复杂工程环境下施工工法创新机理研究
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摘要
业主需求的不断变化，先进建筑设计理念的不断引进，结构新颖、工艺复杂、工法多变、施工难度大的建筑产品不断涌现，对施工企业的施工工法创新提出了新的课题。为了更好地做好工法开发与创新，迫切需要加强探索工法管理的新思路、新方法。国内外学者主要研究了建筑业技术创新领域的产品创新管理，涉及工法创新管理的成果比较欠缺。而关于工法的相关研究主要集中在具体工法的技术层面，对工法本身的管理缺乏研究。因此，本文深入探讨工法开发过程的管理、开发模式的创新等原理与构建问题，属于探索性研究。
基于以上思考,本文以现实问题为导向，探索性研究了工法快速开发的系统方法，工法模块化开发理念，工法开发与知识管理之间互动影响机理，以及知识资源整合视角下工法开发协同平台构建，以期为复杂工程环境下工法的开发提供借鉴。所做的主要工作总结如下：
1．提炼工程环境复杂化对工法开发提出的挑战。根据国家级工法数据分析，建筑业工法的创新已从传统工法向生态工法转变，从独立创新向联合创新跨越，从局部关注向遍地开花扩散。剖析了工法开发的动力机制，进一步指出工程环境复杂化对工法开发带来的挑战。将COST模拟测算和集对分析法结合，开展工法有效性的比对评价。
2．提出面向技术应用的复杂工法快速开发系统创新过程模型（SPIP）。将已有的创新方法有机结合，提出了工法快速开发的SPIP系统模型：采用根本原因分析模型描述问题；通过专利分析和工法分析，寻求解决问题的办法；依据TRIZ和发明原则生成解决方案。
3．剖析面向技术应用的系统工法模块化研发原理。将模块化思维引入工法开发领域，提出了模块化的研发思路，包括模块化分解和模块化集中。在明确工法模块之间逻辑递进关系、横向并列关系和交叉关系的基础上，提出了工法组合开发模式及动态更新策略。
4．揭示工法开发与知识管理之间的互动影响机理。分析了工法开发过程中知识供需平衡关系，图解工法范围与知识基础的匹配过程，揭示了工法开发与知识管理之间的互动影响机理。
5．构建工法开发协同平台及组织形态。根据工法开发所需知识的不确定程度和专用程度，将工法开发平台管理模式划分为：协同创新、施工企业参与并资助的大学研究、企业独立研究、大学独立研究；进一步揭示工法的协同开发平台形成过程，依次为：制定自主战略、制定合作战略、成立合作创新组织、创新实施；基于工法开发主体网络分析和系统集成者作用分析，提出了企业主导型、政府引导型和学研拉动型的协同创新组织形态，并用相关案例加以说明。
本文的主要创新点如下：
1．提出了面向技术应用的复杂工法快速开发系统创新过程模型（SPIP）。将根本原因分析模型、专利分析和工法分析、TRIZ理论等已有的创新方法有机结合，提出复杂工法快速开发的SPIP模型，能够满足复杂工法开发速度和质量的双重要求。该模型包括四个环节和九大步骤：问题定义、根原因分析、目标技术选定、功能模型分析和修正、方案评估、实验测试、效果评估、工法总结和推广应用。
2．提出了面向技术创新的系统工法模块化开发原理。将模块化思维引入工法开发领域，提出系统工法模块化的研发理念，即为开发具有多种功能的不同工法，不必对每种工法施以单独设计，而是精心设计出多种模块，将其经过不同方式的组合来构成不同工法，以解决工法品种、规格及开发周期、成本之间的矛盾。
3．揭示知识管理与工法开发之间的互动机理。从供需平衡理论视角，以图解法揭示了工法模块与知识模块之间的匹配机理，构建知识管理、组织学习、工法开发活动与工法开发能力的互动模型，强调知识管理是建筑企业工法开发能力形成的基础和来源，组织学习是工法开发能力持续发展的根本保障。
4．提出基于网络视角的工法开发协同平台。根据工法创新所需知识的不确定程度和专用程度，提出协同创新、施工企业参与资助的大学研究、企业独立研究和大学独立研究四种创新平台治理机制及其演变过程；运用关系网络分析方法，从创新网络视角提出系统集成商主导的协同创新组织形态。
Due to the changing demands of owners, continuous introduction of advancedarchitectural design concepts and emergences of novel structures for which complexprocesses and sophisticated construction methods are often used, the innovations inconstruction methods and processes becomes an increasingly challenging issue forcontractors. New ideas and explorations related to the management of constructionmethods are urgently needed for better development and creativity in constructionmethods. Domestic and foreign researchers in the field of construction engineeringhave focused their studies mainly on management of innovation ofconstruction-products. However, there have been relatively few studies on innovationof construction methods and even fewer from the management perspective. Besides,most relevant researches also concentrate on the specific technical level of themanagement instead of discussing deeply into conceptual and structural levels. Themain objective of the dissertation is to explore and develop new ideas and concepts forthe management of innovation in construction methods.
