语法意义在翻译中的体现
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摘要
二次世界大战后,翻译理论的研究受到现代语言学和信息理论的影响,带有明显的语言学色彩。各大学派的语言学家和翻译学者从语言学角度,对语言和翻译的关系,翻译的重要性及其普遍存在的问题进行了系统严肃的探讨,使得翻译研究向前迈进了一大步。翻译是一个笼统的概念,可以从不同的角度来定义,前苏联翻译理论家巴尔胡达罗夫(1985)认为“翻译是把一种语言的言语产物,在保持内容也就是意义不变的情况下,改变为另一种语言的言语产物的过程。”《辞海》将翻译定义为“把一种语言文字的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来。”总之,翻译不可避免要涉及到两种语言之间意义的转换。“意义”这个核心问题,不仅在翻译界,就是在整个语言学界,也是众说纷纭,没有定论。意义研究的不断深入对翻译理论的发展产生了空前的影响。“意义”通常指词汇意义,而不是指语法意义,因为人们一般认为语法规则本身并不含有任何意义。这是一种不正确的观点。语法,正如奈达所言,也是有意义的。凡是词组以上的语言单位,其意义并不简单地是各个词项的意义的总和。语言单位的整体意义中有一部分是为其特定语法结构所决定的。语法结构所体现的意义就是语法意义。语言中词的组合是有意义的,各个词项的位置不可随意调换。没有无意义的形式,也不存在有意义而无形式的现象。雅格布森曾谈到语法范畴是翻译中最复杂的问题,这对于具有时、态、性、数、格等语法形式变化的语言,尤其是个复杂的问题。英汉语言属于两个不同的语系,语法范畴的差异会影响翻译时语法结构的选择。汉外翻译本质上就是在对比中展开的,翻译的理论、规律以及技巧的研究都跟对比语言学密切相关,然而在译语中体现语法结构的意义是一项非常困难的工作。基于上述考虑,本文挑选了六个带有普遍意义的语法范畴,以普通语言学的理论为依据,通过英汉对比,分析探讨语法意义在翻译中的重要性及其体现。
     本文借鉴了近年来该领域的一些学术研究成果,对语法意义在翻译中的体现进行了多方面的分析与探讨,其中比较突出的有这样几个方面:
     1.对比研究方法:
    
     (1)微观研究与宏观研究相结合。对英汉两种语言的特征(包括语言
    类型、语法结构和民族思维差异)进行对比分析,从而辫明两者之间的异同。
    翻译时既要注意“求同”,又要注意“存异”,以期提高翻译质量(见第二章)o
     (2)特异性与普遍性相结合。在语言共性的基万出上,本文一方面以英
    语语法理论为参照系统进行英汉语比较研究,如3 .1,3.2,3.3,3.4中的探
    讨。另一方面强调以汉语为主体进行对比,如3 .6和4.2中的讨论。
     2.该研究的目标
     (l)通过对比,以求更好地认识语言的结构,进一步了解语言的本质。
    对英汉语的结构特点及其共性的分析表明了语法对比在翻译中的重要意义。
     (2)尝试运用语言学理论(如对比语言学、认知语言学、功能语言学)
    去揭示翻译的规律性。
     (3)英汉语法对比既可推进汉语本身的研究、吸收英语中生动活泼的
    表现形式,又能防止汉语的过度欧化,促使汉语语法体系在英汉对比中不断
    完善。
     3.本文(第三、四章)重点论述了语法意义在小句中及句际间翻译的体
    现.其中包括复数、时、体、格语法、被动概念、否定结构及语序在翻译中
    的具体体现.需要提及的是英语属于屈折语,有形态变化,而汉语为分析语,
    从严格意义上讲,没有形态变化.因此在英汉对译过程中,一种语言用语法
    手段表达的内容,另一种语言有可能用词汇手段来表达。反之亦然。此外,
    与英语相比,时间顺序原则是汉语最普遍的语法规则,有独立的理据和很高
    的诊释力。汉语语法参照逻辑领域的原则多于参照语法的规则,而英语参照
    的多是语法范畴内的规则。这在英汉语长复句的对译中都有体现。
     总之,翻译研究,甚至就语法意义在翻译中的体现而言,淇中任何一个
    方面涉及的内容都很繁杂,这一论文很难覆盖这一领域的方方面面。由于篇
    幅所限,论文对一些有争论难解决的问题如句子层面上的指示语、否定的非
    对应性,强调句及语篇层面上汉语的主语和英语的主述位的翻译问题都没有
    谈及,有待于将来深入研究。
After the World War II, translation theories began to take linguistics into consideration under the influence of modern linguistics and information theory. The relation between language and translation is explored, possible strategies for some translation difficulties are discussed in the perspective of linguistics, which push forward the translation studies. Translation is a broad concept which can be defined in various ways. Barchudarov ( 1985), defines it as " the change of the act of speech (i.e. discourse) from one language into another language without changing the content or meaning". The Chinese Word Dictionary (1989) also defines that translation means to translate the meaning in one language into another language without change. The above definitions suggest that translation is the conversion of meaning between languages. Translation studies revolve around the research of "meaning". Yet, on this kernel issue, translators have not reached an agreement. There always exists a kind of misconception whi
    ch believes that grammar does not have meaning, for it seems to be merely a set of arbitrary rules about arrangements-rules that must be followed if one wants to be understood. We agree with Nida that grammar has meanings (1982). Meanings represented by grammatical structures are grammatical meanings. The grammatical meaning does not simply mean the combination of all the phrasal items' meaning. Meaning of a linguistic unit is partly determined by its specific grammatical structure. There is neither grammatical form without meaning, nor grammatical meaning without form.
    As Jacobson mentioned that the grammatical category is the most complicated issue in translation, especially in translation of those languages with rich inflections. Belonging to two different language families, English and Chinese are different in grammatical category, which constantly requires the adjustments of grammatical structure in translation. The translation between Chinese and foreign languages is processed by contrastive studies in essence. The
    
    
    
    studies of translation theories, principles and techniques are closely related to the contrastive linguistics, while the representation of grammatical categories in translation is a complex work. Based on the considerations mentioned above, this thesis makes comparisons of six grammatical categories of much difference and controversy in English and Chinese from the general linguistic angle, and proposes to explore the importance of grammatical meaning and its representation in translation.
    Based on the comprehensive study of scholastic attainment of recent years at home and abroad, the thesis makes extensive analysis and exploration on the representation of grammatical meanings in translation. Several highlights of the thesis are as follows:
    First is the application of the contrastive study. (i) The combination of micro study and macro study. By comparing the language characters of English and Chinese (i.e. language typology and syntactic structure) and their respective thought patterns (see Chapter 2) , we can tell similarities from differences between them. That provides guidance for seeking common ground while reserving differences in translation. Thereby the translation quality will be improved. (ii) The combination of particularity and universality. On the basis of language universals, the contrastive studies of this thesis on the one hand, mainly take English grammatical theories for reference, such as the discussion of 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, on the other hand, take Chinese grammatical rules as main reference, such as the discussion of 3.6 and4.2.
    Second is the aim of the thesis. (i) The contrastive study makes us know better about their language property and it clearly illustrates the significance of their structural particularity and universality in translation. (ii) The application of various linguistic theories (i.e. contrastive linguistics, cognitive linguistics, functional linguistics, etc.) to the thesis provides many theoretical supports for translation study and practice. (iii
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