一九八一至二000年四川玉米育成品种主要性状改良效果研究
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摘要
玉米是四川主要的粮食作物，又是重要的饲料作物及适于深加工获得多种产品的经济作物。全省常年种植面积125万公顷，总产620万吨。近二十年来，四川玉米生产有了长足的发展，总产连续上了三个台阶。但作为一个养猪大省和酿造大省，四川玉米供需矛盾依然十分突出，每年要从省外调进大量的玉米。怎样在现有育种基础上，进一步提高我省玉米育种水平，为二十一世纪四川玉米生产持续稳定增长提供保障是我省玉米育种工作者和农业科技管理工作者十分关注的问题。据此，本研究的目的是对曾经为四川玉米生产作出巨大贡献的二十世纪最后二十年的玉米育种进行总结，科学分析取得成就的原因，进而探讨二十一世纪前十年四川玉米育种的主要目标和主攻方向。
本文分析了1981-2000年四川省杂交玉米区域试验参试杂交种的农艺性状、品质性状及抗病性的变化；以1981—2000年四川省杂交玉米区域试验平丘组和山区组每年前两名组合的亲本共30份为材料进行了主要自交系的完全双列杂交试验，分析了参试自交系的一般配合力和特殊配合力；在上述30个自交系中去掉齐205、286-4、南21-3和156四个自交系，增加了48-2A、黄早四、丹340、18-599红共30个四川主要玉米自交系进行了SSR分析。得到如下主要研究结果：
1、二十年里，四川杂交玉米区域试验产量逐年增加，尤以“九五”在“八五”基础上增幅最大，山区组增幅大于平丘组。平丘组的产量提高主要依赖于穗行数的增加；山区组产量的提高是千粒重、穗行数和行粒数三者共同的结果，其中千粒重的增加起主要作用。
2、二十世纪90年代初育成的玉米品种小斑病的抗源相对较多，而对大斑病、丝黑穗病表现为抗的材料较少；随着时间的推移到90年代中后期，大斑病和丝黑穗病的抗源有明显的增多，绝大多数育成品种对三种主要病害都有较好的抗性。从整体上讲，四川玉米抗病育种水平在不断提高。
3、二十年里，四川育成玉米品种的籽粒品质性状没有较大的变化。其中，蛋白质、淀粉含量随杂交育种年代的推移无显著变化；只有籽粒中的脂肪含量随育种年代的推移略有提高。
4、四川80年代育成自交系与90年代育成自交系相比，生育期、穗长、行
粒数变化不大，株高、穗行数略有下降，千粒重却表现出增加趋势。双列杂交分
析结果表明，一般配合力和特殊配合力在供试材料之间均达极显著水平，30个
自交系间存在配合力的多样性，且多数自交系之间的一般配合力差异达显著或极
显著水平。杂交种的优势表现有些是一般配合力在起主要作用，如川单9号
(48一2 x 5003)、川单15(48屯x 256)等;有些是特殊配合力在起主要作用，如
绵单l号(81565x南21一3)、成单22(238 x 273)等;还有些是一般配合力和
特殊配合力同时在起作用，如成单19(成687 x 7327)、川单21(R08 x 528)、
雅玉2号(7922 x 537)、成单14(32 x 200B)等。
5、利用85对SSR引物对30个玉米自交系进行同源位点扩增，其中47对
的扩增产物在4.5%的聚丙烯酞胺凝胶上具有多态性，带型稳定。这47对SSR
引物分布于玉米全部10条染色体上，在30个自交系间共检测出 185个等位基因
变异，每对引物检测到2一7个等位基因，平均为3.9。每个位点的多态性信息量
(plc)变化于0.够(PhilZI)一心.79(phiols)之间，平均为0.57。SSR标记的
聚类结果与杂交种田间实际表现及系谱追踪结果吻合性较好，表明应用SSR对自
交系进行聚类分析合理，可以指导杂种优势群的划分和杂优模式的选配。
6、二十年里，四川玉米自育种的产量水平有明显的提高，玉米生产产量的
增加趋势与区试产量增加趋势基本一致，育成品种数量逐年明显增加，自育品种
的亲本组成中自育自交系的数量有较大提高，全省自育种的推广应用面积占播种
面积的比率由“七五”的18，14%上升到“九五”的7既左右，单产由“七五”的
3687公斤/公顷上升到“九五”的4806公斤/公顷，四川已彻底改变了杂交玉米
主要靠外引品种的局面。
7、在上述研究的基础上，本文对四川省近二十年来玉米育种取得的长足进
步、玉米生产水平大幅提高的原因进行了较为详尽的分析与探讨，认为:(1)玉
来自交系和杂交种选育与群体遗传组成研究和群体改良同步进行的育种新方法
的提出与实施，姊妹系及改良单交种的研究与应用，雄性不育系的创制、研究及
利用等一系列玉米育种方法的创新是我省玉米育种取得进步的关键;(2)热带种
质的研究利用及新杂优模式的建立，四川省地方种质资源的研究与利用等因素是
我省玉米育种取得进步的核心;(3)“四川省玉米育种协作攻关小组”的组建与
良好运行及政府财政的大量投入是我省玉米育种取得进步的保证。
8、通过四川玉米需求分析和四川玉米改良潜力分析，提出二十一世纪前十
年四川玉米育种的主要目标为:区域产量g000kg/ha，容重7109/L以上，出籽
率87%以上，籽粒较深。平丘玉米要求粒型较紧凑，密度52500株/ha，穗行数16、
行粒数35、千粒重3109;山区组玉米密度45000株/ha、每穗16行，每行40
粒，千粒重3159;要求育成玉米新品种在保持对大、小斑病、丝黑穗病和矮花
叶病的抗性下，还应
Maize is a major grain crop in Sichuan Province and also an important feed crop and a cash crop suitable for the deep processing into various products. Its sown area is 1.25 million hectares for an average year in the whole province, with a total production of 6.2 million tons. Over last 20 years, the maize production in Sichuan has developed substantially and its total production has got three consecutive leaps. However, as a big province in pig production and brewery, Sichuan still has a very sharp contradiction between the demand and the supply of the maize and imports a large quantity of maize from other provinces every year. It is an issue of very great concern for maize breeders and agro-technical management personnel in Sichuan Province how to further improve maize breeding level based on the existing breeding capability in order to ensure a sustainable and steady increase of maize production in Sichuan in the 21st century. The purpose of this research is to summarize the work of maize breeding which
once made a great contribution to maize production in Sichuan Province, to analyze in a scientific way the causes of its achievements and subsequently to discuss the countermeasures and main direction of attack for maize development in Sichuan Province in the 21st century.
