基于虚拟现实的公差产品建模技术研究
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摘要
基于虚拟现实的虚拟装配技术为产品的装配问题提供了低成本的快速手段,而公差信息又是CAD/CAM信息集成中的关键技术,如何将二者有机集成是一个崭新课题。本文在分析总结国内外最新理论成果的基础上,为虚拟装配系统建立了一个公差产品模型,与一般的虚拟装配模型相比提高了模型的拟实性,进一步增强了虚拟装配的工程实用性。
本文建立了基于虚拟现实的公差产品层次模型,基本数据采用数据库进行存储与管理,并开发了模型转换接口软件,基本数据可以自动提取,不需要用户的干预。实现了虚拟现实中零件几何模型的构建方法,以及装配信息、尺寸信息和公差信息的提取方法。开发了基于虚拟现实的公差产品建模系统,并结合实例探讨了公差信息的应用。
机械零件的加工误差具有一定的随机性,按照不同的加工条件满足不同的分布规律。本文改进了特定分布随机数的生成方法,并将其应用于机械零件加工误差的随机生成,最后通过实验对该方法进行了验证。该方法适用性广,运算效率较高,适于任意分布且概率密度函数已知的加工误差的随机生成。
配合特征矩阵可以用来表示装配约束,本文完善了这一方法,使得配合特征矩阵可以表示沿任意轴线的约束。分析了Pro/Engineer中常用的几种装配约束,并给出了其配合特征矩阵。详细分析了装配约束的获取与加载方法,同时重新定义了鼠标传感器和空间球传感器的刷新函数,从而完成了基于虚拟现实的装配过程的控制与仿真。
Virtual assembly based on the virtual reality gives a low-cost and rapid prototyping method for products’assembly, and tolerances has become a key technique of information integration in CAD/CAM, it will be a new task that how to integrate tolerances into virtual assembly. On the basis of summarizing current research situations and developments both of abroad and at home, this thesis constructes a toleranced product model for virtual assembly, that is a more similar model to the product, so virtual assembly is more available.
A toleranced product model based on the virtual reality is constructed for the virtual assembly, and the essential data is saved and managed in database. Model transform interface software is developed, that is a special software by which users can get the essential data without any users’acting. The geometric model of products is constructed in the virtual reality, and the method of getting assembly information, dimensions and tolerances is proposed. A toleranced product modeling system based on the virtual reality is developed, the using of tolerances is discussed by an example.
Processing errors of machining part are random that obey different distributions according to the different manufacturing condition. The producing method of the random that distributes in a special law is improved on and applied for the random producing of the processing error. Then it is validated by experiments. This method can be applicable for many cases that the probability density function can be given, and this method is very efficient.
This thesis make the mating feature matrix that can express constarints in the assembly product perfect, then constraints about an arbitrary vector can be expressed. The mating feature matrixs of some constraints in Pro/Engineer are discussed, and the method of getting and loading constraints are studied. The update functions of mouse and spaceball sensor are overwritten. The controlling and simulation of assembly process based on the virtual reality is finished.
本文建立了基于虚拟现实的公差产品层次模型,基本数据采用数据库进行存储与管理,并开发了模型转换接口软件,基本数据可以自动提取,不需要用户的干预。实现了虚拟现实中零件几何模型的构建方法,以及装配信息、尺寸信息和公差信息的提取方法。开发了基于虚拟现实的公差产品建模系统,并结合实例探讨了公差信息的应用。
机械零件的加工误差具有一定的随机性,按照不同的加工条件满足不同的分布规律。本文改进了特定分布随机数的生成方法,并将其应用于机械零件加工误差的随机生成,最后通过实验对该方法进行了验证。该方法适用性广,运算效率较高,适于任意分布且概率密度函数已知的加工误差的随机生成。
配合特征矩阵可以用来表示装配约束,本文完善了这一方法,使得配合特征矩阵可以表示沿任意轴线的约束。分析了Pro/Engineer中常用的几种装配约束,并给出了其配合特征矩阵。详细分析了装配约束的获取与加载方法,同时重新定义了鼠标传感器和空间球传感器的刷新函数,从而完成了基于虚拟现实的装配过程的控制与仿真。
Virtual assembly based on the virtual reality gives a low-cost and rapid prototyping method for products’assembly, and tolerances has become a key technique of information integration in CAD/CAM, it will be a new task that how to integrate tolerances into virtual assembly. On the basis of summarizing current research situations and developments both of abroad and at home, this thesis constructes a toleranced product model for virtual assembly, that is a more similar model to the product, so virtual assembly is more available.
