《南开经济研究》,第2期。
[94]张少华、陈浪南,2009：《经济全球化对我国环境污染影响的实证研究——基于行业面板数据》,《国际贸易问题》,第11期。
[95]张彦博、郭亚军,2009：《FDI的环境效应与我国引进外资的环境保护政策》,《中国人口·资源与环境》,第4期。
[96]张征宇、朱平芳,2010：《地方环境支出的实证研究》,《经济研究》,第5期。
[97]张中元、赵国庆,2012a：《环境规制对FDI溢出效应的影响——来自中国市场的证据》,《经济理论与经济管理》,第2期。
[98]张中元、赵国庆,2012b：《FDI、环境规制与技术进步——基于中国省级数据的实证分析》,《数量经济技术经济研究》,第4期。
[99]章秀琴、张敏新,2012：《环境规制对我国环境敏感性产生出口竞争力影响的实证分析》,《国际贸易问题》,第5期。
[100]赵玉民、朱方明和贺立龙,2009：《环境管制的界定、分类和演进研究》,《中国人口·资源与环境》,第6期。
[101]赵志平、贾秀兰,2005：《环境保护的政府行为分析及反思》,《生态经济》,第10期。
[102]钟昌标,2010：《外商直接投资地区间溢出效应研究》,《经济研究》,第1期。
[103]周黎安,2004：《晋升博弈中政府官员的激励与合作——兼论我国地方保护主义和重复建设问题长期存在的原因》,《经济研究》,第6期。
[104]周黎安,2007：《中国地方官员的晋升锦标赛模式研究》,《经济研究》,第7期。
[105]周黎安、李宏彬和陈烨,2005：《相对绩效考核：中国地方官员晋升机制的一项经验研究》,《经济学报》,第1期。
[106]周业安、冯兴元和赵坚毅,2004：《地方政府竞争与市场秩序的重构》,《中国社会科学》,第1期。
[107]周昭、刘湘勤,2008：《乡镇工业环境保护中的地方政府行为博弈分析》,《经济问题探索》,第7期。
[108]朱平芳、张征宇和姜国麟,2011：《FDI与环境规制：基于地方分权视角的实证研究》,《经济研究》,第6期。
[1]Allen, F., J. Qian, and M. J. Qian,2005, "Law, Finance, and Economic Growth in China", Journal of Financial Economics,77(1):57-116.
[2]Alpay, E., S. Buccola and Kerkvliet,2002, "Productivity Growth and Environmental Regulation in Mexican and U.S. Food Manufacturing" American Journal of Agricultural Economics,84(4):887-901.
[3]Ambec, S. and P. Barla,2002, "A Theoretical Foundation of the Porter Hypothesis", Economic Letters,75(3):355-360.
[4]Ambec, S. and P. Barla,2006, "Can Environmental Regulations be Good for Business? An Assessment of the Porter Hypothesis", Energy Studies Review, 14(2):42-62.
[5]Anselin, L.,2001, "Spatial Effects in Econometric Practice in Environmental and Resource Economics", American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 83(3):705-710.
[6]Antweiler, W., B. R. Copeland and M. S. Taylor,2001, "Is Free Trade Good for'the Environment?", American Economic Review,91(4):877-908.
[7]Bafbera, A. J. and V. D. McConnell,1990, "The Impact of Environmental Regulations on Industry Productivity:Direct and Indirect Effects", Journal of Environmental Economics and Management,18(1):50-65.
[8]Berman, E. and L. T. M. Bui,2001, "Environmental Regulation and Productivity:Evidence from Oil Refineries", Review of Economics and Statistics,83(3):498-510.
[9]Birdsall, N. and D. Wheeler,1993, "Trade Policy and Industrial Pollution in Latin America:Where Are the Pollution Havens", Journal of Environment and Development,2(1):137-149.
[10]Blanchard, O. and A. Shleifer,2000, "Federalism with and without Political Centralization:China versus Russia", NBER Working paper No.7616.
[11]Bommer, R. and Schulze, G G,1999, "Environmental Improvement with Trade Liberalization", European Journal of Political Economy,15(4):639-661.
[12]Boyd, G A. and J. D. McClelland,1999, "the Impact of Environmental Constraints on Productivity Improvement in Integrated Paper Plants", Journal of Environmental Economics and Management,38(2):121-142.
[13]Brannlund, R.,2008, "Productivity and Environmental Regulations:A Long-run Analysis of the Swedish Industry", Working Paper, http://www.jus.umu.se/digitalAssets/8/8214_ues728.pdf.
[14]Cai, H., H. Fang and L. C. Xu,2011, "Eat, Drink, Firms, Government:An Investigation of Corruption from the Entertainment and Travel Costs of Chinese Firms", Journal of Law and Economics,54(1):55-78.
[15]Chen, C.J.P., Z. Li, X. Su and Z. Sun,2011, "Rent-Seeking Incentives, Corporate Political Connections and Organizational Structure of Private Firms: Chinese Evidence", Journal of Corporate Finance,17(2):229-243.
[16]Chen, Y., H. Li and L. Zhou,2005, "Relative Performance Evaluation and the Turnover of Provincial Leaders in China", Economics Letters,88(3):421-425.
[17]Christmann, P. and G. Taylor,2001, "Globalization and the Environment: Determinants of Firm Self-Regulation in China", Journal of International Business Studies,32(3):439-458.
[18]Claessens, S., E. Feijen and L. Laeven,2008, "Political Connections and Preferential Access to Finance:The Role of Campaign Contributions", Journal of Financial Economics,88(3):554-580.
[19]Cole, M. A., R. J. R. Elliott and P. G. Fredriksson,2006, "Endogenous Pollution Havens:Does FDI Influence Environmental Regulations?", The Scandinavian Journal of Economics,108(1):157-178.
[20]Cole, M. A., R. J. R. Elliott and J. Zhang,2011, "Growth, Foreign Direct Investment, and the Environment:Evidence from Chinese Cities", Journal of Regional Science,51(1):121-138.
[21]Conrad, K. and D. Wastl,1995, "The Impact of Environmental regulation on Productivity in German Industries", Empirical Economics,20(4):615-633.
[22]Copeland, B. R. and M. S. Taylor,1994, "North-South Trade and the Environment", Quarterly Journal of Economics,109(3):755-787.
[23]Copeland, B. R. and M. S. Taylor,1995, "Trade and Transboundary Pollution", American economic review,85(4):716-737.
[24]Copeland, B. R. and M. S. Taylor,2004, "Trade, Growth, and the Environment", Journal of Economic Literature,42(1):7-71.
[25]Costantini, V. and S. Monni,2008, "Environment, Human Development and Economic Growth", Ecological Economics,64(4):867-880.
[26]Cumberland, J. H.,1981, "Efficiency and Equity in Interregional Environmental Management", Reviews of Regional Studies,10(2):1-9.
[27]Damania, R., P. G Fredriksson and J. A. List,2003, "Trade Liberalization, Corruption, and Environmental Policy Formation:Theory and Evidence", Journal of Environmental Economics and Management,46(3):490-512.
[28]Dean, J. M.,2000, "Does Trade Liberalization Harm the Environment? A New Test", Canadian Journal of Economic,35(4):819-842.
