绿色制造工艺过程规划关键技术及其应用系统研究
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摘要
制造业作为国民经济的支柱产业，既为社会创造了丰富的物质财富，同时又要消耗大量的资源和造成严重的环境污染。环境已经日益成为社会经济发展的一个关键因素，各国政府为企业制定了越来越严格的环保法规，消费者也表现出对环境管理的极大关注。有鉴于此，如何使制造业减少资源消耗和尽可能少地产生环境污染是21世纪制造业面临解决的重大问题。为此21世纪的制造业实施绿色制造技术，贯彻可持续发展战略已势在必行。
绿色制造是一个综合考虑环境影响和资源消耗的现代制造业模式，是人类社会可持续发展战略在现代制造业中的体现，是21世纪制造业的一个重要特征。绿色制造工艺规划是绿色制造的关键技术之一，是一种对工艺要素、工艺过程及工艺方案绿色性评价等进行优化决策和规划，从而达到减少产品制造过程中的资源消耗和环境影响的工艺规划方法。
本文以国家863计划项目“面向绿色制造的工艺规划关键使能技术及应用支持系统研究”和湖北省自然科学基金项目“绿色工艺规划模型库及其应用技术研究”为依托，在广泛研究国内外相关文献资料及工作的基础上，对绿色制造工艺过程规划关键技术进行了较为深入的研究。
1 介绍了课题的来源及研究意义，综述了绿色制造工艺规划的国内外研究现状。
2 研究了绿色制造工艺过程规划中工艺参数优化问题。提出了基于实例的绿色制造工艺参数优化设计方法，对工艺参数实例库的建立、相似性系数的确定及实例抽取、工艺参数优化原则进行了分析研究，在此基础上，分析了工艺参数优化的决策变量、目标函数、约束条件，建立了绿色制造工艺参数优化数学模型，提出了模型求解算法。
3 对绿色制造工艺过程规划中工艺路线未拟定和已经拟定两种情况进行了分析研究。对工艺路线未拟定的情形建立了一种绿色制造工艺路线决策模型，旨在优化产品制造工艺过程，节约制造过程中的物料和能源的消耗、减少废弃物的排放和污染；对工艺路线已经拟定的情形建立了工艺路线绿色性评价模型，该模型以经济性、资源消耗和环境影响为决策目标，从若干可选方案中选择出一种最优或相对最优的方案。根据问题决策原理的不同，提出了不同的模型求解算法。
4 研究了绿色制造工艺过程规划中机床节能调度优化技术。在多机床的机械加工系统中，根据各机床能量消耗特性的差异，以及生产任务中多种工件工艺要求的不同，通过机床与工件之间的优化调度与安排，给出最优组合方案，就可以达到显著的车间节能效果。基于以上原理，建立了多工件多机床的节能优化调度模型。
5 在以上理论研究的基础上，开发了绿色制造工艺过程规划子系统。绿色制造工艺过程规划子系统是绿色制造工艺规划应用支持系统中的一个重要模块，它包括工艺参数优化子模块、机床节能降噪型调度子模块和工艺路线优化子模块。
Manufacturing is the supporting estate of national economy, which has created abundant substance wealth for society, and at the same time, consumed a large amount of resource and caused serious environmental pollution. Environment has increasingly been a key factor for society economy development, thereby the center and local governments of every country draw up more strict environment protection laws and consumers also greatly concern environment management. Consequently, the important problem faced by 21st century manufacturing is how to reduce resource consumption and environmental pollution. Thereby, implementing green manufacturing technology and carrying through sustainable development strategy is imperative for the 21st century manufacturing.
Green manufacturing is a modern manufacturing mode, integrating all the issues of manufacturing and its ultimate goal is to reduce and minimize environmental impact and resource consumption during product life cycle that includes design, production, packaging, transportation, use and disposal.
Green manufacturing process planning is one of the key technologies of green manufacturing, in which environmental impact and resource consumption issues are considered synthetically and by which the optimal process project can be drawn up with the goal of guaranteeing machining quality, minimizing machining cost, minimizing machining time, minimizing environmental negative impact and maximizing resource utilization efficiency. It mainly includes process element planning, process course planning, and green evaluation of process project.
This paper studies in depth the key technology of process course planning, on the base of collecting broadly the relate literature and works, which relies on the National 863 Plan Project of China - "Study on the Key Enabling Technology of Process Planning for Green Manufacturing and Application Supporting System" and the project funded by Natural Science Fund of Hubei Province- "Study on Green Process Planning Model Base and Practical Technology".
1 The research source and significance is introduced, and the research present state in and out of our country of green manufacturing process planning is summarized.
2 The case-based optimum design method of green manufacturing process parameter is proposed, and case-base establishing, similarity coefficient determining, case extracting, and optimization principles are analyzed. On the base of that, optimization mathematical model is established and the solving algorithm is studied.