A toleranced product model based on the virtual reality is constructed for the virtual assembly, and the essential data is saved and managed in database. Model transform interface software is developed, that is a special software by which users can get the essential data without any users’acting. The geometric model of products is constructed in the virtual reality, and the method of getting assembly information, dimensions and tolerances is proposed. A toleranced product modeling system based on the virtual reality is developed, the using of tolerances is discussed by an example.
Processing errors of machining part are random that obey different distributions according to the different manufacturing condition. The producing method of the random that distributes in a special law is improved on and applied for the random producing of the processing error. Then it is validated by experiments. This method can be applicable for many cases that the probability density function can be given, and this method is very efficient.
This thesis make the mating feature matrix that can express constarints in the assembly product perfect, then constraints about an arbitrary vector can be expressed. The mating feature matrixs of some constraints in Pro/Engineer are discussed, and the method of getting and loading constraints are studied. The update functions of mouse and spaceball sensor are overwritten. The controlling and simulation of assembly process based on the virtual reality is finished.
引文
1宁汝新,郑轶.虚拟装配技术的研究进展及发展趋势分析.中国机械工程. 2005,16(15):1398~1404
2刘国华,姚英学.虚拟装配技术.机械制造. 2006,44(504):65~67
3 Jayaram S, Connacher H I, Lyons K W. Virtual Assembly Using Virtual Reality Techniques. Computer Aided Design. 1997,8(29):575~584
4 Jayaram S, Jayaram U, Wang Y, Tirumali H, Lyons K, Hart P. VADE:a Virtual Assembly Design Environment. IEEE Computer Graphics and App lications. 1999,19(6):44~50
5 IAO. Fraunhofer IAO. http://www.iao.fraunhofer.de. 2004-10-25
6 Blach R, Landauer J. A highly Flexible Virtual Reality System. Future Generation Computer System. 1998,14:167~178
7 Bob K. A Synthetic Environment for Assembly Planning and Evaluation. http://www.cs.uiowa.edu /cremer/.sive-abstracts/kuehne.text. 2004-10-25
8 VRAC. VEGAS: a Virtual Environment for General Assembly Simulation. http://www.vrac.iastate.edu /jmvance/ASSEMBLY/Assembly.html. 2004-10-25
9 Gomes A, Zachmann G. Virtual Reality as a Tool for Verification of Assembly and Maintenance Processes. Computer and Graphics. 1999,23:389~403
10张文建,焦梓实,杜亚维,王晋涛.虚拟装配技术的研究现状及发展趋势分析.新技术新工艺. 2007,(1):19~21
11万根华. VDVAS:一个集成的虚拟设计与虚拟装配系统.中国图像图形学报. 2002,7(1)25~27
