夏热冬冷地区居住建筑屋顶节能构造与环境设计
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摘要
住宅屋顶直接和外界的自然环境发生对话,最容易受到诸如风霜雨雪等气候条件的影响。对于顶层住户而言,屋顶作为一种建筑物外围护结构所造成的室内外温差传热耗热量,大于任何一面外墙和地面的耗热量。
据此次对夏热冬冷地区(湘潭市)住宅建筑调研结果表明:顶层住户全年耗电量为27.91度/㎡,中间层住户全年耗电量为17.04度/㎡,而底层住户全年耗电量为12.66度/㎡。这里尤其值得注意的是顶层住户耗电量与底层住户相比多了120.46%。而且绝大部分家庭在夏季和冬季的耗电量巨大。这说明了该地区建筑围护结构的节能措施远远没有达到国家节能标准的要求。
通常我们在建筑节能构造的研究中,主要研究的是构造的内在因素,即构造的物理性能。比如该节能构造所使用的材料如何、该节能构造的特点、构造层次的做法、构造技术要点等等。但我们往往忽略了构造外在形式的研究,如:节能材料的色彩、材料质地、材料的环保、节能构造的空间表达形式以及该构造对周边环境的影响等等。而在建筑环境的研究中我们又往往存在只研究建筑环境的外部艺术环境,如环境的色彩、形体、空间表达等,却又忽略了建筑环境的内在功能的研究,如建筑内部的功能环境:光学、声学、材料应用对环境生活质量的影响等诸多技术性能的研究。
因此,只有当我们将建筑节能构造与建筑环境综合起来研究以后,才能真正设计出既节能、环保又实用、优美的建筑。本课题研究的重点就是将有关夏热冬冷地区居住建筑屋顶的节能构造和屋顶建筑环境设计进行有机的结合,提出了最适合该地区的居住建筑的节能屋顶形式。
Residential roof and direct dialogue took place outside of the natural environment, the most vulnerable, such as wind, such as rain and snow weather conditions. The top-level households, the roof of the building as an external structure caused by the temperature difference between indoor and outdoor heat transfer heat, more than any side of the wall and ground heat.
It was on the hot summer and cold winter areas(Xiang Tan city) of residential construction survey results show that: the top-level power consumption for households as a whole 27.91 kw.h /㎡, in the middle tier of households throughout the year that the power consumption of 17.04 kw.h /㎡, and the bottom of household electricity consumption for the year 12.66 kw.h /㎡. It is worth noting here that top-level power consumption of households and the bottom of households compared to 120.46﹪more, but the vast majority of families in the summer and winter of great power. This shows that the building envelope in the area of energy-saving measures fall far short of the national energy-saving standards.
We are usually in the construction of energy-saving structural study, the research is the structure of the internal factors, namely, the physical properties of the structure. For example, the energy-saving construction materials used, the structure of energy-saving features, structural level, structure and so on technical points. However, we often lose sight of the external structure in the form of research, such as: energy-saving materials, color, texture, materials, environmental protection, materials, energy-saving construction space in the form of expression, as well as the structure surrounding the environmental impact and so on. In the study of the built environment, we often only exist
Architectural study of the external environment, the arts, the environment, such as color, shape and space to express, and so on, but ignores the inherent features of the built environment research, such as the construction of the internal environment features: Optics, acoustics, the application materials to the environment quality of life and many other technical functions. Therefore, only when we are building will be constructed with energy-saving building up a comprehensive environmental study, can we really designed not only energy-saving, environmental protection and practical, beautiful building.
The focus of this research is related to hot summer and cold winter areas of the roof of the building energy-saving construction and design of the roof of the built environment of the organic, made the best residential building in the area of energy conservation in the form of the roof.
