基于公共财政的公共福利分配公平性研究
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摘要
社会成员享受社会成果分配的渠道主要包括个人收入分配和社会公共福利分配。作为再分配领域重要内容的公共福利,其重要职能是以公平为导向,修正和改善以个人收入分配为主的初次分配中的不公平现象。改革开放以来,伴随着我国经济的飞跃发展,社会经济生活中的不平等现象也日益突出,不仅存在着经济发展和居民收入分配的区域差异,也出现了公共福利发展的不均衡现象。然而针对公共福利领域的不平等现象,特别对公共福利领域差异程度的量化测算研究还相当不足。公平、客观、理性、量化描述社会成员参与社会成果分配的差距,才能从根本上提升整个社会的福利水平,消除潜在的社会不稳定因素,才能实现一个国家经济的快速、持续、稳定的增长。
本文在对公共福利及其分配概念的界定基础上,探讨了公共福利分配的构成,特别提出了本文公共福利研究的内涵。在采用制度描述和存量、流量数据分析公共福利分配当前的现状的基础上,构造综合反映公共福利分配的量化指标体系。将个人收入分配差距测评的思路引入到公共福利分配差距的测定中,主要包括基尼系数、泰尔指数等公平性量化分析指标,构造关于公共福利指标的区域分配差距测定指数。收集整理我国近十年的福利性财政支出数据,测定了我国总体范围内地区公共福利分配差距,以及各分项指标对总体分配差距的贡献率;测定了东、中、西部组间和组内的公共福利分配差距。分析了我国公共福利分配差距的客观实际,探讨了差异形成的主要原因并提出了缩小差距的政策性建议。
我国公共福利水平在近十年的时间有了相当大程度的提高,但是区域分配总体上存在较大的差异,且保持相对稳定。这与公共福利带有的公共品性质,主要依赖于政府公共财政的投入不无关系。各分项指标中教育、医疗和社保成为影响总体公共福利水平最为重要的因素,特别是医疗卫生和社会保障近十年均存在着过大的公共福利区域差异,成为制约区域公共福利水平下降的“瓶颈”。在东中西三地公共福利的差异分析中,东、中、西三地的内部差异远远大于区域间的差异程度,并且与经济发展呈现倒挂现象,经济最发达的东部地区的区域内差异却最大。在区域差异的同时,我国公共福利的发展还呈现明显的二元化特征,城镇在公共福利的某些领域已经实现了全覆盖,而农村公共福利的发展才刚刚起步。
The members enjoy the fruits of society by distribution channels, including distribution of personal income and distribution of social public welfare. As the important contents in the field of re-distribution, the important functions of public welfare is in a fair-oriented, in order to refine and improve the distribution of personal income distribution mainly in the initial unfairness. Since the reform and opening up, along with the rapid development of economic, inequalities in life of socio-economic has become more prominent. There are not only the regional differences between economic development and income distribution, but also the inequalities situation in the development of public welfare. However, for the field of public welfare inequality, it is still insufficient quantitative differences in measurement studies, especially in the field of public welfare. Describing the results of society members to participate in the distribution of the gap in fairly, objectively, rationally, quantitatively, is in order to enhance the level of welfare fundamentally, eliminate the factor of potential social instability, and achieve a rapid, sustained, steady growth in the country's economy.
The paper is mainly to discuss the composition of public welfare distribution and to redefine the public welfare distribution. The paper structure system of quantitative indicators, which reflect the distribution of public welfare and base on the system description and inventory & traffic data analysis current status of the distribution of public welfare. Then we use the method of Gini coefficient & Theil index to measure the public welfare distribution and construct the public welfare indicators to measure the regional gap of public welfare distribution. Furthermore, by collecting nearly a decade of financial expenditure data, the thesis measures the regional gap of public welfare distribution within the whole country, the contribution of pubic welfare sub-index to the regional gap of public welfare distribution, and the inside & outside regional gap of public welfare distribution in the eastern, middle and western area respectively. In the last, the paper analyses the reasons for the pubic welfare distribution gap, and puts forward policy remediation to narrow it.
The level of public welfare in China has been considerable improvement in recent decades, however, there is a large difference in the regional gap of distribution, and remain relatively stable. The public welfare is nature of public goods, mainly depend on the input form Government's public finance. The sub-indicators of education, health care and social security are the most important factors, affecting the overall level of public welfare. As regional "bottleneck", there are a large regional gaps in public welfare, especially in health and social security over the past decade. Analyzing regional gap of public welfare distribution in the eastern, middle and western area, the gap of public welfare in the internal differences are far greater than the differences between the three places, and then the inversion phenomenon between the public welfare and the level of economic development. The most economically developed region of the eastern region has the largest gap of public welfare. There are the binary significant characteristics of cities and towns in development of public welfare in China. Cities have been achieved in some areas covering the whole public welfare, however the development of public welfare in rural areas has just begun.
