山东省无公害蔬菜生产组织模式比较及优化研究
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摘要
近年来我国出现的毒豇豆、毒韭菜等多种农产品中毒事件，已成为人们广泛关注的焦点，发展绿色无公害农产品已是必然趋势。无公害蔬菜生产作为解决农产品质量安全问题的重要方面，成为蔬菜供销市场关注的焦点与发展方向。但是我国无公害蔬菜产业自身生产模式以及发展的外部条件都存在许多问题，严重制约了无公害蔬菜产业对农村经济、农业发展的推动作用，也削弱了无公害蔬菜产业的可持续发展能力。因此，无论是从蔬菜产业的自身发展，还是无公害蔬菜产业发展的国际需求以及农业、农村经济的发展来看，都需要对无公害蔬菜产业的生产组织模式及其效益进行比较研究。
从产业组织理论、经济效率理论与营销理论出发对生产组织模式及效益进行理论分析，作为无公害蔬菜生产组织模式的分析基础。根据已有资料对山东省无公害蔬菜生产的历史和现状进行描述，通过研究当前有关无公害蔬菜生产的现状，进一步展开实证研究。对农户家庭生产模式、蔬菜协会模式、农民专业合作社模式、现代农业企业模式和产业一体化模式多种无公害蔬菜生产组织模式进行定性描述与对比分析，综合考虑各种可能的生产组织模式的优缺点；然后利用青岛、潍坊等地区统计调研数据对上述各类无公害蔬菜生产组织模式进行定量效益分析：一是通过成本结构与产出收益的角度进行比较；二是通过数据包络分析的计量方法进行实证分析，在对各种模式综合评价的基础上最终选择最优的无公害蔬菜生产组织模式。在此模式基础上，结合理论和调研情况归纳出“公司+基地+农户互助组”这种纵向一体化模式是山东省无公害蔬菜生产组织模式优化的方向。同时，对无公害蔬菜生产产业一体化模式下生产及营销整个流程提出优化建议：生产方面从产地环境选择、生产基地选择建设、生产质量管理等环节提出优化建议，营销模式方面从市场机会分析、市场定位、品牌策略、营销渠道策略和配送模式选择五个方面进行优化。
通过研究分析，得出如下结论：在所研究的五种无公害蔬菜的生产组织模式中，现代农业企业模式的规模和组织化程度最高；农户家庭生产模式规模小，组织化程度低；蔬菜协会模式通过协会组织农户相互合作，提高规模、风险共担；农民专业合作社模式通过相互合作、统一生产和管理，降低生产风险、提高经济效益；产业一体化模式采取规模化生产、统一管理、统一销售，效益最高。从成本、产出和利润的综合比较分析中可以得到，产业一体化模式其成本高于现代农业企业模式、蔬菜协会模式和农民专业合作社模式，与农户家庭生产模式接近，但其收益和利润都最高，相对于其他模式，其属于高投入高产出。从数据包络分析的结果可知，不论从总的投入产出分析还是从每亩的投入产出分析，产业一体化模式的效益都达到了最优，其次是农民专业合作社组织模式、现代农业企业模式和蔬菜协会模式，农户家庭生产模式的效益最低。综合比较以上几种模式的优缺点和生产效益，可以发现，产业一体化生产模式是较为适合无公害蔬菜生产要求的生产组织模式。但是产业一体化模式也存在自身的不足之处，必须客观对待产业一体化模式的优缺点，对产业一体化模式进行适当的调整和优化，以此为基础发展山东省无公害蔬菜产业，并且在实施产业一体化模式的过程中注重市场定位、营销组合与营销渠道策略、配送模式多个方面的营销发展工作，有助于产业链的完善及其对生产过程的良性促进。
最后在分析结果基础上从无公害蔬菜生产组织模式优化的内外部环境两方面提出相关的建议措施。为保护参与各方利益，提高蔬菜产业链组织效率，应在内部环境方面加强企业间合作，进一步完善组织内各参与方的契约关系；加强对新型生产组织模式的宣传，引导农户参与生产；培养职业道德，强化行业自律；加强无公害蔬菜一体化组织品牌建设。外部环境方面：塑造良好的市场环境；完善无公害蔬菜生产组织模式优化的政策环境；加快科技创新，建立能够有效运转的无公害蔬菜科技创新体系；建立蔬菜生产供应管理专业机构；以非农产业发展带动无公害蔬菜生产组织模式优化创新。
In recent years, some agriculture products toxic incidents caused by poisoningcowpea and poisoning leek had become the public’s focus with widespread concern inChina, consequently the development of green pollution-free agricultural products hasbeen an inevitable trend. As an important solution to the problem of quality safety ofagricultural products, the pollution-free vegetable production has become the marketfocus and development direction in the vegetable supply markets. However, lots ofproblems still exist in pollution-free vegetable production organization models andtheir external developing conditions, which not only seriously restrict the role ofpollution-free vegetable industry in promoting the rural economy and agriculturaldevelopment, but also weaken its capacity for the sustainable development of thepollution-free vegetable industry. Therefore, both from the self development ofvegetable industry and from the development of the international demand ofpollution-free vegetable industry as well as the development of agriculture and ruraleconomy, it is necessary to carry out a comparative study on pollution-free vegetableproduction organization models and their efficiencies.
Starting from the industry organization theory, economic efficiency theory andmarketing theory, the production organization models and their efficiencies arestudied theoretically as the analysis basis of the pollution-free vegetable productionorganization model. The history and current situation of pollution-free vegetableproduction in Shandong are described according to existing data. Further empiricalresearch is performed by studying current situation of present pollution-free vegetableproduction. A qualitative description and comparative analysis is carried out forfarmer family production model (farmer model), vegetable association model(association model), farmers’ specialized cooperative model (cooperative model),modern agricultural company model (company model), and industry integrationmodel (industry model), then the advantages and