资源、环境双重约束下辽宁省产业结构优化研究
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摘要
产业结构是连结经济活动和生态环境的重要纽带,产业结构与经济增长、资源利用以及环境污染密切相关,因此,产业结构优化关系着经济增长的质量和持续性。在产业结构调整过程中实现经济与资源、环境的协调发展,对一个国家或地区而言是极其重要的。在经济增长过程中,自然资源供给的有限性与不断增长的需求以及环境的有限承载力与不断增多的污染物排放之间的矛盾日益尖锐。资源匮乏、能源紧缺、环境污染的多重压力与制约,使得探索资源、环境双重约束下的产业结构优化问题具有重大理论和现实意义,为在资源、环境双重约束下进行产业结构优化提供了良好的发展契机。
     辽宁省是中国的传统老工业基地,经济一直保持高速增长,特别是实施振兴东北老工业基地战略以来,其增长速度始终高于10%。然而,长期以来,辽宁省的发展以经济增长为目标,属于粗放型增长方式,高速增长是用高昂的资源、环境代价换来的:土地资源供给有限,但需求不断增加;原本就匮乏的水资源更加紧张;矿产资源储量虽然相对丰富,但矿产资源不可再生且已有部分矿产濒临枯竭;污染物排放量不断增加,高于全国平均水平。如果按照现有方式继续发展下去,资源、环境约束必将增强,限制经济的增长。因此,应把握住时代契机,将经济增长方式由粗放型向集约型转变,同时追求经济及社会双重目标,协调经济增长和资源消耗、环境污染之间的矛盾,在资源、环境双重约束下优化辽宁省产业结构。
     改革开放以来,辽宁省产业始终呈“二、三、一”结构,第二产业比重在48%左右。众所周知,相对于第一、三产业,第二产业是高消耗、高污染的产业,第二产业比重较大地区会使整个经济受到更强的资源、环境约束。在三次产业内部,第一产业是以农业和畜牧业为主的“二元结构”,相对较为落后;第二产业以重工业为主,约占第二产业总产值的80%左右,其中,起主要作用的都是资源消耗高、环境污染大的行业,以装备制造业为主;第三产业是以批发和零售业、交通运输、仓储和邮政业为主的传统结构,资源和环境压力较大。要想摆脱资源、环境的双重约束,不但应该对三次产业间而且应对三次产业内部结构进行优化。
     本文首先梳理了国内外学者关于资源约束下产业结构优化、环境约束下产业结构优化以及资源、环境双重约束下产业结构优化的相关文献,阐述了本文研究的必要性;其次,分别论述了资源、环境约束与经济增长之间的关系,以及区域主导产业选择理论,以此作为本文研究的理论基础;再次,为了深入了解产业结构变化对资源、环境的影响,分析了实施振兴战略以来辽宁省产业结构的演进过程和特征,并对资源和环境的约束进行评价,进而证明了辽宁省现有产业结构使经济增长呈现不可持续性,结构优化迫在眉睫;之后,分别分析了三次产业的经济概况、产业内部结构状况以及相应的资源约束和环境约束,通过基准分析选择各产业的主导行业,以三次产业优化的方向为指导,选择主导行业的优化路径、领域及产品;最后,借鉴经济发展的新思路和新战略,提出了资源、环境双重约束下产业结构优化的对策建议。
     本文旨在以产业结构优化为手段,通过三次产业主导行业及其优化路径、领域和产品的选择,摆脱资源和环境的双重约束,进而实现社会和经济的可持续发展。在研究过程中,通过对资源、环境约束的评价,可以清晰看出产业结构变化对资源、环境有着较大影响,尤其是第二产业,这为今后研究资源、环境约束下的产业结构优化问题提供了依据;此外,对资源、环境双重约束下三次产业主导行业的选择及优化则为辽宁省产业结构调整提供了有效的方法和选择方案。
Industrial structure is an important link of the economic activities and the ecologicalenvironment. Industrial structure and economic growth, resource utilization as well asenvironmental pollution are closely related, therefore, optimizing the industrial structureaffects the quality and sustainability of economic growth directly. It’s extremelyimportant for a country or region to coordinated development of economic and resources,and environment. The contradictions, which are between limited supply and growingdemand of natural resources as well as between the limited carrying capacity of theenvironment and the growing number of pollutant emissions, have become increasinglyacute. Exploration of industrial structure optimization under the resource andenvironment constraints is of great theory and practical significance, as the multiplepressures and constraints of resource scarcity, energy shortages, environmental pollution.The above opinion supplys a good development opportunity of optimizing the industrialstructure under the resource and environment constraints.