据此次对夏热冬冷地区(湘潭市)住宅建筑调研结果表明:顶层住户全年耗电量为27.91度/㎡,中间层住户全年耗电量为17.04度/㎡,而底层住户全年耗电量为12.66度/㎡。这里尤其值得注意的是顶层住户耗电量与底层住户相比多了120.46%。而且绝大部分家庭在夏季和冬季的耗电量巨大。这说明了该地区建筑围护结构的节能措施远远没有达到国家节能标准的要求。
通常我们在建筑节能构造的研究中,主要研究的是构造的内在因素,即构造的物理性能。比如该节能构造所使用的材料如何、该节能构造的特点、构造层次的做法、构造技术要点等等。但我们往往忽略了构造外在形式的研究,如:节能材料的色彩、材料质地、材料的环保、节能构造的空间表达形式以及该构造对周边环境的影响等等。而在建筑环境的研究中我们又往往存在只研究建筑环境的外部艺术环境,如环境的色彩、形体、空间表达等,却又忽略了建筑环境的内在功能的研究,如建筑内部的功能环境:光学、声学、材料应用对环境生活质量的影响等诸多技术性能的研究。
因此,只有当我们将建筑节能构造与建筑环境综合起来研究以后,才能真正设计出既节能、环保又实用、优美的建筑。本课题研究的重点就是将有关夏热冬冷地区居住建筑屋顶的节能构造和屋顶建筑环境设计进行有机的结合,提出了最适合该地区的居住建筑的节能屋顶形式。
Residential roof and direct dialogue took place outside of the natural environment, the most vulnerable, such as wind, such as rain and snow weather conditions. The top-level households, the roof of the building as an external structure caused by the temperature difference between indoor and outdoor heat transfer heat, more than any side of the wall and ground heat.
It was on the hot summer and cold winter areas(Xiang Tan city) of residential construction survey results show that: the top-level power consumption for households as a whole 27.91 kw.h /㎡, in the middle tier of households throughout the year that the power consumption of 17.04 kw.h /㎡, and the bottom of household electricity consumption for the year 12.66 kw.h /㎡. It is worth noting here that top-level power consumption of households and the bottom of households compared to 120.46﹪more, but the vast majority of families in the summer and winter of great power. This shows that the building envelope in the area of energy-saving measures fall far short of the national energy-saving standards.
We are usually in the construction of energy-saving structural study, the research is the structure of the internal factors, namely, the physical properties of the structure. For example, the energy-saving construction materials used, the structure of energy-saving features, structural level, structure and so on technical points. However, we often lose sight of the external structure in the form of research, such as: energy-saving materials, color, texture, materials, environmental protection, materials, energy-saving construction space in the form of expression, as well as the structure surrounding the environmental impact and so on. In the study of the built environment, we often only exist
Architectural study of the external environment, the arts, the environment, such as color, shape and space to express, and so on, but ignores the inherent features of the built environment research, such as the construction of the internal environment features: Optics, acoustics, the application materials to the environment quality of life and many other technical functions. Therefore, only when we are building will be constructed with energy-saving building up a comprehensive environmental study, can we really designed not only energy-saving, environmental protection and practical, beautiful building.
The focus of this research is related to hot summer and cold winter areas of the roof of the building energy-saving construction and design of the roof of the built environment of the organic, made the best residential building in the area of energy conservation in the form of the roof.