3 Process route optimization problem is studied. There are two cases, one is that process route is not drafted and the other has been drafted. For the first case, the paper establishes green
manufacturing process route decision-making model, and proposes genetic simulated annealing algorithm to solve the model. For the second case, establishing green evaluation of process routes model, which decision-making objectives are economical efficiency (Ec). resource consumption (R) and environmental impact (E,) and proposing comprehensive evaluation method based on fuzzy integral to solve it.
4 Machine energy-saving scheduling optimization technology is studied. In machining workshop, energy consumption of machine is one of main sources generating resource consumption and environmental impact. In multi-machine machining system, in terms of the difference of every machine energy consumption character, and different process requirements of works, it can gain marked energy-saving effect by optimally scheduling between machines and works. Based on above theory, the paper establishes energy-saving optimum scheduling model of multi-works to multi-machines.
5 On the base of above studies, green manufacturing process course planning sub-system is developed, which is an important module of green manufacturing process planning application support system. The sub-system includes 3 sub-modules: process parameter optimization sub-module, process route optimization sub-module and machine dynamic optimum scheduling sub-modu
绿色制造是一个综合考虑环境影响和资源消耗的现代制造业模式，是人类社会可持续发展战略在现代制造业中的体现，是21世纪制造业的一个重要特征。绿色制造工艺规划是绿色制造的关键技术之一，是一种对工艺要素、工艺过程及工艺方案绿色性评价等进行优化决策和规划，从而达到减少产品制造过程中的资源消耗和环境影响的工艺规划方法。
本文以国家863计划项目“面向绿色制造的工艺规划关键使能技术及应用支持系统研究”和湖北省自然科学基金项目“绿色工艺规划模型库及其应用技术研究”为依托，在广泛研究国内外相关文献资料及工作的基础上，对绿色制造工艺过程规划关键技术进行了较为深入的研究。
1 介绍了课题的来源及研究意义，综述了绿色制造工艺规划的国内外研究现状。
2 研究了绿色制造工艺过程规划中工艺参数优化问题。提出了基于实例的绿色制造工艺参数优化设计方法，对工艺参数实例库的建立、相似性系数的确定及实例抽取、工艺参数优化原则进行了分析研究，在此基础上，分析了工艺参数优化的决策变量、目标函数、约束条件，建立了绿色制造工艺参数优化数学模型，提出了模型求解算法。
3 对绿色制造工艺过程规划中工艺路线未拟定和已经拟定两种情况进行了分析研究。对工艺路线未拟定的情形建立了一种绿色制造工艺路线决策模型，旨在优化产品制造工艺过程，节约制造过程中的物料和能源的消耗、减少废弃物的排放和污染；对工艺路线已经拟定的情形建立了工艺路线绿色性评价模型，该模型以经济性、资源消耗和环境影响为决策目标，从若干可选方案中选择出一种最优或相对最优的方案。根据问题决策原理的不同，提出了不同的模型求解算法。
4 研究了绿色制造工艺过程规划中机床节能调度优化技术。在多机床的机械加工系统中，根据各机床能量消耗特性的差异，以及生产任务中多种工件工艺要求的不同，通过机床与工件之间的优化调度与安排，给出最优组合方案，就可以达到显著的车间节能效果。基于以上原理，建立了多工件多机床的节能优化调度模型。
5 在以上理论研究的基础上，开发了绿色制造工艺过程规划子系统。绿色制造工艺过程规划子系统是绿色制造工艺规划应用支持系统中的一个重要模块，它包括工艺参数优化子模块、机床节能降噪型调度子模块和工艺路线优化子模块。
Manufacturing is the supporting estate of national economy, which has created abundant substance wealth for society, and at the same time, consumed a large amount of resource and caused serious environmental pollution. Environment has increasingly been a key factor for society economy development, thereby the center and local governments of every country draw up more strict environment protection laws and consumers also greatly concern environment management. Consequently, the important problem faced by 21st century manufacturing is how to reduce resource consumption and environmental pollution. Thereby, implementing green manufacturing technology and carrying through sustainable development strategy is imperative for the 21st century manufacturing.
Green manufacturing is a modern manufacturing mode, integrating all the issues of manufacturing and its ultimate goal is to reduce and minimize environmental impact and resource consumption during product life cycle that includes design, production, packaging, transportation, use and disposal.
Green manufacturing process planning is one of the key technologies of green manufacturing, in which environmental impact and resource consumption issues are considered synthetically and by which the optimal process project can be drawn up with the goal of guaranteeing machining quality, minimizing machining cost, minimizing machining time, minimizing environmental negative impact and maximizing resource utilization efficiency. It mainly includes process element planning, process course planning, and green evaluation of process project.