     Liaoning Province is a traditional old industrial bases in China, its economy hasmaintained rapid growth. Especially since carrying out base of northeast old industry torevitalize the strategy, the growth rate of Liaoning Province is always higher than10%.However, for a long time, the economic development of Liaoning Province is a targetwith economic growth, and it’s extensive. The rapid growth of Liaoning economy is atthe expense of high resource and environmental costs. For Liaoning Province, the supplyof land resources is limited, while the demand is increasing; already scarce waterresources are tense and tense; the mineral resources reserves are relatively abundant, butthey are non-renewable, even some of them have run out; The total discharge of majorpollutants is increasing and above the national average. With existing economicdeveloping mode, resource and environment constraints must enhance and will limiteconomic growth. Thus, Liaoning Province should seize the opportunity given by thetimes, transform economic growth mode from extensive to intensive, pursue theeconomic and social goals to coordinate the contradictions among economic growth,resource consumption and environmental pollution, and at last optimize the Liaoningindustrial structure under resource and environment constraints.
     Since the reform and opening up, the Liaoning industry appears the structure of“secondary-tertiary-primary”, and the proportion of the secondary industry is in about48%. As we all know, Compared with the primary and tertiary industries, the secondaryindustry is the high consumption and high pollution industry, therefore, the higherproportion of the secondary industry is, the greater resource and environment constraintsare. Within the three industries, he primary industry is relatively backward with atraditional agriculture and animal husbandry dominated strcture; industry in Liaoning iscentered on high consumption and high polluting heavy industries such as manufacturingindustry and metal smelting industry, which makes up80%; the structure of the tertiaryindustry is traditional and mainly in the wholesale and retail trade industury,transportation, storage and postal industry, it produces a heavy pressure to resources andenvironment. To get rid of the resources and environment constraints, Liaoning Provinceshould optimize the structure not only in the three industries but also in their internalstructure.
     Firstly, the dissertation combs the literature of the domestic and foreign scholarsresearching on optimizing the industrial structure under resource constraints,environment constraints, and resource and environment constraints, thus explain thenecessity of this dissertation. Secondly, the dissertation discusses the relationshipbetween resource constraints and economic growth, environment constraints andeconomic growth separately, and theory of regional leading industries selection, all ofthem are the theoretical basis of this dissertation. Again, in order to understand theimpact of changing in industrial structure on resource constraints and environmentconstraints further, the dissertation analyzes the evolution of Liaoning industrial structureand its corresponding resource effects and environment effects since implementing therevitalizing strategy. Thus it proves that the existing industrial structure in LiaoningProvince causes the economic growth unsustainable, and structural optimization isimminent. Then, the dissertation analyzes economic profile, industrial internal structureconditions and corresponding resource constraints and environment constraints of thethree industries separately, thus chooses the leading industuries by standard anslysis, anddetermines optimization paths, areas and products of leading industuries under theguidance of the three indsturies’ optimization directions. Last, the dissertation puts forward countermeasures of optimizing Liaoning industrial structure under resource andenvironment constraints refering to the new ideas and the new strategies of economicdevelopment.
     The dissertation aims at breaking out of resource and environment constraints, bychoosing leading industuries and their optimization paths, areas and products, withoptimization of industuries structure as its approach, and realizing the sustainabledevelopment both in society and economy. In the course of the study, it can be shownclearly from the effect analysis that changing industrial structure has a great impact onresources and environment, especially the secondary industry, this part provides thebasement of further researching on industrial structure optimization under resource andenvironment constraints. In addition, choosing and optimizing leading industuries of thethree industuries under resource and environment constraints provides effective methodsand the solutions of choice for Liaoning industrial restructuring.
引文
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