基于OpenGL的三维视景的建立
|
摘要
3D图形系统能够较形象的模拟和表示客观物体,易于通过模拟光线照射物体表现物体的质感。OpenGL是优秀的开放的2D/3D图形标准,由OpenGL体系结构委员会(ARB)所掌管。OpenGL图形系统是图形硬件的一个软件接口,它强大的渲染管线能够绘制出逼真的虚拟场景。本文利用OpenGL对如何在PC机上开发出具有较好显示效果和较高渲染速度的应用程序框架进行了研究。主要工作如下:
1、研究了基于OpenGL的三维视景应用程序的初始化,完成了OpenGL渲染描述表的设置,并与Windows设备描述表相关联,并且同一设备描述表可以关联多个渲染描述表,但只能有一个有效。
2、研究了OpenGL世界坐标系和模型局部坐标系之间的关系和平移旋转并缩放的矩阵表示。并讨论了利用OpenGL的矩阵堆栈实现场景模型的层次化绘制。
3、利用OpenGL提供的基本图元的绘制功能,研究了如何将场景中的模型分解为OpenGL可以接受的图元信息,以及如何将这些信息按照渲染要求的不同分类传递给OpenGL调用达到提升OpenGL渲染效率的目的。
4、利用OpenGL提供的光照系统,研究了光照材质与当前颜色的互斥性。
5、OpenGL的主要功能是渲染场景,其建模功能较缺乏。本文分析了3DSMax场景导出的顶点信息文件。3DS文件的结构,完成了读取。3DS文件的类并将其模型分解成OpenGL可接受的图元信息。
6、研究了提高场景渲染效率的方法。可以采用OpenGL提供的显示列表,裁剪不可见的图元,单面渲染和垂直同步这些方法。
The 3D graphics system simulates and reflects objects in the real world vividly.OpenGL is a 2D/3D graphics standard in charge of Architecture Review Board(ARB)and is a software interface to hardware.Its powerful pipeline is competent for rendering graphics scene.This paper mainly discussed how to create an OpenGL application framework in Windows operation efficiently and vividly.The main subjects are as follows.
1.The initialization of OpenGL programming framework is discussed.The operation of attaching OpenGL render context with Windows Device Context is finished with the conclusion that there is only one active render context.
2.The relationship between OpenGL world coordinate and model coordinate has been discovered.And the model-view matrixs stack can be used to construct various of models logicaly.
3.The method of converting model to geometric primitives and passing primitives infomation to OpenGL efficiently is analyzed.
4.The lighting system and default color system cannot be valid at one time.
5.The OpenGL's aim is to render and is difficult to create complicated models.It is easy to import model infomation from other professional modeling software such as 3DSMax.
6.The mechanism of improving the efficiency of rendering scene were discussed,which include the display list,clipping and syncronization.
1、研究了基于OpenGL的三维视景应用程序的初始化,完成了OpenGL渲染描述表的设置,并与Windows设备描述表相关联,并且同一设备描述表可以关联多个渲染描述表,但只能有一个有效。
2、研究了OpenGL世界坐标系和模型局部坐标系之间的关系和平移旋转并缩放的矩阵表示。并讨论了利用OpenGL的矩阵堆栈实现场景模型的层次化绘制。
3、利用OpenGL提供的基本图元的绘制功能,研究了如何将场景中的模型分解为OpenGL可以接受的图元信息,以及如何将这些信息按照渲染要求的不同分类传递给OpenGL调用达到提升OpenGL渲染效率的目的。
4、利用OpenGL提供的光照系统,研究了光照材质与当前颜色的互斥性。
5、OpenGL的主要功能是渲染场景,其建模功能较缺乏。本文分析了3DSMax场景导出的顶点信息文件。3DS文件的结构,完成了读取。3DS文件的类并将其模型分解成OpenGL可接受的图元信息。
6、研究了提高场景渲染效率的方法。可以采用OpenGL提供的显示列表,裁剪不可见的图元,单面渲染和垂直同步这些方法。
The 3D graphics system simulates and reflects objects in the real world vividly.OpenGL is a 2D/3D graphics standard in charge of Architecture Review Board(ARB)and is a software interface to hardware.Its powerful pipeline is competent for rendering graphics scene.This paper mainly discussed how to create an OpenGL application framework in Windows operation efficiently and vividly.The main subjects are as follows.
