IT员工职业压力及其干预研究
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摘要
当今世界正处在信息时代，信息产业已经成为我国国民经济新的增长点。随着信息产业的迅猛发展，IT员工，作为信息技术和信息产业的承载者，其职业压力问题日益凸现。本研究对IT员工的职业压力进行调查和干预，将为IT员工缓解职业压力、提高身心健康水平提供途径，为IT企业建立充满生机和活力的员工队伍、获取更高经济效益创造条件，对我国信息产业发展、国民经济和社会信息化进程推进具有积极的意义。
本研究有以下三方面的目的：
第一，了解IT员工的职业压力状况，考察职业压力源、压力症状及两者之间的内在联系；
第二，以放松训练为基础，设计一套放松训练干预程序，并探讨其对IT员工职业压力干预的效果；
第三，根据上述两项研究成果，对IT员工职业压力的干预提出一些建议。
研究结果表明：
IT员工职业压力来自多方面因素，根据其所带来的压力从大到小依次排列为：职业发展、工作需求、组织结构、角色应激、人际关系。职业压力给员工带来了焦虑、抑郁、敌对敏感以及生理健康方面的症状。职业发展、工作需求、人际关系对IT员工的压力症状有良好的预测作用。
本研究设计的放松训练干预程序对IT员工的焦虑、抑郁、敌对敏感和生理健康水平有显著的改善作用，对IT员工的职业压力产生了积极的影响。
最后，提出对IT员工职业压力干预的建议：第一，IT员工应增强压力意识，加强自我保健；第二，IT企业应积极采取措施，减少职业压力源；第三，开展员工援助计划。
During the past few years, there is a rapid development in information technology, which is playing an important role in the national economy. As the carrier of the information technology and information industry, IT employees suffer from more and more symptoms brought by occupational stress.
The purpose of this study is to a) discover the occupational stressors and symptoms of IT employees, exam the relationship of them, b) design a stress intervention program based on relaxation training and exam the effect of the program, c) put forward some advices about stress intervention for IT employees.
The results indicate that:
Stress in IT employees comes from many factors, which is sorted by descending order: career development, job demands, organizational structure, role characteristics and interpersonal relationship. The symptoms of stress include anxiety, depression, hostility, sensitivity and physical health. According to the regression model, the stressors of career development, job demands and interpersonal relationship can predict the stress symptoms very well for IT employees.
After intervention with relaxation training program, the anxiety, hostility, sensitivity and depression level decreased and physical health were improved in treatment group as compared with the control group.
Some suggestions about stress intervention were put forward: a) IT employees should know more about stress and take preventive measures, b) IT enterprises should take actions to reduce stressors. c) implement Employee Assistance Plan
本研究有以下三方面的目的：
第一，了解IT员工的职业压力状况，考察职业压力源、压力症状及两者之间的内在联系；
第二，以放松训练为基础，设计一套放松训练干预程序，并探讨其对IT员工职业压力干预的效果；
第三，根据上述两项研究成果，对IT员工职业压力的干预提出一些建议。
研究结果表明：
IT员工职业压力来自多方面因素，根据其所带来的压力从大到小依次排列为：职业发展、工作需求、组织结构、角色应激、人际关系。职业压力给员工带来了焦虑、抑郁、敌对敏感以及生理健康方面的症状。职业发展、工作需求、人际关系对IT员工的压力症状有良好的预测作用。
本研究设计的放松训练干预程序对IT员工的焦虑、抑郁、敌对敏感和生理健康水平有显著的改善作用，对IT员工的职业压力产生了积极的影响。
最后，提出对IT员工职业压力干预的建议：第一，IT员工应增强压力意识，加强自我保健；第二，IT企业应积极采取措施，减少职业压力源；第三，开展员工援助计划。
During the past few years, there is a rapid development in information technology, which is playing an important role in the national economy. As the carrier of the information technology and information industry, IT employees suffer from more and more symptoms brought by occupational stress.