Driven by practical problems, this dissertation has proposed a systematicapproach to expedite development of construction methods, which includesmodularization of construction methods, interfaces and interfacing principles betweenconstruction method modules and knowledge modules, and a knowledge-driven,collaboration-friendly innovation platform for the development of constructionmethods. The proposed approach will help the development of complex constructionmethods in an uncertain environment. The main work is outlined as follows:
First, refine the challenges to the development of engineering methods posed bycomplex construction environment. According to the national engineering methods ofdata analysis, innovative construction methods are changing from traditional ones tothe ecological ones, from independent to joint innovation, and from the local attentionto the innovation spreading everywhere. After examining the mechanism behind thedevelopment of engineering methods, further extract the challenges brought by thecomplication of construction environment to the development. Combing the COSTsimulation calculation and the set pair analysis, carry out the comparison evaluation onthe validity of the construction method.
Second, propose construction method procedures for rapid innovation SPIP system model. With the combination of existing innovative approaches, we haveproposed an engineering method for rapid innovation SPIP model. Utilize the rootcauses analysis model to describe the problem analyze patents and engineeringmethods to find solutions; and generate innovation solutions based on the principles ofTRIZ.
Third, analyze systematic engineering modular development principle fortechnical application. Introduce the modular construction method to the developmentfield in order to come up with modular R&D ideas including the modulardecomposition and modular concentrated. Based on clear module construction methodsin logical progressive relationship, the lateral side by side relationship and cross-ties,the dissertation proposed construction methods combination development model anddynamic update strategy.
Forth, illustrate the matching influence mechanism between the engineeringmethods modules and knowledge modules. Analyze the balance of supply and demandof knowledge during the construction method of the development, graphic of themodule construction method family and the knowledge module’s dynamics ofmatching process, for the purpose that we can reveal the ethnic matching influencemechanism between the engineering methods and knowledge module.
Fifth, collaborate the construction methods with innovation platform andmorphology. According to the specialization and uncertainty of the knowledge requiredby the innovative construction methods, the construction method developmentplatform sequence is divided into (a) collaborative innovation,(b) the constructioncompanies involved in the financing of university research,(c) independent researchcompanies, and (d) university independent research. Further reveal the constructionmethod of collaborative development platform for the formation process, as follows: todevelop the cooperation and their own strategies, to establish cooperation andinnovation organizations, and to implementate innovatively. Ultimately, based onanalysis of the main network on the development and systems integration role ofconstruction methods, propose the format of enterprise traction, government-led andacademic and research-led collaborative innovation morphology.
The main innovations of this dissertation are as follows:
First, a SPIP system program model for rapid development of construction methodwas proposed. The available models of the root-cause analysis, patent analysis,engineering methods analysis, and TRIZ theory have been combined to carry out theSPIP system program model. This is capable to meet the dual speed and quality requirements of the new construction method. The model includes four levels and ninesteps: problem definition, root cause analysis, the selected target technology,functional analysis and correction models, program evaluation, laboratory testing,impact assessment, and review and promotion of engineering methods.
Second, modular development principle of system construction methods towardstechnology innovation was proposed. Leads the modular thinking into the fields ofconstruction methods development and suggests the concepts of modular developmentof system construction methods as the development of multifunctional constructionmethods; not to design each method individually, but to design various methods andcombine them in different ways to construct more methods to solve the conflictsbetween variety of construction methods, specifications and development cycle and thecost.
Third, reveals the interactive mechanism between knowledge management andmethod development. Use the graphic method to reveal a matching mechanismbetween the module of the methods and module of knowledge under the perspective ofthe balance between supply and demand theories. Establish an interactive model ofknowledge management, organizational learning, development activities of theconstruction methods and developmental capabilities. Emphasizes that knowledgemanagement is the foundation and source of formation of the development capabilitiesof the construction methods in construction enterprises, and that organizationallearning is the fundamental guarantee for sustainable development capabilities.