引文
[1]王立雄编.建筑节能.中国建筑工业出版社,2004.5:137
[2]夏热冬暖地区居住建筑节能设计标准实施指南.中国计划出版,2005.8:312
[3]夏热冬冷地区居住建筑节能设计标准.重庆大学主编, 2004.3:237
[4]房屋建筑学,3版.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2003.2:256
[5] http://house.sina.com.cn
[6]王建胜,王军.倒置式屋面在今后住宅中的地位.四川建筑科学研究,2001:23
[7]王天.种植屋顶的构造与层次.中国建筑防水,2002.1:79
[8]德国建筑中雨水收集利用.李亮.世界建筑,2002. 12:123
[9]谢浩.蓄水屋顶的隔热构造设计.防水材料与施工.2002.4:68
[10]刘才丰.一种新型屋顶被动蒸发隔热技术.保温材料与建筑节能,2005.5:57
[11]唐鸣放,孟庆林.蓄水屋面强化隔热研究.建筑技术开发,2000.3:35
[12]周鹏.夏热冬冷地区住宅屋顶气候适应性设计研究.华中科技大学,2004.5:24
[13] Roofing Contractor.2005.2:137
[14] Metal Roofing.2006.2
[15]卢艳.德国住宅设计中的太阳能利用系统.建筑学报,2003.03:69
[16]孙吉.夏热冬冷地区多层住宅被动式太阳能设计策略研.华中科技大学:43
[17] Commercial Building Products.№.1.2005:76
[18]世界之窗.太阳能光电屋面瓦..节能与环保,2002.12:88
[19] Professional Roofing.2004.1:23
[20]段恺.绝热反射膜的性能及在节能建筑中的应用.建筑节能,2006.4:37
[21] Charles Kibitz Construction Ecology-nature as the basis for green building 2002:33
[22]汪芳.查尔斯.柯里亚.中国建筑工业出版社,2003.8:94
[23]李汉章.建筑节能技术指南.中国建筑工业出版社,2006.12:234
[24]邹源.夏热冬暖地区居住建筑热工性能及能耗的模拟分析.西安建筑科技大学2004.5:59
[25]王寿华.屋面工程技术规范理解与应用.建工出版社,GB50345-2004:154
[26]屋面工程技术规范,GB-50207- 94. :254
[27]王立雄编.建筑节能.中国建筑工业出版社,2005.3:40
[28]湖南省居住建筑节能设计标准.DBJ43/001-2004:215
[29]樊振和.建筑构造原理与设计.天津天津大学出版社,2004.6:38
[30]卢枚君.夏季冬冷地区居住建筑节能评价研究,2006.5:56
[31]郭军等.种植屋顶的设计与维护.四川建筑,2003.10:55
[32]袁缤.注重技术、讲究实效、崇尚自然—德国生态村建设的启示.世界建筑,2002.12:45
[33]雍传德.建筑防水施工工艺与技术.[M].京:中国建筑工业出版社,1998.2:231
[34]王比君,王寿华.建筑节能与屋面保温设计.建筑技术,2006. 10:66
[35] Environmental Issues in Construction,CIRIA Special Publications, No.94,1993: 32
[36]屋面工程设计与施工手册.「M」.2版.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2003.3:237
[37]林晨.“平改坡”工程中坡屋顶的热工性能及构造体系.工业建筑,2006.5:99
[38]欧阳斌.倒置式屋顶在夏热冬冷地区施工应用探讨.南昌水专学报,2001.12:36
[39]付国良.佛甲草用于屋顶绿化—绿色建筑新技术.中国园林,2005.5:32
[40]孟庆林,刘亚等.夏热冬暖地区住宅围护结构隔热构造技术及其效果评价.新型建筑材料,2001.2:44
[41]杨日新.屋面建筑节能设计措施探讨.浙江建筑,2006.10:68
[42]骆高远.长江流域资源与环境-城市“屋顶花园”对城市气候影响方法研究,2001.7:35
[43]孟祥柱.推广坡屋面改造平屋面势在必行.工程质量,2003.5:26
[44]多层住宅坡屋面的应用前景.上海建材,2000.2:57
[45]罗福午译. [美〕美国高层建筑与城市环境协会.高层建筑设计.建工业出版社,1997:232