12赵鸿宇,钟诗胜,林琳.虚拟装配技术概述.计算机仿真. 2006,23(10):273~276
13戴国洪,张向华.面向虚拟装配公差建模方法的研究.江苏技术师范学院学报. 2006,12(02):29~32
14刘玉生,杨将新,吴昭同,高曙明. CAD系统中公差信息建模技术综述.计算机辅助设计与图形学学报. 2001,13(11):1048~1055
15 Requicha A A G.. Toward a Theory of Geometric to Lerancing. International Journal of Robotics Research. 1983,2(4):45-60
16 Yongmin Zhong, M. W. Wolfgang, Weiyin Ma. A Hierarchically StructuredConstraint-based Data Model for Solid Modelling in a Virtual Reality Environment. Computer Society, 2002 IEEE, Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Cyber Worlds (CW’02)
17 Weiyin Ma, Yongmin Zhong, Shiu-Kit Tso, Tianxiang Zhou. A Hierarchically Structured and Constraint-based Data Model for Intuitive and Precise Solid Modeling in a Virtual Reality Environment. Computer-Aided Design. 2004,(36):903~928
18王恒,宁汝新.面向精度分析的全语义产品模型研究.计算机集成制造系统. 2005,11(07):921~926
19武殿梁,杨润党,马登哲,范秀敏.虚拟装配环境中的装配模型表达技术研究,计算机集成制造系统. 2004,10(11):1364~1369
20刘振宇,谭建荣,张树有.面向虚拟装配的产品层次信息表达研究.计算机辅助设计与图形学学报. 2001,13(3):223~228
21王恒,宁汝新.面向虚拟装配的产品公差模型.计算机集成制造系统. 2006,12(7):961~975
22南风强,张友良,汪惠芬,王孝义.面向精度的数字化产品装配模型研究及应用.中国机械工程. 2007,18(09):1071~1075
23顾成容,周骥平,魏孝斌.虚拟现实与CAD模型的数据对接探讨.中国制造业信息化. 2006,35(07):23~25
24刘江省,姚英学,李建广. CAD系统与虚拟装配系统数据转换的研究.计算机集成制造系统. 2004,10(S1):56~59
25 S Arne, K Seokryul, W Daniel, Tang Ziying, C Sangsu. CAD-VR Geometry and Meta Data Synchronization for Design Review Applications. Journal of Zhejiang University Science A. 2006,7(9):1482~1491
26吴立军,陈波. Pro/ENGINEER二次开发技术基础.电子工业出版社, 2006:247~277
27王瑜.基于产品使用环境的公差多目标优化设计研究.哈尔滨工业大学博士学位论文. 2005:43~50
28许金钊.产品质量控制.机械工业出版社, 1994:115～137
29林宋.贝塔分布的拟合参数优化.现代制造工程. 2003,4:59~62
30闫红,宁汝新.并行过程中的公差设计研究与开发.计算机集成制造系统. 2000,6
31孙绍民. CAD环境中公差分析与综合的研究.哈尔滨工业大学博士学位论文.1997:50~64
32 William H.等. C数值算法.傅祖芸等.第二版.电子工业出版社, 2004:209~251
33孙亮,高云峰,张桂芝.任意分布随机数发生器的一种构造方法.聊城师院学报(自然科学版). 2000,13(1):43~45
34 V.N. Rajan, S.Y. Nof. Minimal Precedence Constraints for Integrated Assembly and Execution Planning. IEEE Trans Robotics Automat. 1996,12(2):175~186
35 J.U. Turner, S. Subramaniam, S. Gupta. Constraint Representation and Reduction in Assembly Modeling and Analysis. IEEE Trans Robotics Autom. 1992,8(6):741~750
36 N. Wang, T.M. Ozsoy. Automatic Generation of Tolerance Chains from Mating Relations Represented in Assembly Models. J Mech Design. 1993,(115):757~776
37 P.K. Venuvinod. Automated Analysis of 3D Polyhedral Assemblies: Assembly Directions and Sequences. J Manuf Systems. 1993,12(3):246~252
38 B.K.A. Ngoi, K.C.K. Tan. Tolerance Stack Analysis for Assembly. J Eng Manuf Part B. 1996,(210):279~289
39 R. Anantha. Assembly Modeling by Geometric Constraint Satisfaction. Comput Aided Des. 1996,28(9):707~722