Data in hybrid maize regional trails in Sichuan Province from 1981 to 2000, and analyzes the agronomic traits, quality characters and changes of disease resistance of hybrid maize varieties included in the regional trails over last 20 years are collected. 30 inbreds, which are obtained from a combination of each year's first two in mountain group and plain and hilly group of hybrid maize regional trails in Sichuan Province from 1981 to 2000, are used as materials to conduct a complete diallel cross trial of main inbred lines. Based on 30 inbred lines mentioned above, by adding 48-2A, HUANG ZAO SI, DAN 340 and 18-599- Red and removing four inbred lines QI 205, 286-4, NAN21-3 and 156, the SSR analysis has been conducted on 30 main maize inbred lines in Sichuan Province. The main results are as follows:
1. During last 20 years, the production of hybrid maize in regional trails in
Sichuan Province have been increased year by year, with the largest margin during the Ninth Five-Year Period over the Eighth Five-Year Period, and mountain group greater than plain and hilly group. The increased production in plain and hilly group mainly results from the increased number of ear-lines and the increased production in mountain group comes from joint efforts of the weight of 1000 kernel, the number of ear-lines and the number of line-kernel, with the weight of 1000 kernels playing a major role.
2. Over last 20 years, the maize hybrids bred in the early 1990s have relatively more resistance germplasms on bipolaris Maydis than on northern corn leaf blight and maize head smut Those bred in the middle and late 1990s have more resistance germplasms on northern corn leaf blight and maize head smut and the majority of them have quite good resistance against these three major diseases. In general, the level of disease-resistant maize breeding in Sichuan Province is improving continuously.
3. In last 20 years, the maize hybrids bred in Sichuan Province has no dramatic changes in grain size and quality character. Their protein and starch contents have no obvious change and only the fat contents have a slight increase as the breeding years shift.
4. Compared with inbred lines bred in 1980s, Sichuan's inbred lines bred in 1990s have no major changes in respect of growth and development period, ear length, the number of line-kernel and have a slight decrease in the height of plant and the number of ear-lines, however, have a tendency of increase in die weight of 1000 kernels. The results of diallel cross analysis show that both general combining ability
and specific combining ability reached an extremely significant level among materials on trial. There exists diversity of combining ability among 30 inbred lines and the difference of genera
本文分析了1981-2000年四川省杂交玉米区域试验参试杂交种的农艺性状、品质性状及抗病性的变化；以1981—2000年四川省杂交玉米区域试验平丘组和山区组每年前两名组合的亲本共30份为材料进行了主要自交系的完全双列杂交试验，分析了参试自交系的一般配合力和特殊配合力；在上述30个自交系中去掉齐205、286-4、南21-3和156四个自交系，增加了48-2A、黄早四、丹340、18-599红共30个四川主要玉米自交系进行了SSR分析。得到如下主要研究结果：
1、二十年里，四川杂交玉米区域试验产量逐年增加，尤以“九五”在“八五”基础上增幅最大，山区组增幅大于平丘组。平丘组的产量提高主要依赖于穗行数的增加；山区组产量的提高是千粒重、穗行数和行粒数三者共同的结果，其中千粒重的增加起主要作用。
2、二十世纪90年代初育成的玉米品种小斑病的抗源相对较多，而对大斑病、丝黑穗病表现为抗的材料较少；随着时间的推移到90年代中后期，大斑病和丝黑穗病的抗源有明显的增多，绝大多数育成品种对三种主要病害都有较好的抗性。从整体上讲，四川玉米抗病育种水平在不断提高。
3、二十年里，四川育成玉米品种的籽粒品质性状没有较大的变化。其中，蛋白质、淀粉含量随杂交育种年代的推移无显著变化；只有籽粒中的脂肪含量随育种年代的推移略有提高。
4、四川80年代育成自交系与90年代育成自交系相比，生育期、穗长、行
粒数变化不大，株高、穗行数略有下降，千粒重却表现出增加趋势。双列杂交分
析结果表明，一般配合力和特殊配合力在供试材料之间均达极显著水平，30个
自交系间存在配合力的多样性，且多数自交系之间的一般配合力差异达显著或极
显著水平。杂交种的优势表现有些是一般配合力在起主要作用，如川单9号
(48一2 x 5003)、川单15(48屯x 256)等;有些是特殊配合力在起主要作用，如
绵单l号(81565x南21一3)、成单22(238 x 273)等;还有些是一般配合力和
特殊配合力同时在起作用，如成单19(成687 x 7327)、川单21(R08 x 528)、
雅玉2号(7922 x 537)、成单14(32 x 200B)等。