[29]Dean, J. M., M. E. Lovely and H. Wang,2009, "Are Foreign Investors Attracted to Weak Environmental Regulation? Evaluating the Evidence from China", Journal of Development Economics,90(1):1-13.
[30]De Santis, R. A. and F. Stahler,2009, "Foreign Direct Investment and Environmental Taxes", German Economic Review,10(1):115-135.
[31]Dijkstra, B. R., A. J. Mathew and A. Mukherjee,2011, "Environmental Regulation:An Incentive for Foreign Direct Investment", Review of International Economics,19(3):568-578.
[32]Domazlicky, B. R. and W. L. Weber,2004, "Does Environmental Protection Lead to Slower Productivity Growth in the Chemical Industry?", Environmental and Resource Economics,28(3):301-324.
[33]Dong, B., J. Gong and X. Zhao,2012, "FDI and Environmental Regulation: Pollution Haven or a Race to the Top?", Journal of Regulatory Economics, 41(2):216-237.
[34]Dowell, G, S. Hart and B. Yeung,2000, "Do Corporate Global Environmental Standards Create or Destroy Market Value?", Management Science, 46(8):1059-1074.
[35]Drezner, D. W.,2000, "Bottom Feeders", Foreign Policy,122(1):64-73.
[36]Dunning, J. H.,1981, "International Production and the Multinational Enterprise", London:Allen & Unwin.
[37]Eskeland, G S. and A. E. Harrison,2003, "Moving to Greener Pastures? Multinational and the Pollution Haven Hypothesis", Journal of Development Economics,70(1):1-23.
[38]Esty, D. C.,1996, "Revitalizing Environmental Federalism", Michigan Law Review,9(5):234-242.
[39]Esty, D. C. and D. Geradin,1997, "Market Access, Competitiveness, and Harmonization:Environmental Protection in Regional Trade Agreements", Harvard Environmental Law Review,21(2):265-336.
[40]Faccio, M.,2006, "Politically Connected Firms", American Economic Review, 96(1):369-386.
[41]Fan, J. P. H. and T. J. Wong,2007, "Politically Connected CEOs, Corporate Governance, and Post-IPO Performance of China's Newly Partially Privatized Firms", Journal of Financial Economics,84(2):330-357.
[42]Fredriksson, P. G,1999, "The Political Economy of Trade Liberalization and Environmental Policy", Southern Economic Journal,65(3):513-525.
[43]Fredriksson, P. G, J. A. List and D. L. Millimet,2003, "Bureaucratic Corruption, Environmental Policy and Inbound US FDI:Theory and Evidence", Journal of Public Economics,87(7-8):1407-1430.
[44]Gollop, F. M. and M. J. Roberts,1983, "Environmental Regulations and Productivity Growth:The Case of Fossil-fueled Electric Power Generation", Journal of Political Economy,91(4):654-674.
[45]Gray, W. B.,1987, "The Cost of Regulation:OSHA, EPA and the Productivity Slowdown", American Economic Review,77(5):998-1006.
[46]Gray, W. B. and R. J. Shadbegian,1995, "Pollution Abatement Cost, Regulation and Plant-Level Productivity", NBER Working Paper No.4994.
[47]Gray, W. B. and R. J. Shadbegian,1998, "Environmental Regulation, Investment Timing, and Technology Choice", Journal of Industrial Economics, 46(2):235-256.
[48]Grossman, G. M. and A. B. Krueger,1991, "Environmental Impacts of a North American Free Trade Agreement", NBER Working Paper No.3914.
[49]Grossman, G. M. and A. B. Krueger,1995, "Economic Growth and the Environment", Quarterly Journal of Economics,110(2):353-377.
[50]Hamamoto, M.,2006, "Environmental Regulation and the Productivity of Japanese Manufacturing Industries", Resource and Energy Economics, 28(4):299-312.
[51]He, J.,2006, "Pollution Havens Hypothesis and Environmental Impacts of Foreign Direct Investment:The Case of Industrial Emission of Sulfur Dioxide in Chinese Provinces", Ecological Economics,60(1):228-245.
[52]Huang, Y.,2002, "Managing Chinese Bureaucrats:An Institutional Economics Prospective", Political Studies,50(1):61-79.
[53]Jaffe, A. B. and K. Palmer,1997, "Environmental Regulation and Innovation: a Panel Data Study", Review of Economics and Statistics,79(4):610-619.
[54]Jaffe, A. B., S. R. Peterson, P. R. Portney and R. N. Stavins,1995, "Environmental Regulation and the Competitiveness of U.S. Manufacturing: What Does the Evidence Tell US", Journal of Economics Literature, 33(1):132-163.
[55]Jin, H., Y. Y. Qian and B. R. Weingast,2005, "Regional Decentralization and Fiscal Incentives:Federalism, Chinese Style", Journal of Public Economics, 89(9-10):1719-1742.
[56]Jorgenson, D. W. and P. J. Wilcoxen,1990, "Environmental Regulation and U.S. Economic Growth", The RAND Journal of Economics,21(2):314-340.
[57]Kayalica, M. and S. Lahiri,2005, "Strategic environmental policies in the presence of foreign direct investment", Environmental and Resource Economics,30(1):1-21.
[58]Keller, W. and A. Levinson,2002, "Pollution Abatement Costs and Foreign Direct Investment Inflow to U.S. States", Review of Economics and Statistics, 84(4):691-703.
[59]Lan, J., M. Kakinaka, X. Huang,2012, "Foreign Direct Investment, Human Capital and Environmental Pollution in China", Environmental and Resource Economics,51(2):255-275.
[60]Lanoie, P., J. Laurent-Lucchetti, N. Johnstone and S. Ambec,2011, "Environmental Policy, Innovation and Performance:New Insights on the Porter Hypothesis", Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, 20(3):803-842.
[61]Lanoie, P., M. Patry and R. Lajeunesse,2008, "Environmental Regulation and Productivity:Testing the Porter Hypothesis", Journal of Productivity Analysis, 30(2):121-128.
[62]Letchumanan, R. and F. Kodama,2000, "Reconciling the Conflict between the 'Pollution-Haven'Hypothesis and an Emerging Trajectory of International Technology Transfer", Research Policy,29(1):59-79.
[63]Lee, M.,2008, "Environmental Regulations and Market Power:the Case of the Korean Manufacturing Industries", Ecological Economics, 68(1-2):205-209.
[64]Leiter, A. M., A. Parolini and H. Winner,2011, "Environmental Regulation and Investment:Evidence from European Industry Data", Ecological Economics,70(4):759-770.
[65]Li, H., L. Meng, Q. Wang and L. Zhou,2007, "Political connections, Financing and Firm Performance:Evidence from Chinese Private Firms", Journal of Development Economics,87(2):283-299.
[66]Liang, F.,2008, "Does Foreign Direct Investment Harm the Host Country's Environment? Evidence from China", SSRN Working Paper,http://papers.ssrn.c om/sol3/papers.cfrn?abstract_id=1479864.
[67]Lin, L.,2013, "Enforcement of Pollution Levies in China", Journal of Public Economics,98:32-43.