The purpose of this study is to a) discover the occupational stressors and symptoms of IT employees, exam the relationship of them, b) design a stress intervention program based on relaxation training and exam the effect of the program, c) put forward some advices about stress intervention for IT employees.
The results indicate that:
Stress in IT employees comes from many factors, which is sorted by descending order: career development, job demands, organizational structure, role characteristics and interpersonal relationship. The symptoms of stress include anxiety, depression, hostility, sensitivity and physical health. According to the regression model, the stressors of career development, job demands and interpersonal relationship can predict the stress symptoms very well for IT employees.
After intervention with relaxation training program, the anxiety, hostility, sensitivity and depression level decreased and physical health were improved in treatment group as compared with the control group.
Some suggestions about stress intervention were put forward: a) IT employees should know more about stress and take preventive measures, b) IT enterprises should take actions to reduce stressors. c) implement Employee Assistance Plan
引文
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2、Arnetz BB. Techno-stress: a prospective psychophysiological study of the impact of a controlled stress-reduction programme in advanced telecommunication systems design work. Journal of Occupational Environmental Medicine. 1996, 38.
3、Bengt B. Arnetz, Clair Wiholm. Technological stress: psychophysiological symptoms in modem offices. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 1997, 43(1).
4、Benson, H.. The relaxation response and norepinephrine: A new study illuminates mechanisms. Integrative Psychiatry, 1983, 1.
5、Benson, H. & Stuart, E. M. The wellness book: The comprehensive guide to maintaining health and treating stress-related illness. New York: Birch Lane Press. 1992.
6、B.M. Blatter, P.M. Bongers. Duration of computer use and mouse use in relation to musculoskeletal disorders of neck or upper limb. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics. 2002, 30.
7、Borysenko, J. & Borysenko, M. The power of the mind to heal. Carson CA: Hay House. 1994.
8、Carrington, P., Collings, G.. H., Benson, H., Robinson, H., Wood, L. W., Lehrer, P. M., Woolfolk, R. L. &Cole, J. W. The use of meditation-relaxation techniques for the management of stress in a working population. Journal of Occupational Medicine, 1980, 22.
9、Cooper, C. L. & Marshall, J. The Management of Stress. Personn. Rev, 4. 1975.
10、Cooper, C. L. & Marshall, J. Occupational sources of stress: a review of literature relating to coronary heart disease and mental ill health. Journal of occupational psychology. 1976, 49.
11、Danel Goleman and Gary E. Schwartz.. Meditation as an Intervention in Stress Reactivity. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1976, 44.
12、Daniel A. Girdano and George S. Eberly, Jr., Controlling Stress and Tension: A Holistic Approach, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1986.
13、David W. Orme-Johnson.. Automic Stability and Transcendental Meditation. Pshychosomantic Medicine. 1973, 35.
14、Deanna S. Fomey, Fran Wallace-Schutzman, and T. Thorn Wiggers "Burnout Among Career Development Professionals: Preliminary Findings and Implications," Personnel and guidance Journal. 1982, 60.
15、Dillbeck, M. C.,. The Effect of the Transcendental Meditation Technique on Anxiety Levels.
Journal of Clinical Psychology. 1977, 33.
16、English, E, H., & Baker, T. B. Relaxation training and cardiovascular response to experimental stressors. Health Psychology, 1983, 2.
17、Fontana, D. The elements of meditation. New York: Basic Books. 1991.
18、French JR P Jr, Caplan R D, Vlan Harrison R. The mechanism of job stress and strain. Chichester, England: Wiley, 1982.5.
19、Greenberg, Jerrold S. Comprehensive stress management. Boston. WCB/McGraw-Hill, c1999.
20、Helen R. Winefield. Stress Reduction for Family Caregivers in Chronic Mental Illness: Implications of a Work Stress Management Perspective International Journal of Stress Management.2000, 7(3).