Forth, build a network perspective based collaborative innovation platform onconstruction methods. According to the special and uncertain knowledge that isrequired by innovative construction methods, the construction method developmentplatform sequence has been proposed into four governance mechanisms and theevolution of the innovation platform: collaborative innovation, the university researchinvolving construction corporations’ funds, independent research of companies, andindependent research of universities. Use relationship network analysis method topropose system integrators led collaborative innovation organizations form under theinnovative network perspective.
基于以上思考,本文以现实问题为导向，探索性研究了工法快速开发的系统方法，工法模块化开发理念，工法开发与知识管理之间互动影响机理，以及知识资源整合视角下工法开发协同平台构建，以期为复杂工程环境下工法的开发提供借鉴。所做的主要工作总结如下：
1．提炼工程环境复杂化对工法开发提出的挑战。根据国家级工法数据分析，建筑业工法的创新已从传统工法向生态工法转变，从独立创新向联合创新跨越，从局部关注向遍地开花扩散。剖析了工法开发的动力机制，进一步指出工程环境复杂化对工法开发带来的挑战。将COST模拟测算和集对分析法结合，开展工法有效性的比对评价。
2．提出面向技术应用的复杂工法快速开发系统创新过程模型（SPIP）。将已有的创新方法有机结合，提出了工法快速开发的SPIP系统模型：采用根本原因分析模型描述问题；通过专利分析和工法分析，寻求解决问题的办法；依据TRIZ和发明原则生成解决方案。
3．剖析面向技术应用的系统工法模块化研发原理。将模块化思维引入工法开发领域，提出了模块化的研发思路，包括模块化分解和模块化集中。在明确工法模块之间逻辑递进关系、横向并列关系和交叉关系的基础上，提出了工法组合开发模式及动态更新策略。
4．揭示工法开发与知识管理之间的互动影响机理。分析了工法开发过程中知识供需平衡关系，图解工法范围与知识基础的匹配过程，揭示了工法开发与知识管理之间的互动影响机理。
5．构建工法开发协同平台及组织形态。根据工法开发所需知识的不确定程度和专用程度，将工法开发平台管理模式划分为：协同创新、施工企业参与并资助的大学研究、企业独立研究、大学独立研究；进一步揭示工法的协同开发平台形成过程，依次为：制定自主战略、制定合作战略、成立合作创新组织、创新实施；基于工法开发主体网络分析和系统集成者作用分析，提出了企业主导型、政府引导型和学研拉动型的协同创新组织形态，并用相关案例加以说明。
本文的主要创新点如下：
1．提出了面向技术应用的复杂工法快速开发系统创新过程模型（SPIP）。将根本原因分析模型、专利分析和工法分析、TRIZ理论等已有的创新方法有机结合，提出复杂工法快速开发的SPIP模型，能够满足复杂工法开发速度和质量的双重要求。该模型包括四个环节和九大步骤：问题定义、根原因分析、目标技术选定、功能模型分析和修正、方案评估、实验测试、效果评估、工法总结和推广应用。
2．提出了面向技术创新的系统工法模块化开发原理。将模块化思维引入工法开发领域，提出系统工法模块化的研发理念，即为开发具有多种功能的不同工法，不必对每种工法施以单独设计，而是精心设计出多种模块，将其经过不同方式的组合来构成不同工法，以解决工法品种、规格及开发周期、成本之间的矛盾。
3．揭示知识管理与工法开发之间的互动机理。从供需平衡理论视角，以图解法揭示了工法模块与知识模块之间的匹配机理，构建知识管理、组织学习、工法开发活动与工法开发能力的互动模型，强调知识管理是建筑企业工法开发能力形成的基础和来源，组织学习是工法开发能力持续发展的根本保障。
4．提出基于网络视角的工法开发协同平台。根据工法创新所需知识的不确定程度和专用程度，提出协同创新、施工企业参与资助的大学研究、企业独立研究和大学独立研究四种创新平台治理机制及其演变过程；运用关系网络分析方法，从创新网络视角提出系统集成商主导的协同创新组织形态。
Due to the changing demands of owners, continuous introduction of advancedarchitectural design concepts and emergences of novel structures for which complexprocesses and sophisticated construction methods are often used, the innovations inconstruction methods and processes becomes an increasingly challenging issue forcontractors. New ideas and explorations related to the management of constructionmethods are urgently needed for better development and creativity in constructionmethods. Domestic and foreign researchers in the field of construction engineeringhave focused their studies mainly on management of innovation ofconstruction-products. However, there have been relatively few studies on innovationof construction methods and even fewer from the management perspective. Besides,most relevant researches also concentrate on the specific technical level of themanagement instead of discussing deeply into conceptual and structural levels. Themain objective of the dissertation is to explore and develop new ideas and concepts forthe management of innovation in construction methods.