1.The initialization of OpenGL programming framework is discussed.The operation of attaching OpenGL render context with Windows Device Context is finished with the conclusion that there is only one active render context.
2.The relationship between OpenGL world coordinate and model coordinate has been discovered.And the model-view matrixs stack can be used to construct various of models logicaly.
3.The method of converting model to geometric primitives and passing primitives infomation to OpenGL efficiently is analyzed.
4.The lighting system and default color system cannot be valid at one time.
5.The OpenGL's aim is to render and is difficult to create complicated models.It is easy to import model infomation from other professional modeling software such as 3DSMax.
6.The mechanism of improving the efficiency of rendering scene were discussed,which include the display list,clipping and syncronization.
引文
[1]王兰美,赵继成,秦华东.OpenGL及其在VC++下的开发应用[J].武汉大学学报(工学版),2006,39(4):62-65
[2]李保杰,马明栋.OpenGL实现三维可视化工作流程[J].四川理工学院学报(自然科学版),2005,18(3):54-58
[3]Zhao Qi-sheng.Research and Implementation of Three-Dimensional Object Modeling based on OpenGL Technology[J].Control & Automation,2005,12-3:149-151
[4]Qiang Xifu.Theoretical study of multi-theodolite measurement system[J].Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology,1999,6(1):88-90
[5]王运森,邱景平,孙豁然.OpenGL在放矿仿真系统开发中的应用[J].矿业研究与开发,2003,23(5):23-25
[6]管宇,等.基于粒子系统的实时瀑布模拟[J].系统仿真学报,2005,16(11):2471-2474
[7]Ying Ke.Research of CNC simulation 3D graphics based on OpenGL[J].Control &Automation,2006,9-1:226-228
[8]陈应松,等.基于OpenGL纹理映射技术实现动态图象的应用[J].计算机仿真,2004,21(2):130-132
[9]张芹,等.提高粒子系统实时性的方法研究[J].计算机工程,2003,29(18):46-48
[10]张红朴,杜承烈.引信虚拟试验的视景仿真实现[J].计算机测量与控制,2006,14(7):926-928
[11]韦有双,王飞,冯允成.虚拟现实与系统仿真[J].计算仿真,1999,16(2):63-66
[12]KAILN.Fractal geometry of root systems:Field observations of contrasting genotypes of common bean[J].Plant and Soil,1999,206(2):181-190
[13]Yang Mingwu,Chen Y.AutoMesh:an Automatically Adjustable,Non-uniform Orthogonal FDTD Mesh Generator[J].IEEE Antennas & Propagation Magazine,1999,41(2):13-19
[14]吕希奎,韩峰,韩春华.线路三维仿真系统中对称物的简化绘制方法[J].兰州交通大学学报(自然科学版),2004(6):30-33
[15]傅由甲,杨克俭,胡平飞,等.基于动态八叉树的复杂场景交互式实时漫游[J].武汉理工大学学报(交通科学与工程版),2005,29(2):308-311
[16]Tachi S,Sakaki T.Impedance controlled master-slave manipulation system.Part Ⅰ.Basic Concept and Application to the System with a Tune Delay[J].Adv.Robot.,1992,6(4):483-503
[17]陈文萍,邓俊辉,唐泽圣.基于图像的虚拟场景实时漫游[J].计算机辅助设计与图 形学学报,2004,16(9):1191-1195
[18]范乃梅,范跃华.基于OpenGL的虚拟战场环境漫游系统[J].西安工业学院学报,2004,24(3):249-252
[19]徐利明,姜昱明.可漫游的虚拟场景建模与实现[J].系统仿真学报,2006,18(1):120-124
[20]Jean Paul Gourret.Jamal Khamlichi.A model for compression and classification of face data structures[J].Computer & Graphics,1996,20(6):863-879
[21]Van Dam A.Puk D.The history of computer graphics standards development[J].Computer Graphics,1998,32(1):34-38
