基于MPEG-2的视频水印技术研究
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摘要
数字水印技术作为一种新的可以用来解决版权保护问题的有效途径，近年来已成为信息安全领域的研究热点。在各类数字水印技术中，数字视频水印技术由于其自身的研究价值和潜在的经济利益而倍受各国学者的关注。然而，与静态图像水印技术相比，视频水印技术的发展相对滞后。本文重点研究基于MPEG-1／2的数字视频水印算法，并对所提出的算法进行了仿真实验。论文主要的研究工作与创新点如下：
(1)系统综述了数字视频水印技术的基本概念、技术要求、典型应用以及国内外研究现状。在介绍现有的各种类型视频水印算法的同时，对视频水印技术的攻击方法、评价基准做了详尽的介绍。
(2)利用人类视觉模型，提出一种新颖的基于MPEG-2运动矢量(MV)的视频水印方案，通过修改运动矢量的水平或垂直分量达到嵌入水印的目的。实验结果表明嵌入的水印具有较好的不可感知性，同时算法对于压缩攻击具有较好的鲁棒性。
(3)深入研究了视频认证水印系统，提出一种针对视频对象感兴趣区域的半脆弱视频认证方案。实验结果表明该算法对视频对象被恶意篡改位置的检出率很高。同时算法的安全性依赖于密钥，可以实现真正意义上的盲检测。
As a new and effective approach to solve the problem of copyright protection, digital watermarking has emerged to be an active and flourishing research topic in the field of information security recently. Among the plethora of digital watermarking techniques, researchers have paid more attention to video watermarking technique because of its high research value and potential commercial profits. However, currently available video watermarking technique is far beyond mature yet compared with the still image watermarking. This thesis focuses on video watermarking algorithms based on MPEG- 1/2 and experiments are performed to test the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms. The main research work and contributions of this thesis are summarized as follows:
(1) This thesis systematically summarizes the concepts, the technique requirements, the typical applications and the research status of video watermarking techniques and classifies attacks and benchmarks of the video watermarking techniques as well as focuses the research on all kinds of proposed video watermarking algorithms.
(2) Based on the HVS (Human Visual System) model, this thesis proposed a novel video watermarking algorithm using motion vector for MPEG-2 video stream, which by adjusting the horizontal or vertical component value of motion vector to embed the watermark information. Experimental results show that the embedded watermarks are imperceptible and robust against the attack of compression.
(3) The author researches the watermarking systems for video authentication deeply and proposes a novel watermarking scheme for video authentication to protect the region of interest. Experimental results show that it can detect a modification place on the video object very well. The security of algorithm relies on the key and it can fulfill blind detection.
(1)系统综述了数字视频水印技术的基本概念、技术要求、典型应用以及国内外研究现状。在介绍现有的各种类型视频水印算法的同时，对视频水印技术的攻击方法、评价基准做了详尽的介绍。
(2)利用人类视觉模型，提出一种新颖的基于MPEG-2运动矢量(MV)的视频水印方案，通过修改运动矢量的水平或垂直分量达到嵌入水印的目的。实验结果表明嵌入的水印具有较好的不可感知性，同时算法对于压缩攻击具有较好的鲁棒性。
(3)深入研究了视频认证水印系统，提出一种针对视频对象感兴趣区域的半脆弱视频认证方案。实验结果表明该算法对视频对象被恶意篡改位置的检出率很高。同时算法的安全性依赖于密钥，可以实现真正意义上的盲检测。
As a new and effective approach to solve the problem of copyright protection, digital watermarking has emerged to be an active and flourishing research topic in the field of information security recently. Among the plethora of digital watermarking techniques, researchers have paid more attention to video watermarking technique because of its high research value and potential commercial profits. However, currently available video watermarking technique is far beyond mature yet compared with the still image watermarking. This thesis focuses on video watermarking algorithms based on MPEG- 1/2 and experiments are performed to test the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms. The main research work and contributions of this thesis are summarized as follows:
(1) This thesis systematically summarizes the concepts, the technique requirements, the typical applications and the research status of video watermarking techniques and classifies attacks and benchmarks of the video watermarking techniques as well as focuses the research on all kinds of proposed video watermarking algorithms.