disadvantages of all possibleproduction organization models are summarized synthetically. After that a qualitativeanalysis is made in two ways for all the pollution-free vegetable production organization models above according to statistical survey data obtained in Qingdaoand Weifang. The first is a comparison between cost structure and output gains; thesecond is an empirical analysis by means of the data envelopment analysis (DEA)method. Based on a comprehensive evaluation for all models, the optimumpollution-free vegetable production organization model is finally filtered out. On thebasis of this model and a combination of theory and survey as well, it is concludedthat a vertical integration model of “company+base+farmer cooperative group” isthe best optimum direction for the development of pollution-free vegetable productionorganization model in Shandong. Moreover, some tuning suggestions are made for thewhole process from production to marketing in this vertical integration model. In theproduction, recommendations are made in aspects like environmental choice,construction option of production base, management of product quality, and so on.While in the marketing, optimization suggestions are provided in five fields such asmarket opportunity analysis, market poisoning, brand strategy, marketing channelstrategy and choice of distribution models.
By the analyses above, it is concluded that in five pollution-free vegetableproduction organization models, the modern agricultural company model has thehighest scale and organization degree while farmer family production model hassmaller scale and lower organization degree. As farmers cooperate with each otherthrough associations, the vegetable association model improves its business scale andshares aggregate risks. With mutual cooperation, uniform production and unifiedmanagement, the farmers’ specialized cooperative model reduces production risks andimproves economic benefits. The industry integration model has the highest efficiencybecause it takes large scale production, unified management, and uniform sale. By thecomprehensive comparisons of the cost, output and profit, the industry integrationmodel’s cost is higher than that of modern agricultural company model, vegetableassociation model and farmers’ specialized cooperative model, yet it is close to that offarmer family production model. However, its revenues and profits are the highest dueto the higher inputs and outputs than that of other models. According to resultsobtained from DEA model, whether it is from the total input-output analysis or frominput-output analysis per acre, the efficiency of industry integration model hasreached the best, followed by the farmers’ specialized cooperative model, modernagricultural company model and vegetable association model, and the farmer familyproduction model is at the end of the list. Through comprehensive comparisons of theadvantages and disadvantages among these models’ production efficiencies, it is found that the industry integration model is currently the best production organizationmodel that meets the requirements of pollution-free vegetable production. However,there are also disadvantages in this model, so reasonable adjustment and optimizationshould be done to the industry integration model according to its both advantages anddisadvantages. The development of pollution-free vegetable industry in Shandongshould be based on this model. In the implementation of industry integration model,many marketing development work should be focused on market poisoning,marketing mix, marketing channel strategy and distribution models, which is helpfulfor the perfection of industrial chain and improvement of production process.