[46]朱国梁.种植屋面施工工法.建筑技术,2005.9:58
[2]夏热冬暖地区居住建筑节能设计标准实施指南.中国计划出版,2005.8:312
[3]夏热冬冷地区居住建筑节能设计标准.重庆大学主编, 2004.3:237
[4]房屋建筑学,3版.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2003.2:256
[5] http://house.sina.com.cn
[6]王建胜,王军.倒置式屋面在今后住宅中的地位.四川建筑科学研究,2001:23
[7]王天.种植屋顶的构造与层次.中国建筑防水,2002.1:79
[8]德国建筑中雨水收集利用.李亮.世界建筑,2002. 12:123
[9]谢浩.蓄水屋顶的隔热构造设计.防水材料与施工.2002.4:68
[10]刘才丰.一种新型屋顶被动蒸发隔热技术.保温材料与建筑节能,2005.5:57
[11]唐鸣放,孟庆林.蓄水屋面强化隔热研究.建筑技术开发,2000.3:35
[12]周鹏.夏热冬冷地区住宅屋顶气候适应性设计研究.华中科技大学,2004.5:24
[13] Roofing Contractor.2005.2:137
[14] Metal Roofing.2006.2
[15]卢艳.德国住宅设计中的太阳能利用系统.建筑学报,2003.03:69
[16]孙吉.夏热冬冷地区多层住宅被动式太阳能设计策略研.华中科技大学:43
[17] Commercial Building Products.№.1.2005:76
[18]世界之窗.太阳能光电屋面瓦..节能与环保,2002.12:88
[19] Professional Roofing.2004.1:23
[20]段恺.绝热反射膜的性能及在节能建筑中的应用.建筑节能,2006.4:37
[21] Charles Kibitz Construction Ecology-nature as the basis for green building 2002:33
[22]汪芳.查尔斯.柯里亚.中国建筑工业出版社,2003.8:94
[23]李汉章.建筑节能技术指南.中国建筑工业出版社,2006.12:234
[24]邹源.夏热冬暖地区居住建筑热工性能及能耗的模拟分析.西安建筑科技大学2004.5:59
[25]王寿华.屋面工程技术规范理解与应用.建工出版社,GB50345-2004:154
[26]屋面工程技术规范,GB-50207- 94. :254
[27]王立雄编.建筑节能.中国建筑工业出版社,2005.3:40
[28]湖南省居住建筑节能设计标准.DBJ43/001-2004:215
[29]樊振和.建筑构造原理与设计.天津天津大学出版社,2004.6:38
[30]卢枚君.夏季冬冷地区居住建筑节能评价研究,2006.5:56
[31]郭军等.种植屋顶的设计与维护.四川建筑,2003.10:55
[32]袁缤.注重技术、讲究实效、崇尚自然—德国生态村建设的启示.世界建筑,2002.12:45
[33]雍传德.建筑防水施工工艺与技术.[M].京:中国建筑工业出版社,1998.2:231
[34]王比君,王寿华.建筑节能与屋面保温设计.建筑技术,2006. 10:66
[35] Environmental Issues in Construction,CIRIA Special Publications, No.94,1993: 32
[36]屋面工程设计与施工手册.「M」.2版.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2003.3:237
[37]林晨.“平改坡”工程中坡屋顶的热工性能及构造体系.工业建筑,2006.5:99
[38]欧阳斌.倒置式屋顶在夏热冬冷地区施工应用探讨.南昌水专学报,2001.12:36
[39]付国良.佛甲草用于屋顶绿化—绿色建筑新技术.中国园林,2005.5:32
[40]孟庆林,刘亚等.夏热冬暖地区住宅围护结构隔热构造技术及其效果评价.新型建筑材料,2001.2:44
[41]杨日新.屋面建筑节能设计措施探讨.浙江建筑,2006.10:68
[42]骆高远.长江流域资源与环境-城市“屋顶花园”对城市气候影响方法研究,2001.7:35
[43]孟祥柱.推广坡屋面改造平屋面势在必行.工程质量,2003.5:26
[44]多层住宅坡屋面的应用前景.上海建材,2000.2:57
[45]罗福午译. [美〕美国高层建筑与城市环境协会.高层建筑设计.建工业出版社,1997:232
[46]朱国梁.种植屋面施工工法.建筑技术,2005.9:58