澳门公务人员自我效能感问卷的编制与探讨
摘要
本研究通过访谈、问卷调查、资料分析、因素分析等心理测量学和统计学的原理和方法，採用探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析技术，对澳门公务人员自我效能感因素结构进行研究。结果表明，澳门公务人员我效能感由四个因素构成，即：工作态度(JA)、认知需求(CN)、工作信息(WM)及人际技能(RS)等。在此基础上，依据心理测量学原理和方法编制了「澳门公务人员自我效能感问卷」。
此外，自我效能感作为社会认知理论的核心概念，是认知中介的重要组成部份，应该会对压力感产生影响。故此，利用了「澳门公务人员工作压力感问卷」以检验「澳门公务人员自我效能感问卷」的关联效度。澳门公务人员压力感是由工作负荷量、无力感和不确定感三个因素构成。
从相关分析中发现，澳门公务人员自我效能感和压力感之间存在著显著的负相关(P＜0.01)，也就是说：自我效能感越强，压力感越轻；自我效能感越弱，压力感越重。由此推论澳门公务人员可从这四方面来判断其总体素质。
This research showed the factors for Self-Efficacy of Macao Civil Servant by the exploratory factor analysis and the confirmatory factor analysis on the basis of theoretical analysis, data analysis, interview and questionnaire surveying. The results showed the self-efficacy of Civil Servant in Macao consists of four factors, which are: Factor 1 Relationship skills (RS): The mean is : how to deal with the
relationship ability, conversation skill and so on.
Factor 2 Working message ( WM ) : Civil Servant must understand the government ideal, and know the laws with job, and collect information from different channel.
Factor 3 Job Attitude ( JA): The main point is that Civil Servant can be active and positive to respond problem in the work, and bring up some suggestion to help making decision for superior. Factor 3 Cognitive Need ( CN ) : Loving to do something that is very
complicated, thinking more and learning new technique. In the other hand, use Stress scale for Macao Civil Servant to check the criterion-related validity with Self-Efficacy scale for Macao Civil Servant. Stress scale for Macao Civil Servant structure by three factors, working load, powerless and uncertain.
Finally, between Self-Efficacy scale for Macao Civil Servant and Stress scale has related negative (P<0.01). Macao Civil Servant has to estimate their diathesis by these four factors.
此外，自我效能感作为社会认知理论的核心概念，是认知中介的重要组成部份，应该会对压力感产生影响。故此，利用了「澳门公务人员工作压力感问卷」以检验「澳门公务人员自我效能感问卷」的关联效度。澳门公务人员压力感是由工作负荷量、无力感和不确定感三个因素构成。
从相关分析中发现，澳门公务人员自我效能感和压力感之间存在著显著的负相关(P＜0.01)，也就是说：自我效能感越强，压力感越轻；自我效能感越弱，压力感越重。由此推论澳门公务人员可从这四方面来判断其总体素质。
This research showed the factors for Self-Efficacy of Macao Civil Servant by the exploratory factor analysis and the confirmatory factor analysis on the basis of theoretical analysis, data analysis, interview and questionnaire surveying. The results showed the self-efficacy of Civil Servant in Macao consists of four factors, which are: Factor 1 Relationship skills (RS): The mean is : how to deal with the
relationship ability, conversation skill and so on.
Factor 2 Working message ( WM ) : Civil Servant must understand the government ideal, and know the laws with job, and collect information from different channel.
Factor 3 Job Attitude ( JA): The main point is that Civil Servant can be active and positive to respond problem in the work, and bring up some suggestion to help making decision for superior. Factor 3 Cognitive Need ( CN ) : Loving to do something that is very
complicated, thinking more and learning new technique. In the other hand, use Stress scale for Macao Civil Servant to check the criterion-related validity with Self-Efficacy scale for Macao Civil Servant. Stress scale for Macao Civil Servant structure by three factors, working load, powerless and uncertain.
Finally, between Self-Efficacy scale for Macao Civil Servant and Stress scale has related negative (P<0.01). Macao Civil Servant has to estimate their diathesis by these four factors.