[68]List, J. A. and C. Y. Co,2000, "The Effects of Environmental Regulations on Foreign Direct Investment", Journal of Environmental Economics and Management,40(1):1-20.
[69]Ljungwall, C. and M. Linde-Rahr,2005, "Environmental Policy and the Location of Foreign Direct Investment in China", CCER Working Paper No.E2005009.
[70]Long, N. and H. Siebert,1991, "Institutional Competition versus Ex-ante Harmonization:The Case of Environmental Policy", Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics,147(2):296-311.
[71]Ludema, R. D. and Wooton, I.,1994, "Cross-Border Externalities and Trade Liberalization:The Strategic Control of Pollution", The Canadian Journal of Economics,27(4):950-966.
[72]Manderson, E. and R. Kneller,2012, "Environmental Regulations, Outward FDI and Heterogeneous Firms:Are Countries Used as Pollution Havens?", Environmental and Resource Economics,51(3):317-352.
[73]Mani, M. and D. Wheeler,1998, "In Search of Pollution Havens? Dirty Industry in the World Economy,1960-1995", Journal of Environment and Development,7(3):215-247.
[74]Montinola, G, Y. Qian and B. R. Weingast,1995, "Federalism, Chinese Style: The Political Basis for Economic Success in China", World Politics, 48(1):50-81.
[75]Mohr, R. D.,2002, "Technical Change, External Economies, and the Porter Hypothesis", Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 43(1):158-168.
[76]Murphy, K.M., A. Shleifer and R. W. Vishny,1993, "Why Is Rent-Seeking So Costly to Growth?", American Economic Review,83(2):409-414.
[77]Murty, M. N. and S. Kumar,2003, "Win-win Opportunities and Environmental Regulation:Testing of Porter Hypothesis for Indian Manufacturing Industries", Journal of Environmental Management, 67(2):139-144.
[78]Otsuki, T., J. Wilsont and M. Sewadeh,2001, "A Race to the Top? A Case Study of Food Safety Standards and African Exports", World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No.2563.
[79]Porter, M. E. and C. van der Linde,1995, "Toward a New Conception of the Environment-Competitiveness Relationship", Journal of Economic Perspectives,9(4):97-118.
[80]Potoski, M.,2001, "Clean Air Federalism:Do States Race to the Bottom?", Public Administration Review 61(3):335-343.
[81]Prakash, A. and M. Potoski,2007, "Investing Up:FDI and the Cross-Country Diffusion of ISO 14001 Management Systems", International Studies Quarterly,51 (3):723-744.
[82]Qian, Y. and G. Roland,1998, "Federalism and the Soft Budget Constrain", American Economic Review,88(3):1143-1162.
[83]Qian, Y. and B. R. Weingast,1997, "Federalism as a Commitment to Preserving Market Incentives", Journal of Economic Perspectives,11(4): 83-92.
[84]Rauscher, M.,2005, "Economic Growth and Tax-Competing Leviathans", International Tax and Public Finance,12(4):457-474.
[85]Renard, M. F. and H. Xiong,2012, "Strategic Interactions in Environmental Regulation Enforcement:Evidence from Chinese Provinces", CERDI Working Paper, http://publi.cerdi.org/ed/2012/2012.07.pdf.
[86]Smarzynska, B. K. and S. J. Wei,2001, "Pollution Havens and Foreign Direct Investment:Dirty Secret or Popular Myth?", NBER Working Paper No.8465.
[87]Telle, K. and J. Larsson,2007, "Do Environmental Regulations Hamper Productivity Growth? How Accounting for Improvements of Plants' Environmental Performance can Change the Conclusion", Ecological Economics,61(2-3):438-445.
[88]van Beers, C. and C. J. M. van den Bergh,2000, "The Impact of Environmental Policy on Foreign Trade:Tobey Revisited with a Bilateral Flow Model", Tinbergen Institute Discussion Papers No.00-069/3.
[89]Walter, I. and J. L. Ugelow,1979, "Environmental Policies in Developing Countries", Ambio,8(2-3):102-109.
[90]Wang, H. and Y. Jin,2007, "Industrial Ownership and Environmental Performance:Evidence from China", Environmental and Resource Economics, 36(3):255-273.
[91]Wang, H., N. Mamingi, B. Laplante, and S. Dasgupta,2003, "Incomplete Enforcement of Pollution Regulation:Bargaining Power of Chinese Factories", Environmental and Resource Economics,24(3):245-262.
[92]Wilson, J. D.,1999, "Theories of Tax Competition", National Tax Journal, 52(2):269-304.
[93]Wu, J., Y. Deng, J. Huang, R. Morck and B. Yeung,2013, "Incentives and Outcomes:China's Environmental Policy", NBER Working Paper No.18754.
[94]Wu, X.,2004, "Pollution Havens and the Regulations of Multinationals with Asymmetric Information", Contributions in Economic Analysis & Policy, 3(2):Article 1.
[95]Xepapadeas, A. and A. Zeeuw,1999, "Environmental Policy and Competitiveness:The Porter Hypothesis and the Composition of Capital", Journal of Environmental Economics and Management,37(2):165-182.
[96]Xing, Y. and C. D. Kolstad,2002, "Do Lax Environmental Regulations Attract Foreign Investment?", Environmental and Resource Economics,21(1):1-22.
[97]Xu, C.,2011, "The Fundamental Institutions of China's Reforms and Development", Journal of Economic Literature,49(4):1076-1151.
[98]Xu, X.,2000, "International Trade and Environmental Regulation:Time Series Evidence and Cross Section Test", Environmental and Resource Economics,17(3):233-257.
[99]Yang, B. S. Brosig and J. Chen,2013, "Environmental Impact of Foreign vs. Domestic Capital Investment in China", Journal of Agricultural Economics, 64(1):245-271.
[100]Yao, Y. and M. Zhang,2012, "Subnational Leaders and Economic Growth", CCER Working paper.
[101]Young, A.,2000, "The Razor's Edge:Distortions and Incremental Reform in the People's Republic of China", Quarterly Journal of Economics, 115(5):1091-1135.
[102]Zeng, K. and J. Eastin,2007, "International Economic Integration and Environmental Protection:The Case of China", International Studies Quarterly,51(4):971-995.
[103]Zeng, K. and J. Eastin,2012, "Do Developing Countries Invest Up? The Environmental Effects of Foreign Direct Investment from Less-Developed Countries?", World Development,40(11):2221-2233.
[104]Zhao, Z. and K. H. Zhang,2010, "FDI and Industrial Productivity in China: Evidence from Panel Data in 2001-2006", Review of Development Economics,14(3):656-665.
[105]Zheng, S., M. E. Kahn, W. Sun and D. Luo,2013, "Incentivizing China's Urban Mayors to Mitigate Pollution Externalities:The Role of the Central Government and Public Environmentalism", NBER Working Paper No.18872.
[106]Zhuravskaya, E. V.,2000, "Incentives to Provide Local Public Goods:Fiscal Federalism, Russian Style", Journal of Public Economics,76(3):337-368.