Driven by practical problems, this dissertation has proposed a systematicapproach to expedite development of construction methods, which includesmodularization of construction methods, interfaces and interfacing principles betweenconstruction method modules and knowledge modules, and a knowledge-driven,collaboration-friendly innovation platform for the development of constructionmethods. The proposed approach will help the development of complex constructionmethods in an uncertain environment. The main work is outlined as follows:
First, refine the challenges to the development of engineering methods posed bycomplex construction environment. According to the national engineering methods ofdata analysis, innovative construction methods are changing from traditional ones tothe ecological ones, from independent to joint innovation, and from the local attentionto the innovation spreading everywhere. After examining the mechanism behind thedevelopment of engineering methods, further extract the challenges brought by thecomplication of construction environment to the development. Combing the COSTsimulation calculation and the set pair analysis, carry out the comparison evaluation onthe validity of the construction method.
Second, propose construction method procedures for rapid innovation SPIP system model. With the combination of existing innovative approaches, we haveproposed an engineering method for rapid innovation SPIP model. Utilize the rootcauses analysis model to describe the problem analyze patents and engineeringmethods to find solutions; and generate innovation solutions based on the principles ofTRIZ.
Third, analyze systematic engineering modular development principle fortechnical application. Introduce the modular construction method to the developmentfield in order to come up with modular R&D ideas including the modulardecomposition and modular concentrated. Based on clear module construction methodsin logical progressive relationship, the lateral side by side relationship and cross-ties,the dissertation proposed construction methods combination development model anddynamic update strategy.
Forth, illustrate the matching influence mechanism between the engineeringmethods modules and knowledge modules. Analyze the balance of supply and demandof knowledge during the construction method of the development, graphic of themodule construction method family and the knowledge module’s dynamics ofmatching process, for the purpose that we can reveal the ethnic matching influencemechanism between the engineering methods and knowledge module.
Fifth, collaborate the construction methods with innovation platform andmorphology. According to the specialization and uncertainty of the knowledge requiredby the innovative construction methods, the construction method developmentplatform sequence is divided into (a) collaborative innovation,(b) the constructioncompanies involved in the financing of university research,(c) independent researchcompanies, and (d) university independent research. Further reveal the constructionmethod of collaborative development platform for the formation process, as follows: todevelop the cooperation and their own strategies, to establish cooperation andinnovation organizations, and to implementate innovatively. Ultimately, based onanalysis of the main network on the development and systems integration role ofconstruction methods, propose the format of enterprise traction, government-led andacademic and research-led collaborative innovation morphology.
The main innovations of this dissertation are as follows:
First, a SPIP system program model for rapid development of construction methodwas proposed. The available models of the root-cause analysis, patent analysis,engineering methods analysis, and TRIZ theory have been combined to carry out theSPIP system program model. This is capable to meet the dual speed and quality requirements of the new construction method. The model includes four levels and ninesteps: problem definition, root cause analysis, the selected target technology,functional analysis and correction models, program evaluation, laboratory testing,impact assessment, and review and promotion of engineering methods.
Second, modular development principle of system construction methods towardstechnology innovation was proposed. Leads the modular thinking into the fields ofconstruction methods development and suggests the concepts of modular developmentof system construction methods as the development of multifunctional constructionmethods; not to design each method individually, but to design various methods andcombine them in different ways to construct more methods to solve the conflictsbetween variety of construction methods, specifications and development cycle and thecost.
Third, reveals the interactive mechanism between knowledge management andmethod development. Use the graphic method to reveal a matching mechanismbetween the module of the methods and module of knowledge under the perspective ofthe balance between supply and demand theories. Establish an interactive model ofknowledge management, organizational learning, development activities of theconstruction methods and developmental capabilities. Emphasizes that knowledgemanagement is the foundation and source of formation of the development capabilitiesof the construction methods in construction enterprises, and that organizationallearning is the fundamental guarantee for sustainable development capabilities.
Forth, build a network perspective based collaborative innovation platform onconstruction methods. According to the special and uncertain knowledge that isrequired by innovative construction methods, the construction method developmentplatform sequence has been proposed into four governance mechanisms and theevolution of the innovation platform: collaborative innovation, the university researchinvolving construction corporations’ funds, independent research of companies, andindependent research of universities. Use relationship network analysis method topropose system integrators led collaborative innovation organizations form under theinnovative network perspective.
引文
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