Finally, related suggestions and measures are put forward on the ground ofanalysis results in both internal and external environment for the optimization ofpollution-free vegetable production organization models. In the internal environment,cooperation among enterprises should be enforced to further consummate eachparticipant’s contractual relationship in order to ensure the interests of all parties andto improve the organization efficiency of vegetable industrial chain. The publicity ofnew production organization mode should be strengthened to guide farmers involvedin production. Professional ethics and industry self-discipline should be cultivated tobuild pollution-free vegetable integration organization brand. In the externalenvironment, it should first to create a favorable market environment and to makesound policies for the optimization of pollution-free vegetable productionorganization models. Scientific innovation should be speeded up and a technologicalinnovation system that operates effectively should be established. Professional bodiesshould be established to manage vegetable production and supply. The optimizationand innovation of pollution-free vegetable production organization models should bedriven by the development of non-agricultural industries.
In recent years, some agriculture products toxic incidents caused by poisoningcowpea and poisoning leek had become the public’s focus with widespread concern inChina, consequently the development of green pollution-free agricultural products hasbeen an inevitable trend. As an important solution to the problem of quality safety ofagricultural products, the pollution-free vegetable production has become the marketfocus and development direction in the vegetable supply markets. However, lots ofproblems still exist in pollution-free vegetable production organization models andtheir external developing conditions, which not only seriously restrict the role ofpollution-free vegetable industry in promoting the rural economy and agriculturaldevelopment, but also weaken its capacity for the sustainable development of thepollution-free vegetable industry. Therefore, both from the self development ofvegetable industry and from the development of the international demand ofpollution-free vegetable industry as well as the development of agriculture and ruraleconomy, it is necessary to carry out a comparative study on pollution-free vegetableproduction organization models and their efficiencies.
Starting from the industry organization theory, economic efficiency theory andmarketing theory, the production organization models and their efficiencies arestudied theoretically as the analysis basis of the pollution-free vegetable productionorganization model. The history and current situation of pollution-free vegetableproduction in Shandong are described according to existing data. Further empiricalresearch is performed by studying current situation of present pollution-free vegetableproduction. A qualitative description and comparative analysis is carried out forfarmer family production model (farmer model), vegetable association model(association model), farmers’ specialized cooperative model (cooperative model),modern agricultural company model (company model), and industry integrationmodel (industry model), then the advantages and disadvantages of all possibleproduction organization models are summarized synthetically. After that a qualitative analysis is made in two ways for all the pollution-free vegetable productionorganization models above according to statistical survey data obtained in Qingdaoand Weifang. The first is a comparison between cost structure and output gains; thesecond is an empirical analysis by means of the data envelopment analysis (DEA)method. Based on a comprehensive evaluation for all models, the optimumpollution-free vegetable production organization model is finally filtered out. On thebasis of this model and a combination of theory and survey as well, it is concludedthat a vertical integration model of “company+base+farmer cooperative group” isthe best optimum direction for the development of pollution-free vegetable productionorganization model in Shandong. Moreover, some tuning suggestions are made for thewhole process from production to marketing in this vertical integration model. In theproduction, recommendations are made in aspects like environmental choice,construction option of production base, management of product quality, and so on.While in the marketing, optimization suggestions are provided in five fields such asmarket opportunity analysis, market poisoning, brand strategy, marketing channelstrategy and choice of distribution models.