① 植草益：《微观规制经济学》,中译本,中国发展出版社1992年版,第l页。
② 丹尼尔·F·史普博：《管制与市场》,中译本,上海三联书店·上海人民出版社1999年版,第45页。
③ 《产业组织与政府管制》,施蒂格勒,上海三联书店、上海人民出版社1996年版。
④ 《政府管制经济学导论》,王俊豪,商务印书馆2001年版,第1页。
⑤ 《政府规制：21世纪理论研究潮流》,杨建文著,学林出版社2007年版,第2页。
① 《环境规制对中国产业绩效影响的实证研究》,赵红著,经济科学出版社2011年版,第35页。
① 《外商直接投资：中国的实践与论争》,经济管理出版社,桑百川等著,2006年第1版。
① 资料来源：南方周末,《跨国公司在华污染调查：一份“黑名单”牵出33家知名外企》,2006年10月26日。
① 资料来源：丛亚平,“利用外资八思”,《瞭望新闻周刊》,2006年第51期。
① 金碚等著《资源环境管制与工业竞争力》,经济管理出版社,2010年第1版,第21页。
[1]白重恩、杜颖娟、陶志刚和仝月亭,2004：《地方保护主义及产业地区集中度的决定因素和变动趋势》,《经济研究》,第4期。
[2]白雪洁、宋莹,2009：《环境规制、技术创新与中国火电行业的效率提升》,《中国工业经济》,第8期。
[3]蔡防、都阳和王美艳,2008：《经济发展方式转变与节能减排内在动力》,《经济研究》,第6期。
[4]包群、彭水军,2006：《经济增长与环境污染：基于面板数据的联立方程估计》,《世界经济》,第11期。
[5]包群、吕越和陈媛媛,2010a：《外商投资与我国环境污染——基于工业行业面板数据的经验研究》,《南开学报(哲学社会科学版)》,第3期。
[6]包群、陈媛媛和宋立刚,2010b：《外商投资与东道国环境污染：存在倒U型曲线关系吗?》,《世界经济》,第1期。
[7]陈德敏、张瑞,2012：《环境规制对中国全要素能源效率的影响——基于省际面板数据的实证检验》,《经济科学》,第4期。
[8]陈刚,2009：((FDI竞争、环境规制与污染避难所——对中国式分权的反思》,《世界经济研究》,第6期。
[9]陈诗一,2010：《中国的绿色工业革命：基于环境全要素生产率视角的解释(1980-2008)》,《经济研究》,第11期。
[10]陈爽英、井润田、龙小宁和邵云飞,2010：《民营企业家社会关系资本对研发投资决策影响的实证研究》,《管理世界》,第1期。
[11]陈钊、徐彤,2011：《走向“为和谐而竞争”：晋升锦标赛下的中央和地方治理模式变迁》,《世界经济》,第9期。
[12]崔亚飞、刘小川,2010：《中国省级税收竞争与环境污染——基于1998-2006年面板数据的分析》,《财经研究》,第4期。
[13]杜兴强、曾泉和杜颖洁,2012：《政治联系对中国上市公司的R&D投资具有‘挤出’效应吗?》,《投资研究》,第5期。
[14]段润来,2009：.《中国省级政府为什么努力发展经济?》,《南方经济》,第8期。
[15]冯天丽、井润田,2009：《制度环境与私营企业家政治联系意愿的实证研究》,《管理世界》,第8期。
：[16]傅京燕、李丽莎,2010：《环境规制、要素禀赋与产业国际竞争力的实证研究——基于中国制造业的面板数据》,《管理世界》,第10期。
[17]顾国达、牛晓婧和张钱江,2007：《技术壁垒对国际贸易影响的实证分析——以中日茶叶贸易为例》,《国际贸易问题》,第6期。
[18]顾元媛、沈坤荣,2012：《地方政府行为与企业研发投入——基于中国省级面板数据的实证分析》,《中国工业经济》,第10期。
[19]贺小刚、张远飞、连燕玲和吕斐斐,2013：《政治关联与企业价值——民营企业与国有企业的比较分析》,《中国工业经济》,第1期。
[20]黄菁,2010：《环境污染与城市经济增长：基于联立方程的实证分析》,《财贸研究》,第5期。
[21]黄顺武,2007：《环境规制对FDI影响的经验分析：基于中国的数据》,《当代财经》,第5期。
[22]江雅雯、黄燕和徐雯,2012：《市场化程度视角下的民营企业政治关联与研发》,《科研管理》,第33卷第10期。
[23]郎铁柱、钟定胜：《环境保护与可持续发展》,天津大学出版社,2005。
[24]李斌、彭星和陈柱华,2011：《环境规制、FDI与中国治污技术创新——基于省际动态面板数据的分析》,《财经研究》,第10期。
[25]李春顶,2010：《中国出口企业是否存在“生产率悖论”：基于中国制造业企业数据的检验》,《世界经济》,第7期。
[26]李静、沈伟,2012：《环境规制对中国工业绿色生产率的影响——基于波特假说的再检验》,《山西财经大学学报》,第2期。
[27]李猛,2009：《中国环境破坏事件频发的成因与对策——基于区域间环境 竞争的视角》,《财贸经济》,第9期。
[28]李强、聂锐,2010：《环境规制与中国大中型企业工业生产率》,《中国地质大学学报(社会科学版)》,第4期。
[29]李昭华、蒋冰冰,2009：《欧盟玩具业环境规制对我国玩具出口的绿色壁垒效应——基于我国四类玩具出口欧盟十国的面板数据分析：1990-2006》,《经济学(季刊)》,第8卷第3期。
[30]李胜文、李新春和杨学儒,2010：《中国的环境效率与环境管制——基于1986-2007年省级水平的估算》,《财经研究》,第2期。
[31]李树、陈刚,2013：《环境管制与生产率增长——以APPCL2000的修订为例》,《经济研究》,第1期。
[32]李小平、卢现祥、陶小琴,2012：《环境规制强度是否影响了中国工业行业的贸易比较优势》,《世界经济》,第4期。
[33]梁若冰,2009：《财政分权下的晋升激励、部门利益与土地违法》,《经济学(季刊)》,第9卷,第1期。
[34]刘凌波、丁慧平,2007：《乡镇工业环境保护中的地方政府行为分析》,《管理世界》,第11期。
[35]刘渝琳、温怀德,2007：《经济增长下的FDI、环境污染损失与人力资本》,《世界经济研究》,第11期。
[36]陆铭等：《中国的大国经济发展道路》,中国大百科全书出版社,2008。
[37]陆菁,2007：《国际环境规制与倒逼型产业技术升级》,《国际贸易问题》,第7期。
[38]陆旸,2009：《环境规制影响了污染密集型商品的贸易比较优势吗?》,《经济研究》,第4期。
[39]陆旸,2012：《从开放宏观的视角看环境污染问题：一个综述》,《经济研究》,第2期。
[40]罗党论、唐清泉,2009：《政治联系、社会资本与政策资源获取：来自中国民营上市公司的经验证据》,《世界经济》,第7期。
[41]彭可茂、席利卿和彭开丽,2012：《环境规制对中国油料作物产出影响的研究——基于距离函数对技术效率的测度》,《统计与信息论坛》,第2期。
[42]钱先航、曹廷求和李维安,2011：《晋升压力、官员任期与城市商业银行 的贷款行为》,《经济研究》,第12期。
[43]沈坤荣、付文林,2006：《税收竞争、地区博弈及其增长绩效》,《经济研究》,第6期。
[44]沈能,2012：《环境效率、行业异质性与最优规制强度——中国工业行业面板数据的非线性检验》,《中国工业经济》,第3期。
[45]沈能、刘凤朝,2012：《高强度的环境规制真能促进技术创新吗?》,《中国软科学》,第4期。
[46]盛斌、吕越,2012：《外国直接投资对中国环境的影响——来自工业行业面板数据的实证研究》,《中国社会科学》,第5期。
[47]孙铮、刘凤委和李增泉,2005：《市场化程度、政府干预与企业债务期限结构——来自我国上市公司的经验证据》,《经济研究》,第5期。
[48]陶然、陆曦、苏福兵和汪晖,2009：《地区竞争格局演变下的中国转轨：财政激励和发展模式反思》,《经济研究》,第7期。
[49]陶然、苏福兵、陆曦和朱昱铭,2010：《经济增长能够带来晋升吗?——对晋升锦标竞赛理论的逻辑挑战与省级实证重估》,《管理世界》,第12期。
[50]田东文、叶科艺,2007：《安全标准与农场品贸易：中国与主要贸易伙伴的实证研究》,《国际贸易问题》,第9期。
[51]童伟伟、张建民,2012：《环境规制能促进技术创新吗?——基于中国制造业企业数据的再检验》,《财经科学》,第11期。
[52]王兵、吴延瑞和颜鹏飞,2008：《环境管制与全要素生产率增长：APEC的实证研究》,《经济研究》,第5期。
[53]王芳芳、郝前进,2011：《环境管制与内外资企业的选址策略差异——基于泊松回归的分析》,《世界经济文汇》,第4期。
[54]王国印、王动,2011：《波特假说、环境规制与企业技术创新——对中东部地区的比较分析》,《中国软科学》,第1期。
[55]王军,2008：《理解污染避难所假说》,《世界经济研究》,第1期。
[56]王文普,2012：《环境规制的经济效应研究——作用机制与中国实证》,山东大学博士论文。