5、利用85对SSR引物对30个玉米自交系进行同源位点扩增，其中47对
的扩增产物在4.5%的聚丙烯酞胺凝胶上具有多态性，带型稳定。这47对SSR
引物分布于玉米全部10条染色体上，在30个自交系间共检测出 185个等位基因
变异，每对引物检测到2一7个等位基因，平均为3.9。每个位点的多态性信息量
(plc)变化于0.够(PhilZI)一心.79(phiols)之间，平均为0.57。SSR标记的
聚类结果与杂交种田间实际表现及系谱追踪结果吻合性较好，表明应用SSR对自
交系进行聚类分析合理，可以指导杂种优势群的划分和杂优模式的选配。
6、二十年里，四川玉米自育种的产量水平有明显的提高，玉米生产产量的
增加趋势与区试产量增加趋势基本一致，育成品种数量逐年明显增加，自育品种
的亲本组成中自育自交系的数量有较大提高，全省自育种的推广应用面积占播种
面积的比率由“七五”的18，14%上升到“九五”的7既左右，单产由“七五”的
3687公斤/公顷上升到“九五”的4806公斤/公顷，四川已彻底改变了杂交玉米
主要靠外引品种的局面。
7、在上述研究的基础上，本文对四川省近二十年来玉米育种取得的长足进
步、玉米生产水平大幅提高的原因进行了较为详尽的分析与探讨，认为:(1)玉
来自交系和杂交种选育与群体遗传组成研究和群体改良同步进行的育种新方法
的提出与实施，姊妹系及改良单交种的研究与应用，雄性不育系的创制、研究及
利用等一系列玉米育种方法的创新是我省玉米育种取得进步的关键;(2)热带种
质的研究利用及新杂优模式的建立，四川省地方种质资源的研究与利用等因素是
我省玉米育种取得进步的核心;(3)“四川省玉米育种协作攻关小组”的组建与
良好运行及政府财政的大量投入是我省玉米育种取得进步的保证。
8、通过四川玉米需求分析和四川玉米改良潜力分析，提出二十一世纪前十
年四川玉米育种的主要目标为:区域产量g000kg/ha，容重7109/L以上，出籽
率87%以上，籽粒较深。平丘玉米要求粒型较紧凑，密度52500株/ha，穗行数16、
行粒数35、千粒重3109;山区组玉米密度45000株/ha、每穗16行，每行40
粒，千粒重3159;要求育成玉米新品种在保持对大、小斑病、丝黑穗病和矮花
叶病的抗性下，还应
Maize is a major grain crop in Sichuan Province and also an important feed crop and a cash crop suitable for the deep processing into various products. Its sown area is 1.25 million hectares for an average year in the whole province, with a total production of 6.2 million tons. Over last 20 years, the maize production in Sichuan has developed substantially and its total production has got three consecutive leaps. However, as a big province in pig production and brewery, Sichuan still has a very sharp contradiction between the demand and the supply of the maize and imports a large quantity of maize from other provinces every year. It is an issue of very great concern for maize breeders and agro-technical management personnel in Sichuan Province how to further improve maize breeding level based on the existing breeding capability in order to ensure a sustainable and steady increase of maize production in Sichuan in the 21st century. The purpose of this research is to summarize the work of maize breeding which
once made a great contribution to maize production in Sichuan Province, to analyze in a scientific way the causes of its achievements and subsequently to discuss the countermeasures and main direction of attack for maize development in Sichuan Province in the 21st century.
Data in hybrid maize regional trails in Sichuan Province from 1981 to 2000, and analyzes the agronomic traits, quality characters and changes of disease resistance of hybrid maize varieties included in the regional trails over last 20 years are collected. 30 inbreds, which are obtained from a combination of each year's first two in mountain group and plain and hilly group of hybrid maize regional trails in Sichuan Province from 1981 to 2000, are used as materials to conduct a complete diallel cross trial of main inbred lines. Based on 30 inbred lines mentioned above, by adding 48-2A, HUANG ZAO SI, DAN 340 and 18-599- Red and removing four inbred lines QI 205, 286-4, NAN21-3 and 156, the SSR analysis has been conducted on 30 main maize inbred lines in Sichuan Province. The main results are as follows:
1. During last 20 years, the production of hybrid maize in regional trails in
Sichuan Province have been increased year by year, with the largest margin during the Ninth Five-Year Period over the Eighth Five-Year Period, and mountain group greater than plain and hilly group. The increased production in plain and hilly group mainly results from the increased number of ear-lines and the increased production in mountain group comes from joint efforts of the weight of 1000 kernel, the number of ear-lines and the number of line-kernel, with the weight of 1000 kernels playing a major role.