21、Jacobson, E. Progressive relaxation (2nd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1938.
22、Lazarus, A. A., & Mayne, T. J. Relaxation: Some limitations, side effects, and proposed solutions. Psychotherapy, 1990, 27.
23、Paul M. Lehrer and Robert L. Woolfolk. Principles and practice of stress management. New York: Guilford Press, c1993.
24、John G. Carlson. Editorial: Trends in stress management. International journal of stress management. 1999, 6.
25、John W. Jones, "a measure of staff Burnout Among Health Professionals" (paper presented an the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, Montreal, September 1980).
26、Kabat—Zinn, J.(1994). Where you go, there you are. New York: Hyperion.
27、Long, B. C., & Haney, C. J. Coping strategies for working women: Aerobic exercise and relaxation interventions. Behavior Therapy, 1988, 19.
28、Marc J. Schabracq, Jacques A. M. Winnubst, Cary, L. Cooper, Handbood of work and health psychology, John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 1996.
29、McCraty, Rollin; Atkinson, Mike; Tomasino, Dana. Impact of a Workplace Stress Reduction Program on Blood Pressure and Emotional Health in Hypertensive Employees. Journal of Alternative & Complementary Medicine. 2003, 9(3).
30、Michael Calnan, David Wainwright, Malcolm Forsythe, Barbara Wall, Stephen Almond. Mental health and stress in the workplace: the case of general practice in the UK. Social Science and Medicine. 2001,52.
31、Nicholas G. Carr. IT does not master. Harvard Business Review. 2002.5.5. http://tech.sina.com.cn/it/2003-12-16/0914268730.shtml.
32、Norton, G. R., & Johnson W. E. A comparison of two relaxation procedures for reducing cognitive and somatic anxiety. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry,
1983.14.
33、Peters, Ruanne K.; Benson, Herbert; Porter, Douglas. Daily Relaxation Response Breaks In a Working Population: 1. Effects on Self-reported Measures of Health, Performance, and Well-being. American Journal of Public Health. 1977,67(10).
34、Peters, Ruanne K.; Benson, Herbert; Peters, John M.. Daily Relaxation Response Breaks In a Working Population: Ⅱ. Effects on Blood Pressure. American Journal of Public Health. 1977,67(10).
35、Quick, J. C., Murphy, L. R., & Hurrell, J. J. (Eds.). Stress and well-being at work: Assessments and interventions of occupational mental health. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Rice, P. L. Stress and health. (2nd ed.). Pacific Grove, California: Brooks/Cole. 1992.
36、Schultz, J. & Luthe, W.. Autogenic training: A psychophysiological approach to psychotherapy. New York: Grune & Stratton.. 1959.
37、Schwartz, G. Stress Management in occupational settings. Public Health Reports. 1980, 95.
38、Schwartz, G. E., Davidson, R. J., & Goleman, D. T. Patterning of cognitive and somatic process in the self-regulation of anxiety: Effects of meditation versus exercise. Psychosomatic Medicine, 1978, 40.
39、Shapiro, D. H. & Giber, D. Meditation and Psychotherapeutic Effects. Archibes of General Psychiatry. 1978, 35.
40、Shapiro, Shauna L., Schwartz, Gary E., Bonner, Ginny. Effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction on medical and premedical students. Journal of Behavior Medicine. 1998, 21 (6):
41、Smith, J. C. Meditation, biofeedback and the relaxation controversy: A cognitive-behavioral perspective. American Psychologist, 1986, 41.
42、Steinmetz, J., Kaplan, R.M. & Meller, G. L. Stress management: An assessment questionnaire for evaluating interventions and comparing groups. Journal of Occupational Medicine. 1982, 24.
43、Van Der Deof M, Mases S. The job demand-control (-support) model and psychological well-being review of 20 years of empirical research. Work& Stress, 1999 (2).