[57]王贤彬、徐现祥,2008：《地方官员来源、去向、任期与经济增长——来自中国省长省委书记的证据》,《管理世界》,第3期。
[58]王贤彬、张莉和徐现祥,2011：《辖区经济增长绩效与省长省委书记晋升》,《经济社会体制比较》,第1期。
[59]王询、张为杰,2011：《环境规制、产业结构与中国工业污染的区域差异——基于东、中、西部Panel Data的经验研究》,《财经问题研究》,第11期。
[60]王永进、盛丹,2012：《政治关联与企业的契约实施环境》,《经济学(季刊)》,第4期。
[61]王永钦、张晏、章元、陈钊和陆铭,2007：《中国的大国发展道路——论分权式改革的得失》,《经济研究》,第1期。
[62]温怀德、刘渝琳,2008：《对外贸易、FDI的经济增长效应与环境污染效应实证研究》,《当代财经》,第5期。
[63]吴玉鸣,2006：《外商直接投资对环境规制的影响》,《国际贸易问题》,第4期。
[64]夏友富,1999：《外商投资中国污染密集产业现状、后果及其对策研究》,《管理世界》,第3期。
[65]解垩,2008：《环境规制与中国工业生产率增长》,《产业经济研究》,第1期。
[66]解振华等：《国家环境安全战略报告》,北京,中国环境安全出版社,2005。
[67]熊鹰、徐翔,2007：《环境管制对中国外商直接投资的影响——基于面板数据模型的实证分析》,《经济评论》,第2期。
[68]许冬兰、董博,2009：《环境规制对技术效率和生产力损失的影响分析》,《中国人口·资源与环境》,第6期。
[69]许广月、宋德勇,2010：《中国碳排放环境库兹涅茨曲线的实证研究——基于省域面板数据》,《中国工业经济》,第5期。
[70]许和连、邓玉萍,2012：《外商直接投资导致了中国的环境污染吗?——基于中国省际面板数据的空间计量研究》,《管理世界》,第2期。
[71]许士春、庄莹莹,2009：《经济开放对环境影响的实证研究——以江苏为例》,《财贸经济》,第3期。
[72]杨海生、陈少陵和周永章,2008：《地方政府竞争与环境政策——来自中国省份数据的证据》,《南方经济》,第6期。
[73]杨其静,2011：《企业成长：政治关联还是能力建设?》,《经济研究》,第10期。
[74]杨瑞龙、章泉和周业安,2007：《财政分权、公众偏好和环境污染——来自中国省级面板数据的证据》,中国人民大学经济研究所工作论文。
[75]杨涛,2003：《环境规制对中国FDI影响的实证分析》,《世界经济研究》,第5期。
[76]杨万平、袁晓玲,2008：《对外贸易、FDI对环境污染的影响分析——基于中国时间序列的脉冲响应函数分析：1982-2006》,《世界经济研究》,第12期。
[77]应瑞瑶、周力,2006：《外商直接投资、工业污染与环境规制——基于中国数据的计量经济学分析》,《财贸经济》,第1期。
[78]余明桂、潘红波,2008：《政治联系、制度环境与民营企业银行贷款》,《管理世界》,第8期。
[79]余明桂、回雅甫、潘红波,2010：《政治联系、寻租与地方政府财政补贴有效性》,《经济研究》,第3期。
[80]于蔚、汪淼军和金祥荣,2012：《政治关联和融资约束：信息效应与资源效应》,《经济研究》,第9期。
[81]曾贤刚,2010：《环境规制、外商直接投资与“污染避难所”假说——基于中国30个省份面板数据的实证研究》,《经济理论与经济管理》,第11期。
[82]张成、陆肠、郭路和于同申,2011：《环境规制强度和生产技术进步》,《经济研究》,第2期。
[83]张成、于同申和郭路,2010：《环境规制影响了中国工业的生产率吗——基于DEA与协整分析的实证检验》,《经济理论与经济管理》,第3期。
[84]张各兴、夏大慰,2012：《中国输配电网技术效率与全要素生产率研究——基于2005-2009年24家省级电力公司面板数据的分析》,《财经研究》,第10期。
[85]张晖,2011：《官员异质性、努力扭曲与隐性激励》,《中国经济问题》,第5期。
[86]张杰、李克和刘志彪,2011：《市场化转型与企业生产率——中国的经验研究》,《经济学(季刊)》,第10卷第2期。
[87]张杰、李勇和刘志彪,2009：《出口促进中国企业生产率提高吗?——来自中国本土制造业企业的经验证据：1999-2003》,《管理世界》,第12期。
[88]张军、高远,2007：《官员任期、异地流动与经济增长——来自省级经验的证据》,《经济研究》,第11期。
[89]张军、周黎安：《为增长而竞争：中国增长的政治经济学》,上海人民出版社,2008。
[90]张克中、王娟和崔小勇,2011：《财政分权与环境污染：碳排放的视角》,《中国工业经济》,第10期。
[91]张莉、王贤彬和徐现祥,2011：《财政激励、晋升激励与地方官员的土地出让行为》,《中国工业经济》,第4期。
[92]张连众、朱坦、李慕菡和张伯伟,2003：《贸易自由化对我国环境污染的影响分析》,《南开经济研究》,第3期。
[93]张三峰、卜茂亮,2011：《环境规制、环保投入与中国企业生产率——基于中国企业问卷数据的实证研究》,《南开经济研究》,第2期。
[94]张少华、陈浪南,2009：《经济全球化对我国环境污染影响的实证研究——基于行业面板数据》,《国际贸易问题》,第11期。
[95]张彦博、郭亚军,2009：《FDI的环境效应与我国引进外资的环境保护政策》,《中国人口·资源与环境》,第4期。
[96]张征宇、朱平芳,2010：《地方环境支出的实证研究》,《经济研究》,第5期。
[97]张中元、赵国庆,2012a：《环境规制对FDI溢出效应的影响——来自中国市场的证据》,《经济理论与经济管理》,第2期。
[98]张中元、赵国庆,2012b：《FDI、环境规制与技术进步——基于中国省级数据的实证分析》,《数量经济技术经济研究》,第4期。
[99]章秀琴、张敏新,2012：《环境规制对我国环境敏感性产生出口竞争力影响的实证分析》,《国际贸易问题》,第5期。
[100]赵玉民、朱方明和贺立龙,2009：《环境管制的界定、分类和演进研究》,《中国人口·资源与环境》,第6期。
[101]赵志平、贾秀兰,2005：《环境保护的政府行为分析及反思》,《生态经济》,第10期。
[102]钟昌标,2010：《外商直接投资地区间溢出效应研究》,《经济研究》,第1期。
[103]周黎安,2004：《晋升博弈中政府官员的激励与合作——兼论我国地方保护主义和重复建设问题长期存在的原因》,《经济研究》,第6期。
[104]周黎安,2007：《中国地方官员的晋升锦标赛模式研究》,《经济研究》,第7期。
[105]周黎安、李宏彬和陈烨,2005：《相对绩效考核：中国地方官员晋升机制的一项经验研究》,《经济学报》,第1期。
[106]周业安、冯兴元和赵坚毅,2004：《地方政府竞争与市场秩序的重构》,《中国社会科学》,第1期。
[107]周昭、刘湘勤,2008：《乡镇工业环境保护中的地方政府行为博弈分析》,《经济问题探索》,第7期。
[108]朱平芳、张征宇和姜国麟,2011：《FDI与环境规制：基于地方分权视角的实证研究》,《经济研究》,第6期。
[1]Allen, F., J. Qian, and M. J. Qian,2005, "Law, Finance, and Economic Growth in China", Journal of Financial Economics,77(1):57-116.
[2]Alpay, E., S. Buccola and Kerkvliet,2002, "Productivity Growth and Environmental Regulation in Mexican and U.S. Food Manufacturing" American Journal of Agricultural Economics,84(4):887-901.
[3]Ambec, S. and P. Barla,2002, "A Theoretical Foundation of the Porter Hypothesis", Economic Letters,75(3):355-360.
[4]Ambec, S. and P. Barla,2006, "Can Environmental Regulations be Good for Business? An Assessment of the Porter Hypothesis", Energy Studies Review, 14(2):42-62.
[5]Anselin, L.,2001, "Spatial Effects in Econometric Practice in Environmental and Resource Economics", American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 83(3):705-710.