2. Over last 20 years, the maize hybrids bred in the early 1990s have relatively more resistance germplasms on bipolaris Maydis than on northern corn leaf blight and maize head smut Those bred in the middle and late 1990s have more resistance germplasms on northern corn leaf blight and maize head smut and the majority of them have quite good resistance against these three major diseases. In general, the level of disease-resistant maize breeding in Sichuan Province is improving continuously.
3. In last 20 years, the maize hybrids bred in Sichuan Province has no dramatic changes in grain size and quality character. Their protein and starch contents have no obvious change and only the fat contents have a slight increase as the breeding years shift.
4. Compared with inbred lines bred in 1980s, Sichuan's inbred lines bred in 1990s have no major changes in respect of growth and development period, ear length, the number of line-kernel and have a slight decrease in the height of plant and the number of ear-lines, however, have a tendency of increase in die weight of 1000 kernels. The results of diallel cross analysis show that both general combining ability
and specific combining ability reached an extremely significant level among materials on trial. There exists diversity of combining ability among 30 inbred lines and the difference of genera
引文
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● 孙世贤编，中国农作物优良品种，2001，中国农业科技出版。
● 唐永金，侯大斌等，四川山区杂交玉米的选用与推广，作物研究，1997，3：28-29。
● 佟屏亚，20实世纪中国玉米品种改良的历程和成就，中国科技史料，2001，22(2)：113-127。
● 佟屏亚编著，中国玉米科技史，2000，中国农业科技出版社。
● 吴建宇等，玉米抗病遗传育种的研究进展，玉米科学，1999，7(2)：6-11。
● 吴景锋，我国玉米单交种二十年的发展，作物杂志，1991，1：1-4。
● 吴景锋，我国玉米生产现状与科技对策，作物杂志，1996，5：26-29。
● 吴景锋，我国玉米杂交种发展的主要历程、差距和对策，玉米科学，1995，3(1)：1-5。
● 吴景锋等，试论2020年我国玉米种质该来年感的战略目标，作物杂志，1998，2：6-10。
● 吴敏生等，AFLP标记在玉米优良自交系优势群划分中的应用，作物学报，2000，26(1)：9-13。
● 辛志勇等，发展生物技术促进作物育种科技革命，作物杂志，1997，5：13-15。
● 袁力行等，利用RFlP、SSR、AFLP和RAPD标记分析玉米自交系遗传多样性的比较研究，遗传学报，2000，27(8)：725-733。
● 张彪，四川玉米育种和种子生产面临的问题与对策探讨，玉米科学，2001，9(4)：84-88。
● 张明锋等，美国玉米生产发展概况，作物杂志，1996，1：37-39。
● 张世煌，玉米的杂种优势群和杂种优势模式，作物杂志，1998，。
● 张世煌等，玉米育种研究的发展方向，作物杂志，1997，7：5-9。
● 张泽民等，不同年代玉米杂交中子粒营养成分的分析，作物杂志，1997，4，32-33。
● 赵久然等，应用 RAPD 标记技术对我国骨干玉米自交系进行类群的划分，华北农学报，1999，14(1)：32-37。
● 赵久然等，应用 RAPD 标记技术选配强优势玉米杂交优势组合的研究，玉米科学，1999，7(2)：12-15。
● 周洪生，21世纪初我国玉米遗传育种及玉米生产的发展战略，玉米科学，1996，4(4)：1-5。
● 周洪生编著，玉米种子大全，2000，中国农业出版社。
● Abler B S B, Edwards M D, Stuber C W. Isoenzymatic identification of quantitative trait loci in crosses of elite maize inbreds. Crop Sci 1991,31:267-274.