40 T.L. De Fazio. A Prototype of Feature-based Design for Assembly. J Mech Des. 1993,(115):723~734
41 T. Jabbour, C. Mascle, R. Maranzana. A Data Base for the Representation of Assembly Features in Mechanical Products. Int J Compt Geom Appl. 1998,8(5):483~508
42 J.J. Shah, R. Tadepalli. Feature Based Assembly Modelling. Comput Eng. 1992,(1):253~260
43 Eng T H, Ling Z K, Olson W, McLean. Feature-based assembly modeling and sequence generation. Computers and Industrial Engineering. 1999,36(1):17~33
44李亚萍,黄崇超.实四元数组与三维旋转.武汉水利电力大学学报. 1995,28(6):607~612
45刘延柱.关于刚体姿态的数学表达.力学与实践. 2008,30(1):98~101
46李亚萍,黄崇超.参数曲线空间位置变换的实四元数方法.工程图学学报. 2007,(2):124~128
47吴小平,冯正平,朱继懋.四元数法在AUV六自由度仿真中的应用.船舶工程. 2007,29(1):9~12
48许定奇,孙荣文.过盈联结的设计、计算与装拆.北京:中国计量出版社, 1992:1~80
49郭连娣.套与孔的过盈配合装配工艺.建筑机械. 2004,(7):83~85
2刘国华,姚英学.虚拟装配技术.机械制造. 2006,44(504):65~67
3 Jayaram S, Connacher H I, Lyons K W. Virtual Assembly Using Virtual Reality Techniques. Computer Aided Design. 1997,8(29):575~584
4 Jayaram S, Jayaram U, Wang Y, Tirumali H, Lyons K, Hart P. VADE:a Virtual Assembly Design Environment. IEEE Computer Graphics and App lications. 1999,19(6):44~50
5 IAO. Fraunhofer IAO. http://www.iao.fraunhofer.de. 2004-10-25
6 Blach R, Landauer J. A highly Flexible Virtual Reality System. Future Generation Computer System. 1998,14:167~178
7 Bob K. A Synthetic Environment for Assembly Planning and Evaluation. http://www.cs.uiowa.edu /cremer/.sive-abstracts/kuehne.text. 2004-10-25
8 VRAC. VEGAS: a Virtual Environment for General Assembly Simulation. http://www.vrac.iastate.edu /jmvance/ASSEMBLY/Assembly.html. 2004-10-25
9 Gomes A, Zachmann G. Virtual Reality as a Tool for Verification of Assembly and Maintenance Processes. Computer and Graphics. 1999,23:389~403
10张文建,焦梓实,杜亚维,王晋涛.虚拟装配技术的研究现状及发展趋势分析.新技术新工艺. 2007,(1):19~21
11万根华. VDVAS:一个集成的虚拟设计与虚拟装配系统.中国图像图形学报. 2002,7(1)25~27
12赵鸿宇,钟诗胜,林琳.虚拟装配技术概述.计算机仿真. 2006,23(10):273~276
13戴国洪,张向华.面向虚拟装配公差建模方法的研究.江苏技术师范学院学报. 2006,12(02):29~32
14刘玉生,杨将新,吴昭同,高曙明. CAD系统中公差信息建模技术综述.计算机辅助设计与图形学学报. 2001,13(11):1048~1055
15 Requicha A A G.. Toward a Theory of Geometric to Lerancing. International Journal of Robotics Research. 1983,2(4):45-60
16 Yongmin Zhong, M. W. Wolfgang, Weiyin Ma. A Hierarchically StructuredConstraint-based Data Model for Solid Modelling in a Virtual Reality Environment. Computer Society, 2002 IEEE, Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Cyber Worlds (CW’02)
17 Weiyin Ma, Yongmin Zhong, Shiu-Kit Tso, Tianxiang Zhou. A Hierarchically Structured and Constraint-based Data Model for Intuitive and Precise Solid Modeling in a Virtual Reality Environment. Computer-Aided Design. 2004,(36):903~928