[6]Antweiler, W., B. R. Copeland and M. S. Taylor,2001, "Is Free Trade Good for'the Environment?", American Economic Review,91(4):877-908.
[7]Bafbera, A. J. and V. D. McConnell,1990, "The Impact of Environmental Regulations on Industry Productivity:Direct and Indirect Effects", Journal of Environmental Economics and Management,18(1):50-65.
[8]Berman, E. and L. T. M. Bui,2001, "Environmental Regulation and Productivity:Evidence from Oil Refineries", Review of Economics and Statistics,83(3):498-510.
[9]Birdsall, N. and D. Wheeler,1993, "Trade Policy and Industrial Pollution in Latin America:Where Are the Pollution Havens", Journal of Environment and Development,2(1):137-149.
[10]Blanchard, O. and A. Shleifer,2000, "Federalism with and without Political Centralization:China versus Russia", NBER Working paper No.7616.
[11]Bommer, R. and Schulze, G G,1999, "Environmental Improvement with Trade Liberalization", European Journal of Political Economy,15(4):639-661.
[12]Boyd, G A. and J. D. McClelland,1999, "the Impact of Environmental Constraints on Productivity Improvement in Integrated Paper Plants", Journal of Environmental Economics and Management,38(2):121-142.
[13]Brannlund, R.,2008, "Productivity and Environmental Regulations:A Long-run Analysis of the Swedish Industry", Working Paper, http://www.jus.umu.se/digitalAssets/8/8214_ues728.pdf.
[14]Cai, H., H. Fang and L. C. Xu,2011, "Eat, Drink, Firms, Government:An Investigation of Corruption from the Entertainment and Travel Costs of Chinese Firms", Journal of Law and Economics,54(1):55-78.
[15]Chen, C.J.P., Z. Li, X. Su and Z. Sun,2011, "Rent-Seeking Incentives, Corporate Political Connections and Organizational Structure of Private Firms: Chinese Evidence", Journal of Corporate Finance,17(2):229-243.
[16]Chen, Y., H. Li and L. Zhou,2005, "Relative Performance Evaluation and the Turnover of Provincial Leaders in China", Economics Letters,88(3):421-425.
[17]Christmann, P. and G. Taylor,2001, "Globalization and the Environment: Determinants of Firm Self-Regulation in China", Journal of International Business Studies,32(3):439-458.
[18]Claessens, S., E. Feijen and L. Laeven,2008, "Political Connections and Preferential Access to Finance:The Role of Campaign Contributions", Journal of Financial Economics,88(3):554-580.
[19]Cole, M. A., R. J. R. Elliott and P. G. Fredriksson,2006, "Endogenous Pollution Havens:Does FDI Influence Environmental Regulations?", The Scandinavian Journal of Economics,108(1):157-178.
[20]Cole, M. A., R. J. R. Elliott and J. Zhang,2011, "Growth, Foreign Direct Investment, and the Environment:Evidence from Chinese Cities", Journal of Regional Science,51(1):121-138.
[21]Conrad, K. and D. Wastl,1995, "The Impact of Environmental regulation on Productivity in German Industries", Empirical Economics,20(4):615-633.
[22]Copeland, B. R. and M. S. Taylor,1994, "North-South Trade and the Environment", Quarterly Journal of Economics,109(3):755-787.
[23]Copeland, B. R. and M. S. Taylor,1995, "Trade and Transboundary Pollution", American economic review,85(4):716-737.
[24]Copeland, B. R. and M. S. Taylor,2004, "Trade, Growth, and the Environment", Journal of Economic Literature,42(1):7-71.
[25]Costantini, V. and S. Monni,2008, "Environment, Human Development and Economic Growth", Ecological Economics,64(4):867-880.
[26]Cumberland, J. H.,1981, "Efficiency and Equity in Interregional Environmental Management", Reviews of Regional Studies,10(2):1-9.
[27]Damania, R., P. G Fredriksson and J. A. List,2003, "Trade Liberalization, Corruption, and Environmental Policy Formation:Theory and Evidence", Journal of Environmental Economics and Management,46(3):490-512.