[22]周国祥,程萍,蒋建国.直角坐标系下非均匀FDTD网格生成系统[J].微波学报,2005,21(2):56-59
[23]蔡润彬,潘国荣.关于OpenGL在激光扫描数据处理中的应用研究[J].测绘通报,2006(9):19-22
[24]米剑,刘鹏远.视景仿真中天空背景真实感改进[J].系统仿真学报,2001,11(S2):245-246
[25]门光福,田芳.基于Tao框架的C#中OpenGL建模技术的实现[J].新余高专学报,2006,11(6):73-74
[26]罗婷,张颖江,陈雯.利用OpenGL实现有限元后处理[J].湖北工学院学报,2000,15(4):7-9
[27]万华根,金小刚,等.基于物理模型的实时喷泉水流运动模拟[J].计算机学报,1998,2l(9):774-779
[28]W T Reeves.Particle systems-a technique for modeling a class of fuzzy objects[J].Computer Graphics,1983,17(3):359-376
[29]邹湘军,孙健,等.虚拟现实技术的演变发展与展望[J].系统仿真学报,2004,9,16(9):1905-1909
[30]Shen G.Zhou G.Analysis and Design of Cylindrical Mult:layered MICs Using a Unified Non-uniform FDTD Algorithm[J].Microwave Opt,Technol.Lett,2002,33(4):256-262
[31]范乃梅,熊坤.基于OpenGL的三维地形的生成与简化[J].郑州轻工业学院学报(自然科学版),2006(5):84-87
[32]Fengbin Qiao.Ruqing Yang.Multi-sensor System and Information Processing of Mobile Robot in Uncertain Environments[J].Robotica(S0263-5747),2004,5(2):341-345
[33]Belen C.Vidal M,Francisco J B.A General Method for C-space Evaluation and Its Application to Articulated Robots[J].IEEE Trans on Robotics and Automation (S0882-4967),2002,18(1):24-31
[34]匡建新.基于OpenGL的数控铣加工仿真系统的开发与研究[J].现代制造工程,2005(2):54-56
[35]Reeves W T.Particle systems:A technique for modeling a class of fuzzy objects[J].Computer Graphics,1983,17(3):359-376
[36]Imre Juhasz.Weight-based NURBS shape modification[J].Computer Aided Geometric design,1999,16(5):377-383
[37]SHUM H Y,NG K T,CHAN s C.A Virtual Reality System Using the Concentric Mosaic:Construction,Rendering,and Data Compression[J].IEEE Transactions on Muhimedia,2005,7(1):85-95
[38]Hirzinger G.Sensor-based space robotics-ROTEX and its telerobotic features[J].IEEE Trans.Robot.Automat.,1993,9:649-663
[39]刘升,王行愚,游晓明.基于VC++的OpenGL三维动画仿真及场景漫游的实现[J].计算机工程与设计,2006,27(17):3235-3238
[40]郝慎学.利用OpenGL实现数字地形的可视化和漫游[J].英才高职论坛,2005,1(1):58-60
[41]戴雪峰,金连文.基于OpenGL实现火箭弹道及卫星轨道三维可视化[J].测控技术,2006,25(1):17-19
[2]李保杰,马明栋.OpenGL实现三维可视化工作流程[J].四川理工学院学报(自然科学版),2005,18(3):54-58
[3]Zhao Qi-sheng.Research and Implementation of Three-Dimensional Object Modeling based on OpenGL Technology[J].Control & Automation,2005,12-3:149-151
[4]Qiang Xifu.Theoretical study of multi-theodolite measurement system[J].Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology,1999,6(1):88-90
[5]王运森,邱景平,孙豁然.OpenGL在放矿仿真系统开发中的应用[J].矿业研究与开发,2003,23(5):23-25
[6]管宇,等.基于粒子系统的实时瀑布模拟[J].系统仿真学报,2005,16(11):2471-2474
[7]Ying Ke.Research of CNC simulation 3D graphics based on OpenGL[J].Control &Automation,2006,9-1:226-228
[8]陈应松,等.基于OpenGL纹理映射技术实现动态图象的应用[J].计算机仿真,2004,21(2):130-132
[9]张芹,等.提高粒子系统实时性的方法研究[J].计算机工程,2003,29(18):46-48
[10]张红朴,杜承烈.引信虚拟试验的视景仿真实现[J].计算机测量与控制,2006,14(7):926-928
[11]韦有双,王飞,冯允成.虚拟现实与系统仿真[J].计算仿真,1999,16(2):63-66
[12]KAILN.Fractal geometry of root systems:Field observations of contrasting genotypes of common bean[J].Plant and Soil,1999,206(2):181-190
