技术进步、人力资本与中国劳动力流动
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摘要
中国农村劳动力向城市的流动具有不同于其他国家的鲜明的特点,本文以我国城乡之间技术进步和人力资本积累环境的巨大差异为背景,从微观主体的人力资本投资决策的角度来解释我国农村劳动力流动的动因和特点,并探讨了改善农村流动劳动力在城市的人力资本积累环境对农村劳动力流动的影响。
     本文以人力资本投资理论为基础,将农村劳动力向城市的迁移视为一种入力资本投资方式,本文核心的思路是从人力资本投资的角度来分析中国农村劳动力流动的动因和特点,试图用人力资本投资和技术进步来解释我国农村劳动力流动的三个方面:首先用我国城乡之间人力资本投资环境的巨大差异解释农村劳动力流动的动因和特点,然后用我国技术进步的特点解释大量农村劳动力流入城市后面临的劳动力市场分割问题,最后通过建立模型验证改善农村流动劳动力在城市的人力资本积累环境的重要意义。
     本文的分析主线为:劳动力的迁移流动是一种人力资本投资方式,当前中国城乡之间人力资本投资环境存在巨大差异,与教育相比,大量农村劳动力理性地选择迁移这一人力资本投资方式,农村恶劣的人力资本投资环境构成了农村劳动力向城市流动的推力;同时,技术进步与人力资本有着紧密的联系,不同技术的应用对人力资本水平提出不同的要求,当前中国的技术进步具有工业技术和信息技术交织发展以及城乡发展不平衡的特点,在农村劳动力与城市劳动力的人力资本水平存在巨大差异的情况下,这为农村劳动力进入城市正规部门,特别是高技术部门增加了技术壁垒,加剧了劳动力市场分割;技术进步也带来更多的机会,通过构建农村劳动力迁移决策模型并进行数值模拟分析,本文验证了改善农村流动劳动力在城市的人力资本积累环境的重要意义。在以上分析的基础上,本文提出增加农民工在城市进行人力资本积累的机会以带动更多农村劳动力转移,加速劳动力市场融合的建议。
     具体而言,全文分为五大部分,其中文章的主体为第二、三、四部分。
     第一部分涵盖第一、二章。第一章总结和评述了相关的研究文献,并强调了本文与相关文献的联系;第二章首先总结了中国农村劳动力流动的宏观特征及其给我们提出的问题,然后分析了微观层面上迁移者和未迁移者的人力资本特征和影响劳动力迁移的因素,使我们对中国农村劳动力流动的状况有了更具体的认识。
     第二部分涵盖第三、四章,从微观主体人力资本投资的角度分析中国农村劳动力流动的动因和特点。第三章以人力资本投资理论为基础,以农村的人力资本投资环境为背景,定性地分析了迁移的预期成本和预期收益。第四章在讨论了研究迁移回报率的必要性和方法后,通过对微观层面数据的实证研究,定量地得到中国农村劳动力不同群体相比较的迁移回报率和教育回报率。在微观主体理性选择的假设下,分析了这些因素对农村劳动力的人力资本投资决策的影响,得出结论:在中国当前城市和农村人力资本投资环境存在巨大差别的情况下,与教育投资相比,农村劳动力迁移到城市打工具有低风险、高回报的特征,迁移回报率较高。大量农村青年放弃正规教育而外出打工是农村青年在现有农村人力资本投资环境下作出的理性的人力资本投资选择。农村恶劣的人力资本投资环境构成了农村劳动力向城市流动的推力。这是本文关于农村劳动力流动动因的重要结论。基于本部分的研究,提出政策建议:改善农村的人力资本投资环境,特别是教育环境,提高农村青年受高等教育的机会。
     第三部分涵盖第五章,分析中国技术进步的特点对劳动力市场分割的影响以及给劳动力流动带来的机会。这一章首先回顾了发达国家技术进步和产业革命的历史及相应的劳动力市场变化,发现每一技术阶段对互补的劳动力(高技能和低技能)的需求是不同的。然后,对我国当前技术进步的特点作出判断:我国出现工业技术和信息技术交织发展的格局,同时技术进步在城乡之间、地区之间存在巨大差异。最后,定性地分析了当前中国技术进步的特点对劳动力市场分割的影响,以及给城乡劳动力流动带来的机会,主要结论如下:不同技术的应用对人力资本水平提出不同的要求,当前中国工业技术和信息技术交织发展的格局和城乡技术进步的差异为农村劳动力进入城市正规部门,特别是高技术部门增加了技术壁垒,从而加剧劳动力市场的分割;从另一个角度来看,我国目前技术进步的特点也为农村劳动力流动提供了空间和拉力。高新技术的发展拉伸了劳动力技能的层次,越来越多的城市劳动力向高新技术产业流动,从而为农村劳动力的转移提供了更多岗位和机会。本章提出了一个动态持续的劳动力流动机制:通过增加农民工在城市进行人力资本积累的机会,使他们实现技能升级和岗位升级,从而促进劳动力市场融合,并带动更多劳动力转移。
     第四部分涵盖第六章,将城乡技术进步和人力资本积累环境的巨大差异放到农村劳动力迁移决策模型里,观察改善流动劳动力在城市的人力资本积累环境和增加流动劳动力之间的人力资本的外部性对农村劳动力流动的影响。具体地,第六章通过构建模型来考察农村劳动力的最优迁移决策问题,在模型的约束条件中体现了城乡技术进步和人力资本积累环境的巨大差异;然后运用数值模拟的方法求解,考察了改善流动劳动力在城市的人力资本积累环境和增加流动劳动力之间的人力资本的外部性对农村劳动力流向城市的数量、速度、流动劳动力的失业率、城乡收入差距以及农民工与农民的收入差距的影响,得出结论:改善农村流动劳动力在城市的人力资本积累环境有利于提高农村劳动力转移的数量和速度,实现农村劳动力的顺利转移,也有利于缩小城乡收入差距;人力资本积累环境的改善和外部性的增强在短期内会提高城市中农村流动劳动力的失业率,但是在长期来看却是有助于降低他们的失业率的,目前农村流动劳动力在城市的低失业率在很大程度上是由于他们在城市中进行人力资本积累的环境较差。本章为第五章提出的动态持续的劳动力流动机制提供了支持,证明了改善农村流动劳动力在城市的人力资本积累环境的重要意义。基于模型的研究结论,提出政策建议:有必要采取措施改善我国农村流动劳动力在城市的人力资本积累环境,以实现农村劳动力的顺利转移,加快劳动力市场融合,缩小城乡收入差距。
     第五部分为第七章总结和政策建议。基于第二、三、四部分的分析,总结对中国农村劳动力流动的动因和特点的解释,并提出政策建议:改善农村的人力资本投资环境;改善农村流动劳动力在城市的人力资本积累环境。
The rural-urban migration in China has its features.There exist great differences in theenvironment of human capital investment and technology progress between the urban and ruralarea in China.Based on the background and the theory of investment in human capital,thethesis analyzes the human capital investment choice of rural labors and the features oftechnology progress to explain the reason and features of rural labor migration in China.Migration is a type of human capital investment.Under the background of great differencebetween the rural and urban environment of human capital investment,rural labor choosemigration but not education.Different kinds of technology require different human capital level(skill).China is experiencing industrialization and informationization,while technologyprogress in rural and urban area is different.The situation will worsen the labor marketsegmentation and prevent rural labor from entering the urban high-tech department.Asuggestion is to give migrants more chance to improve their human capital in urban area andget promotion.