[28]Dean, J. M.,2000, "Does Trade Liberalization Harm the Environment? A New Test", Canadian Journal of Economic,35(4):819-842.
[29]Dean, J. M., M. E. Lovely and H. Wang,2009, "Are Foreign Investors Attracted to Weak Environmental Regulation? Evaluating the Evidence from China", Journal of Development Economics,90(1):1-13.
[30]De Santis, R. A. and F. Stahler,2009, "Foreign Direct Investment and Environmental Taxes", German Economic Review,10(1):115-135.
[31]Dijkstra, B. R., A. J. Mathew and A. Mukherjee,2011, "Environmental Regulation:An Incentive for Foreign Direct Investment", Review of International Economics,19(3):568-578.
[32]Domazlicky, B. R. and W. L. Weber,2004, "Does Environmental Protection Lead to Slower Productivity Growth in the Chemical Industry?", Environmental and Resource Economics,28(3):301-324.
[33]Dong, B., J. Gong and X. Zhao,2012, "FDI and Environmental Regulation: Pollution Haven or a Race to the Top?", Journal of Regulatory Economics, 41(2):216-237.
[34]Dowell, G, S. Hart and B. Yeung,2000, "Do Corporate Global Environmental Standards Create or Destroy Market Value?", Management Science, 46(8):1059-1074.
[35]Drezner, D. W.,2000, "Bottom Feeders", Foreign Policy,122(1):64-73.
[36]Dunning, J. H.,1981, "International Production and the Multinational Enterprise", London:Allen & Unwin.
[37]Eskeland, G S. and A. E. Harrison,2003, "Moving to Greener Pastures? Multinational and the Pollution Haven Hypothesis", Journal of Development Economics,70(1):1-23.
[38]Esty, D. C.,1996, "Revitalizing Environmental Federalism", Michigan Law Review,9(5):234-242.
[39]Esty, D. C. and D. Geradin,1997, "Market Access, Competitiveness, and Harmonization:Environmental Protection in Regional Trade Agreements", Harvard Environmental Law Review,21(2):265-336.
[40]Faccio, M.,2006, "Politically Connected Firms", American Economic Review, 96(1):369-386.
[41]Fan, J. P. H. and T. J. Wong,2007, "Politically Connected CEOs, Corporate Governance, and Post-IPO Performance of China's Newly Partially Privatized Firms", Journal of Financial Economics,84(2):330-357.
[42]Fredriksson, P. G,1999, "The Political Economy of Trade Liberalization and Environmental Policy", Southern Economic Journal,65(3):513-525.
[43]Fredriksson, P. G, J. A. List and D. L. Millimet,2003, "Bureaucratic Corruption, Environmental Policy and Inbound US FDI:Theory and Evidence", Journal of Public Economics,87(7-8):1407-1430.
[44]Gollop, F. M. and M. J. Roberts,1983, "Environmental Regulations and Productivity Growth:The Case of Fossil-fueled Electric Power Generation", Journal of Political Economy,91(4):654-674.
[45]Gray, W. B.,1987, "The Cost of Regulation:OSHA, EPA and the Productivity Slowdown", American Economic Review,77(5):998-1006.
[46]Gray, W. B. and R. J. Shadbegian,1995, "Pollution Abatement Cost, Regulation and Plant-Level Productivity", NBER Working Paper No.4994.
[47]Gray, W. B. and R. J. Shadbegian,1998, "Environmental Regulation, Investment Timing, and Technology Choice", Journal of Industrial Economics, 46(2):235-256.
[48]Grossman, G. M. and A. B. Krueger,1991, "Environmental Impacts of a North American Free Trade Agreement", NBER Working Paper No.3914.
[49]Grossman, G. M. and A. B. Krueger,1995, "Economic Growth and the Environment", Quarterly Journal of Economics,110(2):353-377.
[50]Hamamoto, M.,2006, "Environmental Regulation and the Productivity of Japanese Manufacturing Industries", Resource and Energy Economics, 28(4):299-312.
[51]He, J.,2006, "Pollution Havens Hypothesis and Environmental Impacts of Foreign Direct Investment:The Case of Industrial Emission of Sulfur Dioxide in Chinese Provinces", Ecological Economics,60(1):228-245.
[52]Huang, Y.,2002, "Managing Chinese Bureaucrats:An Institutional Economics Prospective", Political Studies,50(1):61-79.
[53]Jaffe, A. B. and K. Palmer,1997, "Environmental Regulation and Innovation: a Panel Data Study", Review of Economics and Statistics,79(4):610-619.
[54]Jaffe, A. B., S. R. Peterson, P. R. Portney and R. N. Stavins,1995, "Environmental Regulation and the Competitiveness of U.S. Manufacturing: What Does the Evidence Tell US", Journal of Economics Literature, 33(1):132-163.
[55]Jin, H., Y. Y. Qian and B. R. Weingast,2005, "Regional Decentralization and Fiscal Incentives:Federalism, Chinese Style", Journal of Public Economics, 89(9-10):1719-1742.
[56]Jorgenson, D. W. and P. J. Wilcoxen,1990, "Environmental Regulation and U.S. Economic Growth", The RAND Journal of Economics,21(2):314-340.
[57]Kayalica, M. and S. Lahiri,2005, "Strategic environmental policies in the presence of foreign direct investment", Environmental and Resource Economics,30(1):1-21.
[58]Keller, W. and A. Levinson,2002, "Pollution Abatement Costs and Foreign Direct Investment Inflow to U.S. States", Review of Economics and Statistics, 84(4):691-703.
[59]Lan, J., M. Kakinaka, X. Huang,2012, "Foreign Direct Investment, Human Capital and Environmental Pollution in China", Environmental and Resource Economics,51(2):255-275.
[60]Lanoie, P., J. Laurent-Lucchetti, N. Johnstone and S. Ambec,2011, "Environmental Policy, Innovation and Performance:New Insights on the Porter Hypothesis", Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, 20(3):803-842.
[61]Lanoie, P., M. Patry and R. Lajeunesse,2008, "Environmental Regulation and Productivity:Testing the Porter Hypothesis", Journal of Productivity Analysis, 30(2):121-128.
[62]Letchumanan, R. and F. Kodama,2000, "Reconciling the Conflict between the 'Pollution-Haven'Hypothesis and an Emerging Trajectory of International Technology Transfer", Research Policy,29(1):59-79.
[63]Lee, M.,2008, "Environmental Regulations and Market Power:the Case of the Korean Manufacturing Industries", Ecological Economics, 68(1-2):205-209.
[64]Leiter, A. M., A. Parolini and H. Winner,2011, "Environmental Regulation and Investment:Evidence from European Industry Data", Ecological Economics,70(4):759-770.
[65]Li, H., L. Meng, Q. Wang and L. Zhou,2007, "Political connections, Financing and Firm Performance:Evidence from Chinese Private Firms", Journal of Development Economics,87(2):283-299.
[66]Liang, F.,2008, "Does Foreign Direct Investment Harm the Host Country's Environment? Evidence from China", SSRN Working Paper,http://papers.ssrn.c om/sol3/papers.cfrn?abstract_id=1479864.