44、Victoria Halford, H. Harvey Cohen. Technology use and psychosocial factors in the self-reporting of musculoskeletal disorder symptoms in call center workers. Journal of Safety Research 2003, 34.
45、Warrenburg, S., Pagano, R. R., Woods, M., & Hlastala, M. A. Comparison of somatic relaxation and EEG activity in classical progressive relaxation and transcendental meditation. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 1980, 3.
46、S. Cormier, B. Cormier著，张建新等译，心理咨询师的问诊策略．中国轻工业出版社．2000，6．
47、IT人生存状杰——拉响警报．消息来源：新浪科技http://tech.sina.com.cn/focus/tech_view2/index.shtml.
48、八成IT专业人精神压力达极限．资料来源：中国互联网新闻中心(国务院新闻办公室主管，中国外文出版发行事业局主办)．http://www.china.org.cn/chinese/kuaixun/89064.htm.
49、车文博，心理咨询百科全书，吉林人民出版社，1991．
50、李勃，对IT企业人力资源管理模式的几点思考，市场周刊，2002(03M)．
51、荆其诚．简明心理学百科全书．湖南教育出版社．1990，3．
52、梁玉芬，现代IT企业的八大特征，海淀走读大学学报．2003(61)，1．
53、郭嫒香，信息技术对经济发展的推动作用，经济问题，2003．4．
54、郭兆辉，IT企业如何应对员工流失，电子商务．2002，3(7)．
55、Phillip L. Rice著，石林等译，压力与健康，中国轻工业出版社．2000，3．
56、Phillip L. Rice著，胡佩诚等译，健康健康，中国轻工业出版社．2000，10．
57、秦金亮，郭秀艳．(2003)论心理学两种研究范式的整合趋向．心理科学．26(1)．
58、邵行，徐旭初．我国信息技术产业的企业发展探新．杭州电子工业学院学报．1997(17)，1．
59、石林，工作压力理论及其在研究中的重要性，心理科学进展，2002(10)4．
60、汪向东主编．心理卫生评定量表手册增订版．中国心理卫生杂志社．1999，12．
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64、现代社会压力无处不在，IT人士，别让弦儿绷得太紧．消息来源：人民日报网络版http://www.people.com.cn/GB/it/52/304/20010723/517955.html.
65、徐光兴．跨文化适应的留学生活．上海辞书出版社．2000，10．
66、徐静，IT企业吸引与留住人才的基本对策，济南交通高等专科学校学报．2002，10(1)．
67、徐寿松．知识更新太快是产生工作压力的罪魁．计算机世界网络版．2002．6．18．
68、杨银，杨斯环，张莉．放松训练对脑电、心率变异和情绪的影响．中国心理卫生杂志．2002，16(8)．
69、余菁，IT企业发展战略，经济管理出版社，2002．8．
70、张春兴，张氏心理学辞典，台湾东华书局，1989．6．
71、张勉，张德，IT企业雇员离职影响因素研究，中国软科学，2003，5．
72、张勉，张德，李树茁．IT企业技术员工离职意图路径模型实证研究．南开管理评论．
2003，4．
73、张详，IT的冬天，科技与企业，2002(02M)．
74、张秀阁，闫克乐．腹式呼吸和自生训练对心率及指温影响的初步探讨．中国临床心理学杂志．2001，9(2)．
2、Arnetz BB. Techno-stress: a prospective psychophysiological study of the impact of a controlled stress-reduction programme in advanced telecommunication systems design work. Journal of Occupational Environmental Medicine. 1996, 38.
3、Bengt B. Arnetz, Clair Wiholm. Technological stress: psychophysiological symptoms in modem offices. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 1997, 43(1).
4、Benson, H.. The relaxation response and norepinephrine: A new study illuminates mechanisms. Integrative Psychiatry, 1983, 1.