(2) Based on the HVS (Human Visual System) model, this thesis proposed a novel video watermarking algorithm using motion vector for MPEG-2 video stream, which by adjusting the horizontal or vertical component value of motion vector to embed the watermark information. Experimental results show that the embedded watermarks are imperceptible and robust against the attack of compression.
(3) The author researches the watermarking systems for video authentication deeply and proposes a novel watermarking scheme for video authentication to protect the region of interest. Experimental results show that it can detect a modification place on the video object very well. The security of algorithm relies on the key and it can fulfill blind detection.
引文
1 Stefan Katzenbeisser，Fabien，A P Petitcolas编．信息隐藏技术[M]．吴秋新等译．北京：人民邮电出版社，2001
2 汪小帆，戴跃伟，茅耀斌．信息隐藏技术[k]．北京：机械工业出版社，2001
3 Ingemar J. Cox，Matthew L. Miller, Jeffrey A Bloom著．数字水印．王颖，黄志蓓等译．北京：电子工业出版社，2003
4 王丽娜，张焕国．信息隐藏技术与应用．湖北：武汉大学出版社，2003
5 D. Kundur. Multi resolution digital watermarking: Algorithms and implications for multimedia signals (PhD) dissertation. Graduate Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto. Canada, 1999
6 邹潇湘，彭聪，李锦涛，刘书昌．视频水印技术研究．工程图学学报，2002(3)
7 Norishige Morimoto. Digital Watermarking Technology with Practical Applications. Informing Science Special Issue on Multimedia Informing Technologies-Partl Volume 2 No 4, 1999
8 Frank Hartung, Martin Kutter. Multimedia Watermarking Techniques. Proc. of IEEE. Special issue on Protection of Multimedia Content. 1999
9 Gwenael Doerr, Jean-Luc Dugelay. A guide tour of video watermarking. Signal processing: Image Communication 2003 (18): 263-282
10 余松煜，张文军，孙军编著．现代图像信息压缩技术．北京：科学出版社，1998
11 ISO/IEC 13818-2. [1995] Generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information-Part 2: Video
12 钟玉琢[等]编译．MPEG-2运动图像压缩编码国际标准及MPEG的新进展．清华大学出版社，2002
13 Podichuk C I, Delp EJ. Digital Watermarking Algorithms and Applications. IEEE SPMag. 2001(7): 33-46
14 F. Bartolini, A. Manetti, A. Piva, M. Barni. A data hiding approach for correcting errors in H. 263 video transmitted over a noisy channel. Proceedings of the IEEE Fourth Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing, 2001:65-70
15 D. Robie, R. Mersereau. Video error correction using data hiding techniques. Proceedings of the IEEE Fourth Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing, 2001:59-64
16 Frank Hartung, Bernd Girod. Watermarking of uncompressed and compressed
video. Signal Processing, Special issue on copyright protection and access control for multimedia services, 1998, 66(3): 283-301
17 Frank Hartung, Bernd Giord. Digital watermarking of MPEG-2 coded video in the bitstream domain. In: Proceedings International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and SignalProcessing(ICASSP'97), Vol. 4, Munich, 1997:2621-2624
18 Hartung F, Girod B. Watermarking of MPEG-2 encoded video without decoding and re-encoding. In:SPIE Proceeding on Multimedia Computing and Networking, San Jose, 1997, 3020: 264-273.
19 C. Busch, W. Funk, S. Wolthusen. Digital watermarking—from concepts to real-time video application. IEEE Computer. Graphics Application. Jan. 1999:25-35
20 G. Langelaar, R. Lagendijk, J. Biemond. Real-time labeling of MPEG-2 compressed video, J. Visual Commun. Image Representation 9 (4) (1998): 256-270
21 Linnartz J P M G, Talstra J C. MPEG PTY-marks: cheap detection of embedded copyright data in DVD-video [A]. In: Computer Security-ESORICS 98, 5th European Symposium on Research in Computer security [C], Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, 1998, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 1485:221-240
21 Arena S, Caramma. M, Lancini R. Digital watermarking applied to MPEG-2 coded video sequences exploiting space and frequency masking. Image Processing, 2000 International Conference on Canada. 2000(1): 438-441
22 刘峰，苏育挺，张春田．MPEG-2码流中的数字水印．通信学报．第11期，21卷，2000年11月
23 G. Langelaar, R. Lagendijk, Optimal differential energy watermarking of DCT encoded images and video, IEEE Trans. Image Process. 10 (1) (2001): 148-158
24 Chun-Shien Lut, Jan-Ru Chnet etc. Real-Time MPEG2 Video Watermarking in the VLC Domain. IEEE. 2002:552-556
25 Ton Kalker, Geert Depovere, Jaap Haitsma, Maurice Maes. A video watermarking system for broadcast monitoring. Proceedings of the SPIE. Vol. 3657, 1999(Jan): 103-112
26 Su. K, Kundur D, Hatzinakos D. A content-dependent spatially localized video watermark for resistance to collusion and interpolation attacks. Image Processing. 2001. Proceedings. 2001 International Conference on, 2001(1): 818-821
27 Tl. TR. PP. 75-2001. Objective Perceptual Video Quality Measurement Using a JND-Based Full Reference Technique: October, 2001 ATIS Technical Report on JND.