● Ajmone-Marsan P, et al. Genetic diversity and its relationship to hybrid performance in maize as revealed by RFLP and AFLP markers. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1998,98:219-227
● Beck D L, Vasal S K. Heterosis and combining ability of CIMMYT stropical early and intermediatematurity maize germolasm. Maydica. 1991a,35:279-285
● Beck D L, Vasal S K. Heterosis and combining ability among substropical and temperate intermediatematurity maize germplasm. Crop Sci. 1991b,31:68-73
● Bernardo R. Estimation of coefficient of coancestry using molecular markers in maize.Theor. Appl.Genet. 1993,85:1055-1062
● Boppenmaier J, Melchinger A E, et al. Genetic diversity for RFLPs in European maize inbreds Ⅲ.Performance of crosses within versus between heterotic groups for grain traits. Plant Breeding. 1993,111:217-226
Crossa J, Taba S, Wellhausen E J. Heterosis patterns among Mexican races of Maize. Crop Sci.1990,30:1182-1190
Crossa J, Vasal S K, Beck D L. Combining ability estimates of CIMMYT's tropical late yellow maize germplasm.Mzydica.1990,35:273-278
Dubreuil P, Dufour P, Krejci E,et al. Organization of RFLP diversity among inbred lines of maize representing the most significant heterotic groups. Crop Sci. 1996,36:790-799
Dudley J W, Saghai-Maroof M A. Molecular markers and grouping of parents in maize breeding programs[J] .Crop Sci. 1991,31:718-723
East E M.Heterosis.Genetics. 1936,21:379-397
Echandi C R, Hallauer A R. Evaluation of U.S. Cron Belt and adapted tropical maize cultivars and their diallel crosses.Maydica. 1996,41:317-324
Evola S W,Burr F A. The suitability of restriction fragment length polymorphisms as genetic markers in maize. Theor.Appl.Genet 1986,71:765-771
Godshalk E B, Lee M, Lamkey K R. Relationship of restriction fragment to single-cross hybrid performance of maize.Theor.Appl.Genet. 1990,80:273-280
Grazina Taramino, Scott Tingey. Simple sequence repeats for germplasm analysis and mapping in maize.Genome. 1996,39:277-287
Gupta M, Chyi Y S, Owen J L. Amplification of DNA markers from evolutionarily diverse genomes using single primer sequence repeats. Theor. Appl.Genet. 1994,89:998-1006
Hadjinov M I, Scherbok V S & Voronova L P. Interrelationships between isozymes diversity and combining ability in maize lines. Maydica. 1982,27:135-149
Holland J B,Goodman M M, Combining ability of tropical maize accession with U.S.gennplasm. Crop Sci.l995,35:767-773
Kanety R V, Zeng X, Bennetzen J L,et al. Assessment of genetic diversity in dent and popcorn(Zea mays L.) inbred lines using inter-simple sequence repeat(ISSR) amplification. Mol.Breed. 1995,1:365-373
Lee M. DNA markers and plant breeding programs. Adv Agron.l995,55:265-343
Lee M,Godshalk K, Lamkey K R, Woodman W W. Association of RFLPs among maize inbreeds with agronomic performance of their crosses. Crop Sci. 1989,29:1067-1071
Livini C, Ajmone-Marsan P,Melchinger A E,et al. Genetic diversity of maize inbred lines within and among heterotic groups revealed by RFLPs. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1992,84:17-25
Melchinger A E, Lee M,Lamkey K R,Woodman M L. Genetic diversity for restriction fragment length polymorphisms: Relation to estimated genetic effects in maize inbreds. Crops Sci.l990,30:1033-1040
Melchinger A E,Lee M,et al. Genetic diversity for restriction fragment length polymorphisms and heterosis for two diallel set of maize inbreds. Theor.Appl.Genet. 1990,80:488-496
Melchinger A E,Lee M,e al. Diversity and relationships among U.S.Maize inbreds revealed by restriction fragment length polymorphisms. Crops Sci.1991,31:669-678
Messmer M M,Melchinger A E,et al. Relationship among early European maize inbreds II.Comparison of pedigree and RFLP data. Crop Sci. 1993,33:944-950
Messmer M M,Melchinger M.Lee M,Woodman W L,et al. Genetic diversity among progenitors and elite lines form the Iowa Stiff Stalk Symthetic(BSSS) maize population: Comparison of allozyme and RFLP data. Theor. Appl.Genet.1991,83:97-107
Moll R H.Lonquist J H,et al. The relationship of heterosis and genetic divergence in maize.Genetics. 1965,52:139-144
Moll R H,S W,Robinson H F.Heterosis and genetic diversity in variety crosses of maize. Crops Sci. 1962,2:197-198