By the analyses above, it is concluded that in five pollution-free vegetableproduction organization models, the modern agricultural company model has thehighest scale and organization degree while farmer family production model hassmaller scale and lower organization degree. As farmers cooperate with each otherthrough associations, the vegetable association model improves its business scale andshares aggregate risks. With mutual cooperation, uniform production and unifiedmanagement, the farmers’ specialized cooperative model reduces production risks andimproves economic benefits. The industry integration model has the highest efficiencybecause it takes large scale production, unified management, and uniform sale. By thecomprehensive comparisons of the cost, output and profit, the industry integrationmodel’s cost is higher than that of modern agricultural company model, vegetableassociation model and farmers’ specialized cooperative model, yet it is close to that offarmer family production model. However, its revenues and profits are the highest dueto the higher inputs and outputs than that of other models. According to resultsobtained from DEA model, whether it is from the total input-output analysis or frominput-output analysis per acre, the efficiency of industry integration model hasreached the best, followed by the farmers’ specialized cooperative model, modernagricultural company model and vegetable association model, and the farmer familyproduction model is at the end of the list. Through comprehensive comparisons of the advantages and disadvantages among these models’ production efficiencies, it isfound that the industry integration model is currently the best production organizationmodel that meets the requirements of pollution-free vegetable production. However,there are also disadvantages in this model, so reasonable adjustment and optimizationshould be done to the industry integration model according to its both advantages anddisadvantages. The development of pollution-free vegetable industry in Shandongshould be based on this model. In the implementation of industry integration model,many marketing development work should be focused on market poisoning,marketing mix, marketing channel strategy and distribution models, which is helpfulfor the perfection of industrial chain and improvement of production process.
Finally, related suggestions and measures are put forward on the ground ofanalysis results in both internal and external environment for the optimization ofpollution-free vegetable production organization models. In the internal environment,cooperation among enterprises should be enforced to further consummate eachparticipant’s contractual relationship in order to ensure the interests of all parties andto improve the organization efficiency of vegetable industrial chain. The publicity ofnew production organization mode should be strengthened to guide farmers involvedin production. Professional ethics and industry self-discipline should be cultivated tobuild pollution-free vegetable integration organization brand. In the externalenvironment, it should first to create a favorable market environment and to makesound policies for the optimization of pollution-free vegetable productionorganization models. Scientific innovation should be speeded up and a technologicalinnovation system that operates effectively should be established. Professional bodiesshould be established to manage vegetable production and supply. The optimizationand innovation of pollution-free vegetable production organization models should bedriven by the development of non-agricultural industries.
从产业组织理论、经济效率理论与营销理论出发对生产组织模式及效益进行理论分析，作为无公害蔬菜生产组织模式的分析基础。根据已有资料对山东省无公害蔬菜生产的历史和现状进行描述，通过研究当前有关无公害蔬菜生产的现状，进一步展开实证研究。对农户家庭生产模式、蔬菜协会模式、农民专业合作社模式、现代农业企业模式和产业一体化模式多种无公害蔬菜生产组织模式进行定性描述与对比分析，综合考虑各种可能的生产组织模式的优缺点；然后利用青岛、潍坊等地区统计调研数据对上述各类无公害蔬菜生产组织模式进行定量效益分析：一是通过成本结构与产出收益的角度进行比较；二是通过数据包络分析的计量方法进行实证分析，在对各种模式综合评价的基础上最终选择最优的无公害蔬菜生产组织模式。在此模式基础上，结合理论和调研情况归纳出“公司+基地+农户互助组”这种纵向一体化模式是山东省无公害蔬菜生产组织模式优化的方向。同时，对无公害蔬菜生产产业一体化模式下生产及营销整个流程提出优化建议：生产方面从产地环境选择、生产基地选择建设、生产质量管理等环节提出优化建议，营销模式方面从市场机会分析、市场定位、品牌策略、营销渠道策略和配送模式选择五个方面进行优化。