引文
1．经12月28日第62／98／M号法令修改的12月21日第87／89／M号法令《澳门公共行政工作人员通》第二条第一款。
2．经12月28日第62／98／M号法令修改的12月21日第86／89／M号法令表二。
3．张鼎昆，保险推销员(职业)自我效能感量表的建构，心理学报，2001，33(1)：63-67
4．方俐洛、凌文輇、刘大维编著，职业心理与成功求职，机械工业出版社，2001年8月
5．二零零一年财政年度施政报告，二零零零年十一月九日：16
6．经12月28日第62／98／M号法令修改的12月21日第87／89／M号法令《澳门公共行政工作人员通》第一百六十二条第二款。
7．澳门特区公共行政人力资源数据小册子(二零零二年九月数据)，二零零二年十一月
8. Jerrold S. Greenberg 著，潘正德译：《压力管理》，台湾心理出版社，1995。
9. Bandura, A. Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavior change. Psychological Review, 1977, 84, 191-215
10. Bandura, A. Social foundations of thought and action: A social-cognitive view. Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Prentice-hall, 1986
11. Bandura, A. Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman 1997
12. Maurer, T.J. & Pierce, H.R. A comparison of Likert scale and traditional measures of self-efficacy. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1998, 83:324-329
13. Mayo M, Pastor J. C., Meindl J. R. The effects of group heterogeneity on the self-perceived efficacy of leaders. group Leadership Quarterly, 1996, 7(2): 265-284
14. Gist, M. E., & Mitchell, T.R., Self-Efficacy: A Theoetical Analysis of its Deteminants and Malleability. Academy of Management Review, 1992, (17): 183-211
15. Phillips, J. M. & Gully, S. M. Role of goal orientation, ability, need for achievement, and locus of control in the self-efficacy process. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1997, 82:792-802
16. Locke, E. A. Frederick, E., Lee, C., & bobko, P. Effect of self-efficacy, goal, and task strategies on task performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1984;69:241-251
17. Cervone, D., Jiwani, N., & Wood, R. E. Goal setting and the differential influence of self-regulatory processes on complex decision-making performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1991;61(2):257-266
18. Ballantine, K., & Nunns, C.G. The moderating effect of supervisory support on the relationship between self-efficacy and work-performance relationship. South African Journal of Psychology, 1998;28[3]:164-173
19. Bandura, A. & wood, R. E. Effect of perceived controllability and performancestandards on self-regulatory of complex decision-making. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1989;56(5):805-814
20.Williams, R. M. The Human context of agency. American Psychologist, 1992;47:752-760
21.Jex. S.M., & Bliese, P.D. Efficacy beliefs as a moderator of the impact of work-related stressors: A multilevel study. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1999;84[3]: 349-361
22.Leiter, M.P. Burnout as a crisis in self-efficacy: Conceptual and pratical implications. Work & Stress, 1992;6(2):107-115
23.Bandura, A, Self-regulationof motivation and action through perceived self-efficacy. In E.A.Locke(Ed). Basic principle of organizational behavior: Oxford, UK:Blackwell, 2000
2．经12月28日第62／98／M号法令修改的12月21日第86／89／M号法令表二。
3．张鼎昆，保险推销员(职业)自我效能感量表的建构，心理学报，2001，33(1)：63-67
4．方俐洛、凌文輇、刘大维编著，职业心理与成功求职，机械工业出版社，2001年8月
5．二零零一年财政年度施政报告，二零零零年十一月九日：16
6．经12月28日第62／98／M号法令修改的12月21日第87／89／M号法令《澳门公共行政工作人员通》第一百六十二条第二款。
7．澳门特区公共行政人力资源数据小册子(二零零二年九月数据)，二零零二年十一月
8. Jerrold S. Greenberg 著，潘正德译：《压力管理》，台湾心理出版社，1995。
9. Bandura, A. Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavior change. Psychological Review, 1977, 84, 191-215
10. Bandura, A. Social foundations of thought and action: A social-cognitive view. Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Prentice-hall, 1986
11. Bandura, A. Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman 1997
12. Maurer, T.J. & Pierce, H.R. A comparison of Likert scale and traditional measures of self-efficacy. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1998, 83:324-329
13. Mayo M, Pastor J. C., Meindl J. R. The effects of group heterogeneity on the self-perceived efficacy of leaders. group Leadership Quarterly, 1996, 7(2): 265-284
14. Gist, M. E., & Mitchell, T.R., Self-Efficacy: A Theoetical Analysis of its Deteminants and Malleability. Academy of Management Review, 1992, (17): 183-211
15. Phillips, J. M. & Gully, S. M. Role of goal orientation, ability, need for achievement, and locus of control in the self-efficacy process. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1997, 82:792-802
16. Locke, E. A. Frederick, E., Lee, C., & bobko, P. Effect of self-efficacy, goal, and task strategies on task performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1984;69:241-251
17. Cervone, D., Jiwani, N., & Wood, R. E. Goal setting and the differential influence of self-regulatory processes on complex decision-making performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1991;61(2):257-266
18. Ballantine, K., & Nunns, C.G. The moderating effect of supervisory support on the relationship between self-efficacy and work-performance relationship. South African Journal of Psychology, 1998;28[3]:164-173
19. Bandura, A. & wood, R. E. Effect of perceived controllability and performancestandards on self-regulatory of complex decision-making. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1989;56(5):805-814
20.Williams, R. M. The Human context of agency. American Psychologist, 1992;47:752-760
21.Jex. S.M., & Bliese, P.D. Efficacy beliefs as a moderator of the impact of work-related stressors: A multilevel study. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1999;84[3]: 349-361
22.Leiter, M.P. Burnout as a crisis in self-efficacy: Conceptual and pratical implications. Work & Stress, 1992;6(2):107-115
23.Bandura, A, Self-regulationof motivation and action through perceived self-efficacy. In E.A.Locke(Ed). Basic principle of organizational behavior: Oxford, UK:Blackwell, 2000