本文在对公共福利及其分配概念的界定基础上,探讨了公共福利分配的构成,特别提出了本文公共福利研究的内涵。在采用制度描述和存量、流量数据分析公共福利分配当前的现状的基础上,构造综合反映公共福利分配的量化指标体系。将个人收入分配差距测评的思路引入到公共福利分配差距的测定中,主要包括基尼系数、泰尔指数等公平性量化分析指标,构造关于公共福利指标的区域分配差距测定指数。收集整理我国近十年的福利性财政支出数据,测定了我国总体范围内地区公共福利分配差距,以及各分项指标对总体分配差距的贡献率;测定了东、中、西部组间和组内的公共福利分配差距。分析了我国公共福利分配差距的客观实际,探讨了差异形成的主要原因并提出了缩小差距的政策性建议。
我国公共福利水平在近十年的时间有了相当大程度的提高,但是区域分配总体上存在较大的差异,且保持相对稳定。这与公共福利带有的公共品性质,主要依赖于政府公共财政的投入不无关系。各分项指标中教育、医疗和社保成为影响总体公共福利水平最为重要的因素,特别是医疗卫生和社会保障近十年均存在着过大的公共福利区域差异,成为制约区域公共福利水平下降的“瓶颈”。在东中西三地公共福利的差异分析中,东、中、西三地的内部差异远远大于区域间的差异程度,并且与经济发展呈现倒挂现象,经济最发达的东部地区的区域内差异却最大。在区域差异的同时,我国公共福利的发展还呈现明显的二元化特征,城镇在公共福利的某些领域已经实现了全覆盖,而农村公共福利的发展才刚刚起步。
The members enjoy the fruits of society by distribution channels, including distribution of personal income and distribution of social public welfare. As the important contents in the field of re-distribution, the important functions of public welfare is in a fair-oriented, in order to refine and improve the distribution of personal income distribution mainly in the initial unfairness. Since the reform and opening up, along with the rapid development of economic, inequalities in life of socio-economic has become more prominent. There are not only the regional differences between economic development and income distribution, but also the inequalities situation in the development of public welfare. However, for the field of public welfare inequality, it is still insufficient quantitative differences in measurement studies, especially in the field of public welfare. Describing the results of society members to participate in the distribution of the gap in fairly, objectively, rationally, quantitatively, is in order to enhance the level of welfare fundamentally, eliminate the factor of potential social instability, and achieve a rapid, sustained, steady growth in the country's economy.
The paper is mainly to discuss the composition of public welfare distribution and to redefine the public welfare distribution. The paper structure system of quantitative indicators, which reflect the distribution of public welfare and base on the system description and inventory & traffic data analysis current status of the distribution of public welfare. Then we use the method of Gini coefficient & Theil index to measure the public welfare distribution and construct the public welfare indicators to measure the regional gap of public welfare distribution. Furthermore, by collecting nearly a decade of financial expenditure data, the thesis measures the regional gap of public welfare distribution within the whole country, the contribution of pubic welfare sub-index to the regional gap of public welfare distribution, and the inside & outside regional gap of public welfare distribution in the eastern, middle and western area respectively. In the last, the paper analyses the reasons for the pubic welfare distribution gap, and puts forward policy remediation to narrow it.
The level of public welfare in China has been considerable improvement in recent decades, however, there is a large difference in the regional gap of distribution, and remain relatively stable. The public welfare is nature of public goods, mainly depend on the input form Government's public finance. The sub-indicators of education, health care and social security are the most important factors, affecting the overall level of public welfare. As regional "bottleneck", there are a large regional gaps in public welfare, especially in health and social security over the past decade. Analyzing regional gap of public welfare distribution in the eastern, middle and western area, the gap of public welfare in the internal differences are far greater than the differences between the three places, and then the inversion phenomenon between the public welfare and the level of economic development. The most economically developed region of the eastern region has the largest gap of public welfare. There are the binary significant characteristics of cities and towns in development of public welfare in China. Cities have been achieved in some areas covering the whole public welfare, however the development of public welfare in rural areas has just begun.
引文
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郭伟和.2002.20世纪80年代以来中国社会福利政策的演变及其背后的文化基础[J].2002年两岸四地社会福利学术研讨会.
何跃勇.2007.贵州城乡二元经济结构下的生活福利差异分析[J].山地农业生物学报,26:58-63.
洪兴建. 2006.关于基尼系数若干问题的再研究-与部分学者商榷[J].数量经济与技术经济研究,23:86-96.
胡仲明. 2006.中国城乡社会保障制度实证研究[D].北京:中共中央党校.
贾康. 2006.农村公共产品与服务提供机制的研究[J].管理世界,12.
解垩. 2007.财政分权、公共品供给与城乡收入差距[J].经济经纬,1.
李亚玲. 2006.人力资本分布结构与区域经济差距——一项基于中国各地区人力资本基尼系数的实证研究[J].管理世界,12:42-49.
梁纪尧. 2007.基尼系数估算方法述评及科学估算方法的选择[J].山东财政学院学报,1:58-61.
梁琳. 2006.我国基础教育财政支出效益分析[D].长春:吉林大学.
吕炜. 2004财政投入在农村基础教育中的地区差异[J].财经科学,204:67-71.
罗楚亮.2007.李实.人力资本、行业特征与收入差距—基于第一次全国经济普查资料的经验研究[J].管理世界,10:19-30.
罗守贵. 2005.改革开放以来中国经济发展及居民收入区域差异变动研究——三种区域基尼系数的实证及对比[J].管理世界,11:45-48.
潘楠. 2006.公共财政框架下我国社会保障支出分析[D].南昌:江西财经大学.
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