5、Benson, H. & Stuart, E. M. The wellness book: The comprehensive guide to maintaining health and treating stress-related illness. New York: Birch Lane Press. 1992.
6、B.M. Blatter, P.M. Bongers. Duration of computer use and mouse use in relation to musculoskeletal disorders of neck or upper limb. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics. 2002, 30.
7、Borysenko, J. & Borysenko, M. The power of the mind to heal. Carson CA: Hay House. 1994.
8、Carrington, P., Collings, G.. H., Benson, H., Robinson, H., Wood, L. W., Lehrer, P. M., Woolfolk, R. L. &Cole, J. W. The use of meditation-relaxation techniques for the management of stress in a working population. Journal of Occupational Medicine, 1980, 22.
9、Cooper, C. L. & Marshall, J. The Management of Stress. Personn. Rev, 4. 1975.
10、Cooper, C. L. & Marshall, J. Occupational sources of stress: a review of literature relating to coronary heart disease and mental ill health. Journal of occupational psychology. 1976, 49.
11、Danel Goleman and Gary E. Schwartz.. Meditation as an Intervention in Stress Reactivity. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1976, 44.
12、Daniel A. Girdano and George S. Eberly, Jr., Controlling Stress and Tension: A Holistic Approach, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1986.
13、David W. Orme-Johnson.. Automic Stability and Transcendental Meditation. Pshychosomantic Medicine. 1973, 35.
14、Deanna S. Fomey, Fran Wallace-Schutzman, and T. Thorn Wiggers "Burnout Among Career Development Professionals: Preliminary Findings and Implications," Personnel and guidance Journal. 1982, 60.
15、Dillbeck, M. C.,. The Effect of the Transcendental Meditation Technique on Anxiety Levels.
Journal of Clinical Psychology. 1977, 33.
16、English, E, H., & Baker, T. B. Relaxation training and cardiovascular response to experimental stressors. Health Psychology, 1983, 2.
17、Fontana, D. The elements of meditation. New York: Basic Books. 1991.
18、French JR P Jr, Caplan R D, Vlan Harrison R. The mechanism of job stress and strain. Chichester, England: Wiley, 1982.5.
19、Greenberg, Jerrold S. Comprehensive stress management. Boston. WCB/McGraw-Hill, c1999.
20、Helen R. Winefield. Stress Reduction for Family Caregivers in Chronic Mental Illness: Implications of a Work Stress Management Perspective International Journal of Stress Management.2000, 7(3).
21、Jacobson, E. Progressive relaxation (2nd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1938.
22、Lazarus, A. A., & Mayne, T. J. Relaxation: Some limitations, side effects, and proposed solutions. Psychotherapy, 1990, 27.
23、Paul M. Lehrer and Robert L. Woolfolk. Principles and practice of stress management. New York: Guilford Press, c1993.
24、John G. Carlson. Editorial: Trends in stress management. International journal of stress management. 1999, 6.
25、John W. Jones, "a measure of staff Burnout Among Health Professionals" (paper presented an the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, Montreal, September 1980).
26、Kabat—Zinn, J.(1994). Where you go, there you are. New York: Hyperion.
27、Long, B. C., & Haney, C. J. Coping strategies for working women: Aerobic exercise and relaxation interventions. Behavior Therapy, 1988, 19.
28、Marc J. Schabracq, Jacques A. M. Winnubst, Cary, L. Cooper, Handbood of work and health psychology, John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 1996.
29、McCraty, Rollin; Atkinson, Mike; Tomasino, Dana. Impact of a Workplace Stress Reduction Program on Blood Pressure and Emotional Health in Hypertensive Employees. Journal of Alternative & Complementary Medicine. 2003, 9(3).
30、Michael Calnan, David Wainwright, Malcolm Forsythe, Barbara Wall, Stephen Almond. Mental health and stress in the workplace: the case of general practice in the UK. Social Science and Medicine. 2001,52.