Monika M Messmer.et al. Relationships among early European maize inbreds: I. Genetic diversity among flint and dent lines revealed by RFLPs. Crops Sci. 1992,32:1301-1309
Mumm R H,Dudley J W. A classification of 148 U.S Inbreds : I.Cluster analysis based on RFLPs. Crops Sci.1994,34:842-851
Mungoma C,Pollak L M. Heterotic patterns among ten Corn Belt and exotic maize populations. Crops Sci. 1988,28:500-504
Pejic I, Ajmone-Marsan P, Morgante M,et al. Comparative analysis of genetic similarity among maize inbred lines detected by RFLPs, RAPD,AFLP and SSR(microsatellite) markers for germplasm analysis. Molecular Breeding. 1996,2:225-238
Prasad S K,Singh T P. Heterosis in relation to genetic divergence in maize(Zea mays L.) . Euphytica.1986,35:919-924
Rolf J F. NTSYS-pc:Numerical taxonomy and multivariate analysis system[CP].Version 1． 80． Exeter Software,Setauket,NY, 1992
Russell J R,Fuller J D,et al. Direct comparison of levels of genetic variation among barely accessions detected by RFLPs, AFLPs, SSRs and RAPDs. Theor.Appl.Genetl997,95:714-722
Senior M L, Heun M. Mapping Maize microsatellite and polymerase-chain-reaction confirmation of the targeted repeats using a CT primer. Genome. 1993,36:884-889
Senior M L, Murphy J P, Goodman M M,et al. Utility of SSRs for determining genetic similarities and relationships in maize using an agrose gel system .Crop Sci.1998,38:1088-1098
Smith O S,Smith J S C. Measurement of genetic diversity among maize hybrids: A comparison of isozyme, RFLP, pedigee and heterosis data. Maydica. 1992, 37:53-60
Smith O S, Smith J S C,et al. Similarities among a group of elite maize inbreds as measured by pedigree,F1 grain-yield, heterosis and RFLPs. Theor. Appl.Genet. 1990,80:833-840
Smith J S ,Smith O S, Associations among inbred lines of maize using electrophoretic, chromatohraphic and pedigree data: multivariate and cluster analysis of data from Iowa Stiff Stalk Synethetic derived lines. Theor.Appl.Genet. 1988,76:39-44
Smith J S , Smith O S, Restriction fragment length polymorphisms can differentiate among
U.S. maize hybrids. Crop Sci.1991,31:893-899
Smith J S C, Chin E C L,Shu H,et al. An evaluation of the utility of SSR loci as molecular markers in maize (Zea mays Z,.):Comparisons with data from RFLPs and pedigree[J]. Theor.Appl.Genet.1997,95:163-173
Smith O S,Smith J S C. Similarities among a group of elite maize inbreds as measured by pedigree, Flgrain,grain yield heterosis and RFLPs. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1990,80:833-840
Stuber C W. Heterosis in plant breeding. Plant Breeding Review. 1995,Charpter 8
Stuber C W.et al. Identification of genetic factors contributing to heterosis in a hybrid from two elite maize inbred lines using molecular markers. Genetics.1992,132:823-839
Tautz D,et al. Hypervariability of simple sequence as general source for polymorphic DNA markers .Nucleic Acids Res. 1989,12:6463-6467
Vasal S K,Srinivasan G,et al. Heterosis and combining ability of CIMMYT's tropical late white maize germplasm.Maydica.l992a,37:217-223
Vasal S K,Srinivasan G,et al. Heterosis and combining ability of CIMMYT's subtropical and temperate early-maturity maize germplasm. Crop Sci. 1992b,32:884-890
Vasal S K,Srinivasan G,et al. Heterotic patterns of eighty-eight white subtropical CIMMYT maize lines.Maydica. 1992c,37:319-327
● 陈协蓉，关于四川省玉米生产的思考，四川农业科技，1998，1：4-5。
● 高明刚等，四川部分玉米推广组合及其亲本自交系的遗传分析，四川农业大学硕士论文，2002。
● 高之仁编著，数量遗传学，四川大学出版社，1986年。
● 黄宜祥，对四川农业结构调整中发挥玉米优势的几点意见，西南农业学报，1999，12(4)，106-110。
● 黄宜祥，发展四川玉米生产的科技途径，四川农业科技，1998，6期，5-6。
● 黄宜祥，四川玉米育种进展和超高产育种探讨，西南农业学报，1998，。
● 黄宜祥，四川玉米杂交种的发展及育种进展，西南农业学报，1998，。
● 江鲁华等，我国玉米杂交种种质利用现状与利弊，云南农业科技，1999，2：17-19。
● 李槐芬等，从区域试验看云南省杂交玉米育种进展，云南农业科技，1997，3：7-10。
● 李建生等，45份玉米自交系的 RFLP 与杂种优势划分的研究，“全国玉米杂种优势的利用研讨会”论文，2000，北京。
● 刘治先，世界玉米经济的现状和发展趋势，国外农学—杂粮作物，1998，18(2)：2-7。
● 刘治先，美国玉米经济的发展策略，世界农业，2000，4：15-16。
● 刘世建等，用分子标记对四川地方玉米种质杂种优势群的初步研究，四川农业大学硕士论文，2001。
● 马述忠等，论我国科技进步的模式选择，科技导报，2001，2：43-46。
● 宁家林等，旅大红骨种群在我国玉米育种与生产中的利用，杂粮作物，2002，22(2)：63-65。
● 潘才进，我国玉米杂交种的发展趋势，作物杂志，1992，1，15-17。
● 彭泽斌，刘新芝，我国玉米杂交育种现状评析，作物杂志，1998，。
● 彭泽斌等，对改进玉米育种某些方法的浅见，作物杂志，1991，4：13-15。
● 邱一彪，四川省“九五”玉米联合育种成效显著，玉米科学，2002，。
● 荣廷昭，潘光堂等，热带玉米种质在温带玉米育种的应用，作物杂志，1998，。
● 荣廷昭等编著，西南生态区玉米育种，2002，中国农业出版社。
● 申雅娟，中国玉米种子产业的战略地位与发展趋势，种子世界，2002，6：3-5。
● 孙世贤编，中国农作物优良品种，2001，中国农业科技出版。