通过研究分析，得出如下结论：在所研究的五种无公害蔬菜的生产组织模式中，现代农业企业模式的规模和组织化程度最高；农户家庭生产模式规模小，组织化程度低；蔬菜协会模式通过协会组织农户相互合作，提高规模、风险共担；农民专业合作社模式通过相互合作、统一生产和管理，降低生产风险、提高经济效益；产业一体化模式采取规模化生产、统一管理、统一销售，效益最高。从成本、产出和利润的综合比较分析中可以得到，产业一体化模式其成本高于现代农业企业模式、蔬菜协会模式和农民专业合作社模式，与农户家庭生产模式接近，但其收益和利润都最高，相对于其他模式，其属于高投入高产出。从数据包络分析的结果可知，不论从总的投入产出分析还是从每亩的投入产出分析，产业一体化模式的效益都达到了最优，其次是农民专业合作社组织模式、现代农业企业模式和蔬菜协会模式，农户家庭生产模式的效益最低。综合比较以上几种模式的优缺点和生产效益，可以发现，产业一体化生产模式是较为适合无公害蔬菜生产要求的生产组织模式。但是产业一体化模式也存在自身的不足之处，必须客观对待产业一体化模式的优缺点，对产业一体化模式进行适当的调整和优化，以此为基础发展山东省无公害蔬菜产业，并且在实施产业一体化模式的过程中注重市场定位、营销组合与营销渠道策略、配送模式多个方面的营销发展工作，有助于产业链的完善及其对生产过程的良性促进。
最后在分析结果基础上从无公害蔬菜生产组织模式优化的内外部环境两方面提出相关的建议措施。为保护参与各方利益，提高蔬菜产业链组织效率，应在内部环境方面加强企业间合作，进一步完善组织内各参与方的契约关系；加强对新型生产组织模式的宣传，引导农户参与生产；培养职业道德，强化行业自律；加强无公害蔬菜一体化组织品牌建设。外部环境方面：塑造良好的市场环境；完善无公害蔬菜生产组织模式优化的政策环境；加快科技创新，建立能够有效运转的无公害蔬菜科技创新体系；建立蔬菜生产供应管理专业机构；以非农产业发展带动无公害蔬菜生产组织模式优化创新。
In recent years, some agriculture products toxic incidents caused by poisoningcowpea and poisoning leek had become the public’s focus with widespread concern inChina, consequently the development of green pollution-free agricultural products hasbeen an inevitable trend. As an important solution to the problem of quality safety ofagricultural products, the pollution-free vegetable production has become the marketfocus and development direction in the vegetable supply markets. However, lots ofproblems still exist in pollution-free vegetable production organization models andtheir external developing conditions, which not only seriously restrict the role ofpollution-free vegetable industry in promoting the rural economy and agriculturaldevelopment, but also weaken its capacity for the sustainable development of thepollution-free vegetable industry. Therefore, both from the self development ofvegetable industry and from the development of the international demand ofpollution-free vegetable industry as well as the development of agriculture and ruraleconomy, it is necessary to carry out a comparative study on pollution-free vegetableproduction organization models and their efficiencies.
Starting from the industry organization theory, economic efficiency theory andmarketing theory, the production organization models and their efficiencies arestudied theoretically as the analysis basis of the pollution-free vegetable productionorganization model. The history and current situation of pollution-free vegetableproduction in Shandong are described according to existing data. Further empiricalresearch is performed by studying current situation of present pollution-free vegetableproduction. A qualitative description and comparative analysis is carried out forfarmer family production model (farmer model), vegetable association model(association model), farmers’ specialized cooperative model (cooperative model),modern agricultural company model (company model), and industry integrationmodel (industry model), then the advantages and disadvantages of all possibleproduction organization models are summarized synthetically. After that a qualitativeanalysis is made in two ways for all the pollution-free vegetable production organization models above according to statistical survey data obtained in Qingdaoand Weifang. The first is a comparison between cost structure and output gains; thesecond is an empirical analysis by means of the data envelopment analysis (DEA)method. Based on a comprehensive evaluation for all models, the optimumpollution-free vegetable production organization model is finally filtered out. On thebasis of this model and a combination of theory and survey as well, it is concludedthat a vertical integration model of “company+base+farmer cooperative group” isthe best optimum direction for the development of pollution-free vegetable productionorganization model in Shandong. Moreover, some tuning suggestions are made for thewhole process from production to marketing in this vertical integration model. In theproduction, recommendations are made in aspects like environmental choice,construction option of production base, management of product quality, and so on.While in the marketing, optimization suggestions are provided in five fields such asmarket opportunity analysis, market poisoning, brand strategy, marketing channelstrategy and choice of distribution models.