31、Nicholas G. Carr. IT does not master. Harvard Business Review. 2002.5.5. http://tech.sina.com.cn/it/2003-12-16/0914268730.shtml.
32、Norton, G. R., & Johnson W. E. A comparison of two relaxation procedures for reducing cognitive and somatic anxiety. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry,
1983.14.
33、Peters, Ruanne K.; Benson, Herbert; Porter, Douglas. Daily Relaxation Response Breaks In a Working Population: 1. Effects on Self-reported Measures of Health, Performance, and Well-being. American Journal of Public Health. 1977,67(10).
34、Peters, Ruanne K.; Benson, Herbert; Peters, John M.. Daily Relaxation Response Breaks In a Working Population: Ⅱ. Effects on Blood Pressure. American Journal of Public Health. 1977,67(10).
35、Quick, J. C., Murphy, L. R., & Hurrell, J. J. (Eds.). Stress and well-being at work: Assessments and interventions of occupational mental health. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Rice, P. L. Stress and health. (2nd ed.). Pacific Grove, California: Brooks/Cole. 1992.
36、Schultz, J. & Luthe, W.. Autogenic training: A psychophysiological approach to psychotherapy. New York: Grune & Stratton.. 1959.
37、Schwartz, G. Stress Management in occupational settings. Public Health Reports. 1980, 95.
38、Schwartz, G. E., Davidson, R. J., & Goleman, D. T. Patterning of cognitive and somatic process in the self-regulation of anxiety: Effects of meditation versus exercise. Psychosomatic Medicine, 1978, 40.
39、Shapiro, D. H. & Giber, D. Meditation and Psychotherapeutic Effects. Archibes of General Psychiatry. 1978, 35.
40、Shapiro, Shauna L., Schwartz, Gary E., Bonner, Ginny. Effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction on medical and premedical students. Journal of Behavior Medicine. 1998, 21 (6):
41、Smith, J. C. Meditation, biofeedback and the relaxation controversy: A cognitive-behavioral perspective. American Psychologist, 1986, 41.
42、Steinmetz, J., Kaplan, R.M. & Meller, G. L. Stress management: An assessment questionnaire for evaluating interventions and comparing groups. Journal of Occupational Medicine. 1982, 24.
43、Van Der Deof M, Mases S. The job demand-control (-support) model and psychological well-being review of 20 years of empirical research. Work& Stress, 1999 (2).
44、Victoria Halford, H. Harvey Cohen. Technology use and psychosocial factors in the self-reporting of musculoskeletal disorder symptoms in call center workers. Journal of Safety Research 2003, 34.
45、Warrenburg, S., Pagano, R. R., Woods, M., & Hlastala, M. A. Comparison of somatic relaxation and EEG activity in classical progressive relaxation and transcendental meditation. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 1980, 3.
46、S. Cormier, B. Cormier著，张建新等译，心理咨询师的问诊策略．中国轻工业出版社．2000，6．
47、IT人生存状杰——拉响警报．消息来源：新浪科技http://tech.sina.com.cn/focus/tech_view2/index.shtml.
48、八成IT专业人精神压力达极限．资料来源：中国互联网新闻中心(国务院新闻办公室主管，中国外文出版发行事业局主办)．http://www.china.org.cn/chinese/kuaixun/89064.htm.
49、车文博，心理咨询百科全书，吉林人民出版社，1991．
50、李勃，对IT企业人力资源管理模式的几点思考，市场周刊，2002(03M)．
51、荆其诚．简明心理学百科全书．湖南教育出版社．1990，3．
52、梁玉芬，现代IT企业的八大特征，海淀走读大学学报．2003(61)，1．
53、郭嫒香，信息技术对经济发展的推动作用，经济问题，2003．4．
54、郭兆辉，IT企业如何应对员工流失，电子商务．2002，3(7)．
55、Phillip L. Rice著，石林等译，压力与健康，中国轻工业出版社．2000，3．
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