[13]Yang Mingwu,Chen Y.AutoMesh:an Automatically Adjustable,Non-uniform Orthogonal FDTD Mesh Generator[J].IEEE Antennas & Propagation Magazine,1999,41(2):13-19
[14]吕希奎,韩峰,韩春华.线路三维仿真系统中对称物的简化绘制方法[J].兰州交通大学学报(自然科学版),2004(6):30-33
[15]傅由甲,杨克俭,胡平飞,等.基于动态八叉树的复杂场景交互式实时漫游[J].武汉理工大学学报(交通科学与工程版),2005,29(2):308-311
[16]Tachi S,Sakaki T.Impedance controlled master-slave manipulation system.Part Ⅰ.Basic Concept and Application to the System with a Tune Delay[J].Adv.Robot.,1992,6(4):483-503
[17]陈文萍,邓俊辉,唐泽圣.基于图像的虚拟场景实时漫游[J].计算机辅助设计与图 形学学报,2004,16(9):1191-1195
[18]范乃梅,范跃华.基于OpenGL的虚拟战场环境漫游系统[J].西安工业学院学报,2004,24(3):249-252
[19]徐利明,姜昱明.可漫游的虚拟场景建模与实现[J].系统仿真学报,2006,18(1):120-124
[20]Jean Paul Gourret.Jamal Khamlichi.A model for compression and classification of face data structures[J].Computer & Graphics,1996,20(6):863-879
[21]Van Dam A.Puk D.The history of computer graphics standards development[J].Computer Graphics,1998,32(1):34-38
[22]周国祥,程萍,蒋建国.直角坐标系下非均匀FDTD网格生成系统[J].微波学报,2005,21(2):56-59
[23]蔡润彬,潘国荣.关于OpenGL在激光扫描数据处理中的应用研究[J].测绘通报,2006(9):19-22
[24]米剑,刘鹏远.视景仿真中天空背景真实感改进[J].系统仿真学报,2001,11(S2):245-246
[25]门光福,田芳.基于Tao框架的C#中OpenGL建模技术的实现[J].新余高专学报,2006,11(6):73-74
[26]罗婷,张颖江,陈雯.利用OpenGL实现有限元后处理[J].湖北工学院学报,2000,15(4):7-9
[27]万华根,金小刚,等.基于物理模型的实时喷泉水流运动模拟[J].计算机学报,1998,2l(9):774-779
[28]W T Reeves.Particle systems-a technique for modeling a class of fuzzy objects[J].Computer Graphics,1983,17(3):359-376
[29]邹湘军,孙健,等.虚拟现实技术的演变发展与展望[J].系统仿真学报,2004,9,16(9):1905-1909
[30]Shen G.Zhou G.Analysis and Design of Cylindrical Mult:layered MICs Using a Unified Non-uniform FDTD Algorithm[J].Microwave Opt,Technol.Lett,2002,33(4):256-262
[31]范乃梅,熊坤.基于OpenGL的三维地形的生成与简化[J].郑州轻工业学院学报(自然科学版),2006(5):84-87
[32]Fengbin Qiao.Ruqing Yang.Multi-sensor System and Information Processing of Mobile Robot in Uncertain Environments[J].Robotica(S0263-5747),2004,5(2):341-345
[33]Belen C.Vidal M,Francisco J B.A General Method for C-space Evaluation and Its Application to Articulated Robots[J].IEEE Trans on Robotics and Automation (S0882-4967),2002,18(1):24-31
[34]匡建新.基于OpenGL的数控铣加工仿真系统的开发与研究[J].现代制造工程,2005(2):54-56
[35]Reeves W T.Particle systems:A technique for modeling a class of fuzzy objects[J].Computer Graphics,1983,17(3):359-376
[36]Imre Juhasz.Weight-based NURBS shape modification[J].Computer Aided Geometric design,1999,16(5):377-383
[37]SHUM H Y,NG K T,CHAN s C.A Virtual Reality System Using the Concentric Mosaic:Construction,Rendering,and Data Compression[J].IEEE Transactions on Muhimedia,2005,7(1):85-95
[38]Hirzinger G.Sensor-based space robotics-ROTEX and its telerobotic features[J].IEEE Trans.Robot.Automat.,1993,9:649-663
[39]刘升,王行愚,游晓明.基于VC++的OpenGL三维动画仿真及场景漫游的实现[J].计算机工程与设计,2006,27(17):3235-3238
[40]郝慎学.利用OpenGL实现数字地形的可视化和漫游[J].英才高职论坛,2005,1(1):58-60
[41]戴雪峰,金连文.基于OpenGL实现火箭弹道及卫星轨道三维可视化[J].测控技术,2006,25(1):17-19