● 唐永金，侯大斌等，四川山区杂交玉米的选用与推广，作物研究，1997，3：28-29。
● 佟屏亚，20实世纪中国玉米品种改良的历程和成就，中国科技史料，2001，22(2)：113-127。
● 佟屏亚编著，中国玉米科技史，2000，中国农业科技出版社。
● 吴建宇等，玉米抗病遗传育种的研究进展，玉米科学，1999，7(2)：6-11。
● 吴景锋，我国玉米单交种二十年的发展，作物杂志，1991，1：1-4。
● 吴景锋，我国玉米生产现状与科技对策，作物杂志，1996，5：26-29。
● 吴景锋，我国玉米杂交种发展的主要历程、差距和对策，玉米科学，1995，3(1)：1-5。
● 吴景锋等，试论2020年我国玉米种质该来年感的战略目标，作物杂志，1998，2：6-10。
● 吴敏生等，AFLP标记在玉米优良自交系优势群划分中的应用，作物学报，2000，26(1)：9-13。
● 辛志勇等，发展生物技术促进作物育种科技革命，作物杂志，1997，5：13-15。
● 袁力行等，利用RFlP、SSR、AFLP和RAPD标记分析玉米自交系遗传多样性的比较研究，遗传学报，2000，27(8)：725-733。
● 张彪，四川玉米育种和种子生产面临的问题与对策探讨，玉米科学，2001，9(4)：84-88。
● 张明锋等，美国玉米生产发展概况，作物杂志，1996，1：37-39。
● 张世煌，玉米的杂种优势群和杂种优势模式，作物杂志，1998，。
● 张世煌等，玉米育种研究的发展方向，作物杂志，1997，7：5-9。
● 张泽民等，不同年代玉米杂交中子粒营养成分的分析，作物杂志，1997，4，32-33。
● 赵久然等，应用 RAPD 标记技术对我国骨干玉米自交系进行类群的划分，华北农学报，1999，14(1)：32-37。
● 赵久然等，应用 RAPD 标记技术选配强优势玉米杂交优势组合的研究，玉米科学，1999，7(2)：12-15。
● 周洪生，21世纪初我国玉米遗传育种及玉米生产的发展战略，玉米科学，1996，4(4)：1-5。
● 周洪生编著，玉米种子大全，2000，中国农业出版社。
● Abler B S B, Edwards M D, Stuber C W. Isoenzymatic identification of quantitative trait loci in crosses of elite maize inbreds. Crop Sci 1991,31:267-274.
● Ajmone-Marsan P, et al. Genetic diversity and its relationship to hybrid performance in maize as revealed by RFLP and AFLP markers. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1998,98:219-227
● Beck D L, Vasal S K. Heterosis and combining ability of CIMMYT stropical early and intermediatematurity maize germolasm. Maydica. 1991a,35:279-285
● Beck D L, Vasal S K. Heterosis and combining ability among substropical and temperate intermediatematurity maize germplasm. Crop Sci. 1991b,31:68-73
● Bernardo R. Estimation of coefficient of coancestry using molecular markers in maize.Theor. Appl.Genet. 1993,85:1055-1062
● Boppenmaier J, Melchinger A E, et al. Genetic diversity for RFLPs in European maize inbreds Ⅲ.Performance of crosses within versus between heterotic groups for grain traits. Plant Breeding. 1993,111:217-226
Crossa J, Taba S, Wellhausen E J. Heterosis patterns among Mexican races of Maize. Crop Sci.1990,30:1182-1190
Crossa J, Vasal S K, Beck D L. Combining ability estimates of CIMMYT's tropical late yellow maize germplasm.Mzydica.1990,35:273-278
Dubreuil P, Dufour P, Krejci E,et al. Organization of RFLP diversity among inbred lines of maize representing the most significant heterotic groups. Crop Sci. 1996,36:790-799
Dudley J W, Saghai-Maroof M A. Molecular markers and grouping of parents in maize breeding programs[J] .Crop Sci. 1991,31:718-723
East E M.Heterosis.Genetics. 1936,21:379-397
Echandi C R, Hallauer A R. Evaluation of U.S. Cron Belt and adapted tropical maize cultivars and their diallel crosses.Maydica. 1996,41:317-324
Evola S W,Burr F A. The suitability of restriction fragment length polymorphisms as genetic markers in maize. Theor.Appl.Genet 1986,71:765-771
Godshalk E B, Lee M, Lamkey K R. Relationship of restriction fragment to single-cross hybrid performance of maize.Theor.Appl.Genet. 1990,80:273-280
Grazina Taramino, Scott Tingey. Simple sequence repeats for germplasm analysis and mapping in maize.Genome. 1996,39:277-287
Gupta M, Chyi Y S, Owen J L. Amplification of DNA markers from evolutionarily diverse genomes using single primer sequence repeats. Theor. Appl.Genet. 1994,89:998-1006
Hadjinov M I, Scherbok V S & Voronova L P. Interrelationships between isozymes diversity and combining ability in maize lines. Maydica. 1982,27:135-149
Holland J B,Goodman M M, Combining ability of tropical maize accession with U.S.gennplasm. Crop Sci.l995,35:767-773
Kanety R V, Zeng X, Bennetzen J L,et al. Assessment of genetic diversity in dent and popcorn(Zea mays L.) inbred lines using inter-simple sequence repeat(ISSR) amplification. Mol.Breed. 1995,1:365-373
Lee M. DNA markers and plant breeding programs. Adv Agron.l995,55:265-343
Lee M,Godshalk K, Lamkey K R, Woodman W W. Association of RFLPs among maize inbreeds with agronomic performance of their crosses. Crop Sci. 1989,29:1067-1071
Livini C, Ajmone-Marsan P,Melchinger A E,et al. Genetic diversity of maize inbred lines within and among heterotic groups revealed by RFLPs. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1992,84:17-25
Melchinger A E, Lee M,Lamkey K R,Woodman M L. Genetic diversity for restriction fragment length polymorphisms: Relation to estimated genetic effects in maize inbreds. Crops Sci.l990,30:1033-1040