28 S. Voloshynovskiy, S. Pereira, T. Pun J, J. Eggersand, J. K. Su. Attacks on Digital
Watermarks: Classification, Estimation-based Attacks and Benchmarks. IEEE Special Issue on Identification and Protection of Multimedia Information, 1999(87-7): 1267-1276
29 D. Delannay, J. F. Delaigle, B. Macq, M. Barlaud. Compensation of geometrical deformations for watermark extraction in the digital cinema application, in: Proceedings of SPIE 4314, Security and Watermarking of Multimedia Content Ⅲ, 2001: 149-157
30 E. Lin, E. Delp. Temporal Synchronization in Video Watermarking. Proceedings of the SPIE Security and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents Ⅳ, vol. 4675, January 21-24, 2002: 478-490
31 E. Lin, E. Delp. Temporal Synchronization in Video Watermarking—Further Studies. Proceedings of SPIE Security and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents V, vol. 5020, 2003:493-504
32 A. P. Petitcolas. Evaluation of copyright marking systems. Proceedings of IEEE Multimedia system'99, vol. 1, Florence, Italy, 1999:574-579
33 Matthew Holliman, Nasir Memon. Counterfeiting attacks on oblivious block-wise independent invisible watermarking schemes. IEEE Transactions on image processing, vol. 9(3), 2000:432-441
34 杜鹏超，唐通林．数字水印研究中常用的测试指标(上)．电子质量，测试技术与自动化卷．2002(11)
35 杜鹏超，唐通林．数字水印研究中常用的测试指标(下)．电子质量，测试技术与自动化卷．2002(12)
36 Fred Jordan, Martin Kutter, Touradj Ebrahim. [1997] Proposal of a watermarking technique for hiding/retrieving data in compressed and decompressed video. ISO/IEC document, JTC1/SC29/WG11 MPEG97/M2281
37 Zhang J, Maitre H, et al. [2001] Embedding watermark in MPEG video sequence. 2001 IEEE Fourth Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing: 535-540
38 朱仲杰，蒋刚毅，郁梅，吴训威．基于运动矢量的视频图像数字水印算法．电路与系统学报．第7卷，第三期，2003(9)：58-61
39 Zhuo zhao, Nenghai Yu, Xuelong Li. A Novel Video Watermarking Scheme in Compressed Domain Based on Fast Motion Estimation. Proceedings of ICCT 2003: 1878-1883
40 Ching-Yung Lin and Shih-Fu Chang, Issues and Solutions for Authenticating MPEG Video, SPIE Security and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents, EI'99, San Jose,
CA, Jan. 1999
41 Dittmann Jana. Content-fragile Watermarking for Image Authentication [J]. Proceeding of SPIE conference on Security and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents Ⅲ[C], 2001, 4314: 175-184.