[67]Lin, L.,2013, "Enforcement of Pollution Levies in China", Journal of Public Economics,98:32-43.
[68]List, J. A. and C. Y. Co,2000, "The Effects of Environmental Regulations on Foreign Direct Investment", Journal of Environmental Economics and Management,40(1):1-20.
[69]Ljungwall, C. and M. Linde-Rahr,2005, "Environmental Policy and the Location of Foreign Direct Investment in China", CCER Working Paper No.E2005009.
[70]Long, N. and H. Siebert,1991, "Institutional Competition versus Ex-ante Harmonization:The Case of Environmental Policy", Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics,147(2):296-311.
[71]Ludema, R. D. and Wooton, I.,1994, "Cross-Border Externalities and Trade Liberalization:The Strategic Control of Pollution", The Canadian Journal of Economics,27(4):950-966.
[72]Manderson, E. and R. Kneller,2012, "Environmental Regulations, Outward FDI and Heterogeneous Firms:Are Countries Used as Pollution Havens?", Environmental and Resource Economics,51(3):317-352.
[73]Mani, M. and D. Wheeler,1998, "In Search of Pollution Havens? Dirty Industry in the World Economy,1960-1995", Journal of Environment and Development,7(3):215-247.
[74]Montinola, G, Y. Qian and B. R. Weingast,1995, "Federalism, Chinese Style: The Political Basis for Economic Success in China", World Politics, 48(1):50-81.
[75]Mohr, R. D.,2002, "Technical Change, External Economies, and the Porter Hypothesis", Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 43(1):158-168.
[76]Murphy, K.M., A. Shleifer and R. W. Vishny,1993, "Why Is Rent-Seeking So Costly to Growth?", American Economic Review,83(2):409-414.
[77]Murty, M. N. and S. Kumar,2003, "Win-win Opportunities and Environmental Regulation:Testing of Porter Hypothesis for Indian Manufacturing Industries", Journal of Environmental Management, 67(2):139-144.
[78]Otsuki, T., J. Wilsont and M. Sewadeh,2001, "A Race to the Top? A Case Study of Food Safety Standards and African Exports", World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No.2563.
[79]Porter, M. E. and C. van der Linde,1995, "Toward a New Conception of the Environment-Competitiveness Relationship", Journal of Economic Perspectives,9(4):97-118.
[80]Potoski, M.,2001, "Clean Air Federalism:Do States Race to the Bottom?", Public Administration Review 61(3):335-343.
[81]Prakash, A. and M. Potoski,2007, "Investing Up:FDI and the Cross-Country Diffusion of ISO 14001 Management Systems", International Studies Quarterly,51 (3):723-744.
[82]Qian, Y. and G. Roland,1998, "Federalism and the Soft Budget Constrain", American Economic Review,88(3):1143-1162.
[83]Qian, Y. and B. R. Weingast,1997, "Federalism as a Commitment to Preserving Market Incentives", Journal of Economic Perspectives,11(4): 83-92.
[84]Rauscher, M.,2005, "Economic Growth and Tax-Competing Leviathans", International Tax and Public Finance,12(4):457-474.
[85]Renard, M. F. and H. Xiong,2012, "Strategic Interactions in Environmental Regulation Enforcement:Evidence from Chinese Provinces", CERDI Working Paper, http://publi.cerdi.org/ed/2012/2012.07.pdf.
[86]Smarzynska, B. K. and S. J. Wei,2001, "Pollution Havens and Foreign Direct Investment:Dirty Secret or Popular Myth?", NBER Working Paper No.8465.
[87]Telle, K. and J. Larsson,2007, "Do Environmental Regulations Hamper Productivity Growth? How Accounting for Improvements of Plants' Environmental Performance can Change the Conclusion", Ecological Economics,61(2-3):438-445.
[88]van Beers, C. and C. J. M. van den Bergh,2000, "The Impact of Environmental Policy on Foreign Trade:Tobey Revisited with a Bilateral Flow Model", Tinbergen Institute Discussion Papers No.00-069/3.
[89]Walter, I. and J. L. Ugelow,1979, "Environmental Policies in Developing Countries", Ambio,8(2-3):102-109.
[90]Wang, H. and Y. Jin,2007, "Industrial Ownership and Environmental Performance:Evidence from China", Environmental and Resource Economics, 36(3):255-273.
[91]Wang, H., N. Mamingi, B. Laplante, and S. Dasgupta,2003, "Incomplete Enforcement of Pollution Regulation:Bargaining Power of Chinese Factories", Environmental and Resource Economics,24(3):245-262.
[92]Wilson, J. D.,1999, "Theories of Tax Competition", National Tax Journal, 52(2):269-304.
[93]Wu, J., Y. Deng, J. Huang, R. Morck and B. Yeung,2013, "Incentives and Outcomes:China's Environmental Policy", NBER Working Paper No.18754.
[94]Wu, X.,2004, "Pollution Havens and the Regulations of Multinationals with Asymmetric Information", Contributions in Economic Analysis & Policy, 3(2):Article 1.
[95]Xepapadeas, A. and A. Zeeuw,1999, "Environmental Policy and Competitiveness:The Porter Hypothesis and the Composition of Capital", Journal of Environmental Economics and Management,37(2):165-182.
[96]Xing, Y. and C. D. Kolstad,2002, "Do Lax Environmental Regulations Attract Foreign Investment?", Environmental and Resource Economics,21(1):1-22.
[97]Xu, C.,2011, "The Fundamental Institutions of China's Reforms and Development", Journal of Economic Literature,49(4):1076-1151.
[98]Xu, X.,2000, "International Trade and Environmental Regulation:Time Series Evidence and Cross Section Test", Environmental and Resource Economics,17(3):233-257.
[99]Yang, B. S. Brosig and J. Chen,2013, "Environmental Impact of Foreign vs. Domestic Capital Investment in China", Journal of Agricultural Economics, 64(1):245-271.
[100]Yao, Y. and M. Zhang,2012, "Subnational Leaders and Economic Growth", CCER Working paper.
[101]Young, A.,2000, "The Razor's Edge:Distortions and Incremental Reform in the People's Republic of China", Quarterly Journal of Economics, 115(5):1091-1135.
[102]Zeng, K. and J. Eastin,2007, "International Economic Integration and Environmental Protection:The Case of China", International Studies Quarterly,51(4):971-995.
[103]Zeng, K. and J. Eastin,2012, "Do Developing Countries Invest Up? The Environmental Effects of Foreign Direct Investment from Less-Developed Countries?", World Development,40(11):2221-2233.
[104]Zhao, Z. and K. H. Zhang,2010, "FDI and Industrial Productivity in China: Evidence from Panel Data in 2001-2006", Review of Development Economics,14(3):656-665.
[105]Zheng, S., M. E. Kahn, W. Sun and D. Luo,2013, "Incentivizing China's Urban Mayors to Mitigate Pollution Externalities:The Role of the Central Government and Public Environmentalism", NBER Working Paper No.18872.
[106]Zhuravskaya, E. V.,2000, "Incentives to Provide Local Public Goods:Fiscal Federalism, Russian Style", Journal of Public Economics,76(3):337-368.