Melchinger A E,Lee M,et al. Genetic diversity for restriction fragment length polymorphisms and heterosis for two diallel set of maize inbreds. Theor.Appl.Genet. 1990,80:488-496
Melchinger A E,Lee M,e al. Diversity and relationships among U.S.Maize inbreds revealed by restriction fragment length polymorphisms. Crops Sci.1991,31:669-678
Messmer M M,Melchinger A E,et al. Relationship among early European maize inbreds II.Comparison of pedigree and RFLP data. Crop Sci. 1993,33:944-950
Messmer M M,Melchinger M.Lee M,Woodman W L,et al. Genetic diversity among progenitors and elite lines form the Iowa Stiff Stalk Symthetic(BSSS) maize population: Comparison of allozyme and RFLP data. Theor. Appl.Genet.1991,83:97-107
Moll R H.Lonquist J H,et al. The relationship of heterosis and genetic divergence in maize.Genetics. 1965,52:139-144
Moll R H,S W,Robinson H F.Heterosis and genetic diversity in variety crosses of maize. Crops Sci. 1962,2:197-198
Monika M Messmer.et al. Relationships among early European maize inbreds: I. Genetic diversity among flint and dent lines revealed by RFLPs. Crops Sci. 1992,32:1301-1309
Mumm R H,Dudley J W. A classification of 148 U.S Inbreds : I.Cluster analysis based on RFLPs. Crops Sci.1994,34:842-851
Mungoma C,Pollak L M. Heterotic patterns among ten Corn Belt and exotic maize populations. Crops Sci. 1988,28:500-504
Pejic I, Ajmone-Marsan P, Morgante M,et al. Comparative analysis of genetic similarity among maize inbred lines detected by RFLPs, RAPD,AFLP and SSR(microsatellite) markers for germplasm analysis. Molecular Breeding. 1996,2:225-238
Prasad S K,Singh T P. Heterosis in relation to genetic divergence in maize(Zea mays L.) . Euphytica.1986,35:919-924
Rolf J F. NTSYS-pc:Numerical taxonomy and multivariate analysis system[CP].Version 1． 80． Exeter Software,Setauket,NY, 1992
Russell J R,Fuller J D,et al. Direct comparison of levels of genetic variation among barely accessions detected by RFLPs, AFLPs, SSRs and RAPDs. Theor.Appl.Genetl997,95:714-722
Senior M L, Heun M. Mapping Maize microsatellite and polymerase-chain-reaction confirmation of the targeted repeats using a CT primer. Genome. 1993,36:884-889
Senior M L, Murphy J P, Goodman M M,et al. Utility of SSRs for determining genetic similarities and relationships in maize using an agrose gel system .Crop Sci.1998,38:1088-1098
Smith O S,Smith J S C. Measurement of genetic diversity among maize hybrids: A comparison of isozyme, RFLP, pedigee and heterosis data. Maydica. 1992, 37:53-60
Smith O S, Smith J S C,et al. Similarities among a group of elite maize inbreds as measured by pedigree,F1 grain-yield, heterosis and RFLPs. Theor. Appl.Genet. 1990,80:833-840
Smith J S ,Smith O S, Associations among inbred lines of maize using electrophoretic, chromatohraphic and pedigree data: multivariate and cluster analysis of data from Iowa Stiff Stalk Synethetic derived lines. Theor.Appl.Genet. 1988,76:39-44
Smith J S , Smith O S, Restriction fragment length polymorphisms can differentiate among
U.S. maize hybrids. Crop Sci.1991,31:893-899
Smith J S C, Chin E C L,Shu H,et al. An evaluation of the utility of SSR loci as molecular markers in maize (Zea mays Z,.):Comparisons with data from RFLPs and pedigree[J]. Theor.Appl.Genet.1997,95:163-173
Smith O S,Smith J S C. Similarities among a group of elite maize inbreds as measured by pedigree, Flgrain,grain yield heterosis and RFLPs. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1990,80:833-840
Stuber C W. Heterosis in plant breeding. Plant Breeding Review. 1995,Charpter 8
Stuber C W.et al. Identification of genetic factors contributing to heterosis in a hybrid from two elite maize inbred lines using molecular markers. Genetics.1992,132:823-839
Tautz D,et al. Hypervariability of simple sequence as general source for polymorphic DNA markers .Nucleic Acids Res. 1989,12:6463-6467
Vasal S K,Srinivasan G,et al. Heterosis and combining ability of CIMMYT's tropical late white maize germplasm.Maydica.l992a,37:217-223
Vasal S K,Srinivasan G,et al. Heterosis and combining ability of CIMMYT's subtropical and temperate early-maturity maize germplasm. Crop Sci. 1992b,32:884-890
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