42 Douglas Chai, King N. Ngan. Face Segmentation Using Skin-Color Map in Videophone Applications, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, Vol 9, No. 4, June 1999
43 Kuato Maeno, Qibin Sun, Shih-Fu Chang, Masayuki Suto. New semi-fragile image authentication watermarking techniques using random bias and non-uniform quantization, SPIE, Electronic Imaging 2002, Security and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents Ⅳ, San Jose, CA, January 2002
44 Gerrit C Langelaar, Reginald L Lagendijk, Jan Biemond. Real-time labeling of MPEG-2 compressed video, J. of Visual Comm. and Image Representation, vol. 9, no. 4, 998, pp:256-270
45 V. Darmstaedter, J. F. Delaigle, D. Nicholson, B. Macq. A block based watermarking technique for MPEG2 signals: Optimization and validation on real digital TV distribution links, Proc. Euro. Conf. on Multimedia Application, Services and Techniques, 1998, pp: 190-206
2 汪小帆，戴跃伟，茅耀斌．信息隐藏技术[k]．北京：机械工业出版社，2001
3 Ingemar J. Cox，Matthew L. Miller, Jeffrey A Bloom著．数字水印．王颖，黄志蓓等译．北京：电子工业出版社，2003
4 王丽娜，张焕国．信息隐藏技术与应用．湖北：武汉大学出版社，2003
5 D. Kundur. Multi resolution digital watermarking: Algorithms and implications for multimedia signals (PhD) dissertation. Graduate Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto. Canada, 1999
6 邹潇湘，彭聪，李锦涛，刘书昌．视频水印技术研究．工程图学学报，2002(3)
7 Norishige Morimoto. Digital Watermarking Technology with Practical Applications. Informing Science Special Issue on Multimedia Informing Technologies-Partl Volume 2 No 4, 1999
8 Frank Hartung, Martin Kutter. Multimedia Watermarking Techniques. Proc. of IEEE. Special issue on Protection of Multimedia Content. 1999
9 Gwenael Doerr, Jean-Luc Dugelay. A guide tour of video watermarking. Signal processing: Image Communication 2003 (18): 263-282
10 余松煜，张文军，孙军编著．现代图像信息压缩技术．北京：科学出版社，1998
11 ISO/IEC 13818-2. [1995] Generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information-Part 2: Video
12 钟玉琢[等]编译．MPEG-2运动图像压缩编码国际标准及MPEG的新进展．清华大学出版社，2002
13 Podichuk C I, Delp EJ. Digital Watermarking Algorithms and Applications. IEEE SPMag. 2001(7): 33-46
14 F. Bartolini, A. Manetti, A. Piva, M. Barni. A data hiding approach for correcting errors in H. 263 video transmitted over a noisy channel. Proceedings of the IEEE Fourth Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing, 2001:65-70
15 D. Robie, R. Mersereau. Video error correction using data hiding techniques. Proceedings of the IEEE Fourth Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing, 2001:59-64
16 Frank Hartung, Bernd Girod. Watermarking of uncompressed and compressed
video. Signal Processing, Special issue on copyright protection and access control for multimedia services, 1998, 66(3): 283-301
17 Frank Hartung, Bernd Giord. Digital watermarking of MPEG-2 coded video in the bitstream domain. In: Proceedings International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and SignalProcessing(ICASSP'97), Vol. 4, Munich, 1997:2621-2624
18 Hartung F, Girod B. Watermarking of MPEG-2 encoded video without decoding and re-encoding. In:SPIE Proceeding on Multimedia Computing and Networking, San Jose, 1997, 3020: 264-273.
19 C. Busch, W. Funk, S. Wolthusen. Digital watermarking—from concepts to real-time video application. IEEE Computer. Graphics Application. Jan. 1999:25-35
20 G. Langelaar, R. Lagendijk, J. Biemond. Real-time labeling of MPEG-2 compressed video, J. Visual Commun. Image Representation 9 (4) (1998): 256-270
21 Linnartz J P M G, Talstra J C. MPEG PTY-marks: cheap detection of embedded copyright data in DVD-video [A]. In: Computer Security-ESORICS 98, 5th European Symposium on Research in Computer security [C], Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, 1998, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 1485:221-240
21 Arena S, Caramma. M, Lancini R. Digital watermarking applied to MPEG-2 coded video sequences exploiting space and frequency masking. Image Processing, 2000 International Conference on Canada. 2000(1): 438-441
22 刘峰，苏育挺，张春田．MPEG-2码流中的数字水印．通信学报．第11期，21卷，2000年11月
23 G. Langelaar, R. Lagendijk, Optimal differential energy watermarking of DCT encoded images and video, IEEE Trans. Image Process. 10 (1) (2001): 148-158
24 Chun-Shien Lut, Jan-Ru Chnet etc. Real-Time MPEG2 Video Watermarking in the VLC Domain. IEEE. 2002:552-556
25 Ton Kalker, Geert Depovere, Jaap Haitsma, Maurice Maes. A video watermarking system for broadcast monitoring. Proceedings of the SPIE. Vol. 3657, 1999(Jan): 103-112
26 Su. K, Kundur D, Hatzinakos D. A content-dependent spatially localized video watermark for resistance to collusion and interpolation attacks. Image Processing. 2001. Proceedings. 2001 International Conference on, 2001(1): 818-821
27 Tl. TR. PP. 75-2001. Objective Perceptual Video Quality Measurement Using a JND-Based Full Reference Technique: October, 2001 ATIS Technical Report on JND.