By the analyses above, it is concluded that in five pollution-free vegetableproduction organization models, the modern agricultural company model has thehighest scale and organization degree while farmer family production model hassmaller scale and lower organization degree. As farmers cooperate with each otherthrough associations, the vegetable association model improves its business scale andshares aggregate risks. With mutual cooperation, uniform production and unifiedmanagement, the farmers’ specialized cooperative model reduces production risks andimproves economic benefits. The industry integration model has the highest efficiencybecause it takes large scale production, unified management, and uniform sale. By thecomprehensive comparisons of the cost, output and profit, the industry integrationmodel’s cost is higher than that of modern agricultural company model, vegetableassociation model and farmers’ specialized cooperative model, yet it is close to that offarmer family production model. However, its revenues and profits are the highest dueto the higher inputs and outputs than that of other models. According to resultsobtained from DEA model, whether it is from the total input-output analysis or frominput-output analysis per acre, the efficiency of industry integration model hasreached the best, followed by the farmers’ specialized cooperative model, modernagricultural company model and vegetable association model, and the farmer familyproduction model is at the end of the list. Through comprehensive comparisons of theadvantages and disadvantages among these models’ production efficiencies, it is found that the industry integration model is currently the best production organizationmodel that meets the requirements of pollution-free vegetable production. However,there are also disadvantages in this model, so reasonable adjustment and optimizationshould be done to the industry integration model according to its both advantages anddisadvantages. The development of pollution-free vegetable industry in Shandongshould be based on this model. In the implementation of industry integration model,many marketing development work should be focused on market poisoning,marketing mix, marketing channel strategy and distribution models, which is helpfulfor the perfection of industrial chain and improvement of production process.
Finally, related suggestions and measures are put forward on the ground ofanalysis results in both internal and external environment for the optimization ofpollution-free vegetable production organization models. In the internal environment,cooperation among enterprises should be enforced to further consummate eachparticipant’s contractual relationship in order to ensure the interests of all parties andto improve the organization efficiency of vegetable industrial chain. The publicity ofnew production organization mode should be strengthened to guide farmers involvedin production. Professional ethics and industry self-discipline should be cultivated tobuild pollution-free vegetable integration organization brand. In the externalenvironment, it should first to create a favorable market environment and to makesound policies for the optimization of pollution-free vegetable productionorganization models. Scientific innovation should be speeded up and a technologicalinnovation system that operates effectively should be established. Professional bodiesshould be established to manage vegetable production and supply. The optimizationand innovation of pollution-free vegetable production organization models should bedriven by the development of non-agricultural industries.
In recent years, some agriculture products toxic incidents caused by poisoningcowpea and poisoning leek had become the public’s focus with widespread concern inChina, consequently the development of green pollution-free agricultural products hasbeen an inevitable trend. As an important solution to the problem of quality safety ofagricultural products, the pollution-free vegetable production has become the marketfocus and development direction in the vegetable supply markets. However, lots ofproblems still exist in pollution-free vegetable production organization models andtheir external developing conditions, which not only seriously restrict the role ofpollution-free vegetable industry in promoting the rural economy and agriculturaldevelopment, but also weaken its capacity for the sustainable development of thepollution-free vegetable industry. Therefore, both from the self development ofvegetable industry and from the development of the international demand ofpollution-free vegetable industry as well as the development of agriculture and ruraleconomy, it is necessary to carry out a comparative study on pollution-free vegetableproduction organization models and their efficiencies.