18王恒,宁汝新.面向精度分析的全语义产品模型研究.计算机集成制造系统. 2005,11(07):921~926
19武殿梁,杨润党,马登哲,范秀敏.虚拟装配环境中的装配模型表达技术研究,计算机集成制造系统. 2004,10(11):1364~1369
20刘振宇,谭建荣,张树有.面向虚拟装配的产品层次信息表达研究.计算机辅助设计与图形学学报. 2001,13(3):223~228
21王恒,宁汝新.面向虚拟装配的产品公差模型.计算机集成制造系统. 2006,12(7):961~975
22南风强,张友良,汪惠芬,王孝义.面向精度的数字化产品装配模型研究及应用.中国机械工程. 2007,18(09):1071~1075
23顾成容,周骥平,魏孝斌.虚拟现实与CAD模型的数据对接探讨.中国制造业信息化. 2006,35(07):23~25
24刘江省,姚英学,李建广. CAD系统与虚拟装配系统数据转换的研究.计算机集成制造系统. 2004,10(S1):56~59
25 S Arne, K Seokryul, W Daniel, Tang Ziying, C Sangsu. CAD-VR Geometry and Meta Data Synchronization for Design Review Applications. Journal of Zhejiang University Science A. 2006,7(9):1482~1491
26吴立军,陈波. Pro/ENGINEER二次开发技术基础.电子工业出版社, 2006:247~277
27王瑜.基于产品使用环境的公差多目标优化设计研究.哈尔滨工业大学博士学位论文. 2005:43~50
28许金钊.产品质量控制.机械工业出版社, 1994:115～137
29林宋.贝塔分布的拟合参数优化.现代制造工程. 2003,4:59~62
30闫红,宁汝新.并行过程中的公差设计研究与开发.计算机集成制造系统. 2000,6
31孙绍民. CAD环境中公差分析与综合的研究.哈尔滨工业大学博士学位论文.1997:50~64
32 William H.等. C数值算法.傅祖芸等.第二版.电子工业出版社, 2004:209~251
33孙亮,高云峰,张桂芝.任意分布随机数发生器的一种构造方法.聊城师院学报(自然科学版). 2000,13(1):43~45
34 V.N. Rajan, S.Y. Nof. Minimal Precedence Constraints for Integrated Assembly and Execution Planning. IEEE Trans Robotics Automat. 1996,12(2):175~186
35 J.U. Turner, S. Subramaniam, S. Gupta. Constraint Representation and Reduction in Assembly Modeling and Analysis. IEEE Trans Robotics Autom. 1992,8(6):741~750
36 N. Wang, T.M. Ozsoy. Automatic Generation of Tolerance Chains from Mating Relations Represented in Assembly Models. J Mech Design. 1993,(115):757~776
37 P.K. Venuvinod. Automated Analysis of 3D Polyhedral Assemblies: Assembly Directions and Sequences. J Manuf Systems. 1993,12(3):246~252
38 B.K.A. Ngoi, K.C.K. Tan. Tolerance Stack Analysis for Assembly. J Eng Manuf Part B. 1996,(210):279~289
39 R. Anantha. Assembly Modeling by Geometric Constraint Satisfaction. Comput Aided Des. 1996,28(9):707~722
40 T.L. De Fazio. A Prototype of Feature-based Design for Assembly. J Mech Des. 1993,(115):723~734
41 T. Jabbour, C. Mascle, R. Maranzana. A Data Base for the Representation of Assembly Features in Mechanical Products. Int J Compt Geom Appl. 1998,8(5):483~508
42 J.J. Shah, R. Tadepalli. Feature Based Assembly Modelling. Comput Eng. 1992,(1):253~260
43 Eng T H, Ling Z K, Olson W, McLean. Feature-based assembly modeling and sequence generation. Computers and Industrial Engineering. 1999,36(1):17~33
44李亚萍,黄崇超.实四元数组与三维旋转.武汉水利电力大学学报. 1995,28(6):607~612
45刘延柱.关于刚体姿态的数学表达.力学与实践. 2008,30(1):98~101
46李亚萍,黄崇超.参数曲线空间位置变换的实四元数方法.工程图学学报. 2007,(2):124~128
47吴小平,冯正平,朱继懋.四元数法在AUV六自由度仿真中的应用.船舶工程. 2007,29(1):9~12
48许定奇,孙荣文.过盈联结的设计、计算与装拆.北京:中国计量出版社, 1992:1~80
49郭连娣.套与孔的过盈配合装配工艺.建筑机械. 2004,(7):83~85