     The thesis is composed of five parts,in which the principal parts are PartⅡⅢandⅣ.PartⅠis composed of chapter one and two.Chapter one is an evaluative survey of the relativeliteratures.Chapter two concludes the macro features and questions of rural-urban migration inChina,and analyzes the human capital features of rural labors and the factors influencing themigration.
     PartⅡis composed of chapter three and four.We analyze the human capital investment choiceof rural labors to explain the reason and features of rural labor migration in China.In chapterthree,I analyze the expected income and cost of youth migrants based on the theory ofinvestment in human capital and the rural environment of human capital investment.In chapterfour,I analyze the necessity of studying the return to migraion first,and in a positive study,Iget the return to migraion and return to education of rural labor.Under the assumption ofrational choice,I analyze their effects on the human capital investment choice of rural labor.The conclusion is that under the background of great difference between the rural and urbanenvironment of human capital investment,migration has the feature of low cost and high returnand migrants can get high return of migration.So,migration is young people's rational choiceof investment in human capital in the current situation.The poor environment of human capitalinvestment is the impetus of rural labor migration.This is an important conclusion aboutChinese labor migration.We point out that it is necessary to take measures to improve the ruralenvironment of human capital investment,especially the chance of high education. PartⅢincludes chapter five.We analyze the features of Chinese technology progress toexplain the labor market segmentation.First,we review the histroy of advanced country andget some conclusions about the relationship between technology progress and labor demand.Then,we find China is experiencing industrialization and informationization,while technologyprogress in rural and urban area is different.On one hand,the situation will worsen the labormarket segmentation and prevent rural labor from entering the urban high-tech department.Onthe other hand,the situation will impluse urban labor to high-tech department while leavingmore stations for rural labor.We point out a labor migration mechanism:If rural migrants canget a chance to improve their human capital in urban area and get promotion,then more rurallabor will migrate.
     PartⅣincludes chapter six.We establish a model to analyze the choice of rural labor,including great differences in the environment of human capital investment and technologyprogress between the urban and rural area as the constrain condition.In a model,I prove theconclusion:Improving the environment of human capital investment for migrants in urban areacan accelerate the migration and reduce the urban-rural income gap.Although improving theenvironment of human capital investment for migrants in urban area will increaseunemployment rate in a short term,it can decrease unemployment rate in a long term.Theconclusion supports the labor migration mechanism we point out in chapter five.We point outthat it is necessary to take measures to improve the urban environment of human capitalinvestment for migrants.
     PartⅤis chapter seven,concluding remarks.Based on the above analysis,the concludingchapter summarizes the explanation about the reason and features of rural labor migration inChina.The thesis gives some suggestions:taking measures to improve the rural environment ofhuman capital investment and the urban environment of human capital investment for migrants.
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