28 S. Voloshynovskiy, S. Pereira, T. Pun J, J. Eggersand, J. K. Su. Attacks on Digital
Watermarks: Classification, Estimation-based Attacks and Benchmarks. IEEE Special Issue on Identification and Protection of Multimedia Information, 1999(87-7): 1267-1276
29 D. Delannay, J. F. Delaigle, B. Macq, M. Barlaud. Compensation of geometrical deformations for watermark extraction in the digital cinema application, in: Proceedings of SPIE 4314, Security and Watermarking of Multimedia Content Ⅲ, 2001: 149-157
30 E. Lin, E. Delp. Temporal Synchronization in Video Watermarking. Proceedings of the SPIE Security and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents Ⅳ, vol. 4675, January 21-24, 2002: 478-490
31 E. Lin, E. Delp. Temporal Synchronization in Video Watermarking—Further Studies. Proceedings of SPIE Security and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents V, vol. 5020, 2003:493-504
32 A. P. Petitcolas. Evaluation of copyright marking systems. Proceedings of IEEE Multimedia system'99, vol. 1, Florence, Italy, 1999:574-579
33 Matthew Holliman, Nasir Memon. Counterfeiting attacks on oblivious block-wise independent invisible watermarking schemes. IEEE Transactions on image processing, vol. 9(3), 2000:432-441
34 杜鹏超，唐通林．数字水印研究中常用的测试指标(上)．电子质量，测试技术与自动化卷．2002(11)
35 杜鹏超，唐通林．数字水印研究中常用的测试指标(下)．电子质量，测试技术与自动化卷．2002(12)
36 Fred Jordan, Martin Kutter, Touradj Ebrahim. [1997] Proposal of a watermarking technique for hiding/retrieving data in compressed and decompressed video. ISO/IEC document, JTC1/SC29/WG11 MPEG97/M2281
37 Zhang J, Maitre H, et al. [2001] Embedding watermark in MPEG video sequence. 2001 IEEE Fourth Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing: 535-540
38 朱仲杰，蒋刚毅，郁梅，吴训威．基于运动矢量的视频图像数字水印算法．电路与系统学报．第7卷，第三期，2003(9)：58-61
39 Zhuo zhao, Nenghai Yu, Xuelong Li. A Novel Video Watermarking Scheme in Compressed Domain Based on Fast Motion Estimation. Proceedings of ICCT 2003: 1878-1883
40 Ching-Yung Lin and Shih-Fu Chang, Issues and Solutions for Authenticating MPEG Video, SPIE Security and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents, EI'99, San Jose,
CA, Jan. 1999
41 Dittmann Jana. Content-fragile Watermarking for Image Authentication [J]. Proceeding of SPIE conference on Security and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents Ⅲ[C], 2001, 4314: 175-184.
42 Douglas Chai, King N. Ngan. Face Segmentation Using Skin-Color Map in Videophone Applications, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, Vol 9, No. 4, June 1999
43 Kuato Maeno, Qibin Sun, Shih-Fu Chang, Masayuki Suto. New semi-fragile image authentication watermarking techniques using random bias and non-uniform quantization, SPIE, Electronic Imaging 2002, Security and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents Ⅳ, San Jose, CA, January 2002
44 Gerrit C Langelaar, Reginald L Lagendijk, Jan Biemond. Real-time labeling of MPEG-2 compressed video, J. of Visual Comm. and Image Representation, vol. 9, no. 4, 998, pp:256-270
45 V. Darmstaedter, J. F. Delaigle, D. Nicholson, B. Macq. A block based watermarking technique for MPEG2 signals: Optimization and validation on real digital TV distribution links, Proc. Euro. Conf. on Multimedia Application, Services and Techniques, 1998, pp: 190-206