Starting from the industry organization theory, economic efficiency theory andmarketing theory, the production organization models and their efficiencies arestudied theoretically as the analysis basis of the pollution-free vegetable productionorganization model. The history and current situation of pollution-free vegetableproduction in Shandong are described according to existing data. Further empiricalresearch is performed by studying current situation of present pollution-free vegetableproduction. A qualitative description and comparative analysis is carried out forfarmer family production model (farmer model), vegetable association model(association model), farmers’ specialized cooperative model (cooperative model),modern agricultural company model (company model), and industry integrationmodel (industry model), then the advantages and disadvantages of all possibleproduction organization models are summarized synthetically. After that a qualitative analysis is made in two ways for all the pollution-free vegetable productionorganization models above according to statistical survey data obtained in Qingdaoand Weifang. The first is a comparison between cost structure and output gains; thesecond is an empirical analysis by means of the data envelopment analysis (DEA)method. Based on a comprehensive evaluation for all models, the optimumpollution-free vegetable production organization model is finally filtered out. On thebasis of this model and a combination of theory and survey as well, it is concludedthat a vertical integration model of “company+base+farmer cooperative group” isthe best optimum direction for the development of pollution-free vegetable productionorganization model in Shandong. Moreover, some tuning suggestions are made for thewhole process from production to marketing in this vertical integration model. In theproduction, recommendations are made in aspects like environmental choice,construction option of production base, management of product quality, and so on.While in the marketing, optimization suggestions are provided in five fields such asmarket opportunity analysis, market poisoning, brand strategy, marketing channelstrategy and choice of distribution models.
By the analyses above, it is concluded that in five pollution-free vegetableproduction organization models, the modern agricultural company model has thehighest scale and organization degree while farmer family production model hassmaller scale and lower organization degree. As farmers cooperate with each otherthrough associations, the vegetable association model improves its business scale andshares aggregate risks. With mutual cooperation, uniform production and unifiedmanagement, the farmers’ specialized cooperative model reduces production risks andimproves economic benefits. The industry integration model has the highest efficiencybecause it takes large scale production, unified management, and uniform sale. By thecomprehensive comparisons of the cost, output and profit, the industry integrationmodel’s cost is higher than that of modern agricultural company model, vegetableassociation model and farmers’ specialized cooperative model, yet it is close to that offarmer family production model. However, its revenues and profits are the highest dueto the higher inputs and outputs than that of other models. According to resultsobtained from DEA model, whether it is from the total input-output analysis or frominput-output analysis per acre, the efficiency of industry integration model hasreached the best, followed by the farmers’ specialized cooperative model, modernagricultural company model and vegetable association model, and the farmer familyproduction model is at the end of the list. Through comprehensive comparisons of the advantages and disadvantages among these models’ production efficiencies, it isfound that the industry integration model is currently the best production organizationmodel that meets the requirements of pollution-free vegetable production. However,there are also disadvantages in this model, so reasonable adjustment and optimizationshould be done to the industry integration model according to its both advantages anddisadvantages. The development of pollution-free vegetable industry in Shandongshould be based on this model. In the implementation of industry integration model,many marketing development work should be focused on market poisoning,marketing mix, marketing channel strategy and distribution models, which is helpfulfor the perfection of industrial chain and improvement of production process.
Finally, related suggestions and measures are put forward on the ground ofanalysis results in both internal and external environment for the optimization ofpollution-free vegetable production organization models. In the internal environment,cooperation among enterprises should be enforced to further consummate eachparticipant’s contractual relationship in order to ensure the interests of all parties andto improve the organization efficiency of vegetable industrial chain. The publicity ofnew production organization mode should be strengthened to guide farmers involvedin production. Professional ethics and industry self-discipline should be cultivated tobuild pollution-free vegetable integration organization brand. In the externalenvironment, it should first to create a favorable market environment and to makesound policies for the optimization of pollution-free vegetable productionorganization models. Scientific innovation should be speeded up and a technologicalinnovation system that operates effectively should be established. Professional bodiesshould be established to manage vegetable production and supply. The optimizationand innovation of pollution-free vegetable production organization models should bedriven by the development of non-agricultural industries.
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