This paper studies in depth the key technology of process course planning, on the base of collecting broadly the relate literature and works, which relies on the National 863 Plan Project of China - "Study on the Key Enabling Technology of Process Planning for Green Manufacturing and Application Supporting System" and the project funded by Natural Science Fund of Hubei Province- "Study on Green Process Planning Model Base and Practical Technology".
1 The research source and significance is introduced, and the research present state in and out of our country of green manufacturing process planning is summarized.
2 The case-based optimum design method of green manufacturing process parameter is proposed, and case-base establishing, similarity coefficient determining, case extracting, and optimization principles are analyzed. On the base of that, optimization mathematical model is established and the solving algorithm is studied.
3 Process route optimization problem is studied. There are two cases, one is that process route is not drafted and the other has been drafted. For the first case, the paper establishes green
manufacturing process route decision-making model, and proposes genetic simulated annealing algorithm to solve the model. For the second case, establishing green evaluation of process routes model, which decision-making objectives are economical efficiency (Ec). resource consumption (R) and environmental impact (E,) and proposing comprehensive evaluation method based on fuzzy integral to solve it.
4 Machine energy-saving scheduling optimization technology is studied. In machining workshop, energy consumption of machine is one of main sources generating resource consumption and environmental impact. In multi-machine machining system, in terms of the difference of every machine energy consumption character, and different process requirements of works, it can gain marked energy-saving effect by optimally scheduling between machines and works. Based on above theory, the paper establishes energy-saving optimum scheduling model of multi-works to multi-machines.
5 On the base of above studies, green manufacturing process course planning sub-system is developed, which is an important module of green manufacturing process planning application support system. The sub-system includes 3 sub-modules: process parameter optimization sub-module, process route optimization sub-module and machine dynamic optimum scheduling sub-modu
引文
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[2] 张华，刘飞，梁洁．绿色制造的体系结构及其实施中的几个战略问题探讨．计算机集成制造系统，1997，3(2)：11～14．
[3] The University of California, Berkeley. (http://Greenmfg. me. Berkeley. edu. 1998)
[4] Martin-Vega L A. DMI Ⅱ: Past, Present, and Future Perspectives. Key Report, 1999 NSF Design & Manufacturing Grantees conference, Los Angeles, USA, 1999
[5] Johnson M, Wang M. Environmental Conscious Manufacturing: A Life-Cycle Analysis. 10th International Conference on CAD/CAM, Robotics and Factories of the Future, August1994, Ottawa, Canada. (http://www. uwindsor. ca/main/imse/people/ecdm_info. html)
[6] Wang M H. An Environmental Conscious Design Tool. Proceedings of International Conference on Automation Technology, Taiwan, 1994 (http://www. uwindsor. ca/main/imse/people/ecdm info. html)
[7] S. R, Gaduff G. Life-cycle Modeling as an Instrument for Life-Cycle Engineering. Annals of the CIRP, 1997, 45 (1): 351-354
[8] 刘飞，曹华军．绿色制造的理论体系框架．中国机械工程，2000，11(9)：961～964．
[9] 刘飞，张华，陈晓慧．绿色制造的决策框架模型及其应用．机械工程学报．1999，35(5)：11～15
[10] 刘飞，张华，陈晓慧．绿色制造的集成特性和绿色集成制造系统．计算机集成制造系统．1999，5(4)：9～13
[11] 汪劲松，段广洪，李方义，杨向东，张洪潮．基于产品生命周期的绿色制造技术研究现状与展望．计算机集成制造系统，1999，5(4)：1～8．
[12] G Byrne, Scholta. Environmetnally clean machining processes-a strategic approach. Annals of the CIRP, 43(1):471-474
[13] P. Sheng, V. Carey, D. Bauer, S. Thurwachter, J. Creyts, D. Bennett Environmental Planning for Machining Operations and System. Proc. 1998 NSF Design and Manufacturing Grantees Conference, Jan. 1998: Monterrey, Mexico
[14] Srinivasan, M. and P. Sheng, Feature Based Process Planning for Environmentally-Conscious Machining-Part 1: MicroPlanning, ASME Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering.
[15] Srinivasan, M. and P. Sheng, Feature Based Process Planning for Environmentally-Conscious Machining-Part 2: MacroPlanning, ASME Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering.
[16] P. Sheng P, M. Srinivasan. Multi-Objective Process Planning in Environmentally Conscious Manufacturing: A Feature-Based Approach[J]. Annals of the CIRP, 1995, 44(1):433-437.
[17] P. Sheng, M. Srinivasan, G. Chryssolouris. Hierarchical part planning strategy for environmentally conscious machining. Annals of the CIRP, 1996, 45(1):455-459
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